Lūkini pena, haku o frescoes a me icons Gury Nikitin: Kawaihae,ʻike hoʻokumu a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Rusia i mau Ua kaulana no kona waiwai moʻomeheu, a me ka nui e kū'ē i ke talena. Gury Nikitin - kekahi o ka loa kaulana, a nui na kii ma Lūkini pena a me ka iconography. Life a me ka hana ana o kona hanaia i loko o ka XVII kenekulia, a haʻalele i ka huali kumumea i loko o ka nohona mōʻaukala o Rusia. Oiai hoike o ka artist, a i iho mai a hiki i ka keia lā, loa sketchy, kana hana, kanaka kaila e mau noho kiʻekiʻe spirituality o ka hope manawa i nā kia hoʻomanaʻo i.

Kawaihae

Ke mau lā o ka hanau mea i ike ole Gury Nikitin. 'ōlelo koʻikoʻi akula ka mea, ua i ka hoʻomaka o ka makahiki 1620/1625. Ke kulanakauhale i ka hale o ka wā e hiki mai artist ua Kostroma. Nikitin - o ka pseudonym o ka artist, a aho, waena inoa (Nikitich - Nikitin). Kona maoli inoa - Kineshemtsev. Prior i kona maliuia'ku i loko o ke akamai, a noho'ōleloʻole kekahi mau kalepa pōʻeleʻele loa i ka paakai a me ka iʻa kaua.

ohana

Makua Gury Nikitin (Nikita Kineshemtsev) make i ka 1653 i ka maʻi, no laila, i ke poo o ka makuahine, ua Solomonic ohana. I Guria ka hoahanau o Luke, a me ka mea i kapaia o ka home, Auchka. He Ua hoʻoili i loko o shoemaking.

Ma waho aʻeo ia kona makuwahine a me ka hoahanau, ma Guria he mau hoahānau Michael a me Fedor. Ka mea, he kŘpa a pono-aku kanaka. Ma hope o kā lākou make Gury Nikitin ili mai iā ia i kekahi kulanakauhale pōʻeleʻele loa ma für, ka hulu hipa a me nā kaua iʻa.

About kona kino ola iconographer ike no kaʻoiaʻiʻo i ka mea, ua aole i mareia, aʻaʻohe āna keiki. Keia ua mea e hoikeike ma ke komo i loko o ka puke Landratskoy i lōʻihi ma hope o kona make ana. Ua hoʻomōakaaka ka kiko'ī makahiki o ka make ana o ka ikona pena (1691), a me ka nele o ka hooilina.

hanaia'na

Gury Nikitin mai i kakahiaka nui elemakule e e makakū tālena. Where la oia i hoʻonaʻauao, ua i ikeia. Ke poʻo kumu a mea e noiʻi ana i kana hana VG Bruce paipai i ke kumu Nikitin hiki ia Vasily Ilyin - Kostroma ikeia artist a me ka pena o ka manawa.

Akā, ma na aoao he nui ia i ka pilina i ka paipai 'ana i makakū makuwahine o ka wā e hiki mai iconographer. Bapetizo i loko o kā lākou honua, keiki Guri i kekahi kiʻi hale, ka ai, a me ka launa ohana. A i loko o ka pilikia manawa e hana i kekahi like Lūkini wahine haʻalele me kākoʻo, ka mea, ua pilikia. Hope, i ke kiʻi o na wahine a me na makuwahine, e loaa i kūikawā wahi i loko o ka hana o Nikitin.

Kona alanui e oe ua ole maʻalahi. Ma hope o Guri hele mai, mai ka mea hana-ka papa 'ohana, mamao aku, mai ka iconography. Nui hana o ka artist loaa mai ka wā i kekahi hapa o ka aina i pena Kostroma Moscow ekalesia (Trinity Church, luna'ānela Hale Pule Nui ma ka Moscow Kremlin). Ma waho aʻeo ia Artists mai Kostroma, he hana loea pena o Yaroslavl, Novgorod, Moscow.

Kēia colossal makakū neʻeʻana o ke au ua hiki i Nikitin ka mua naueue oleʻanuʻu i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke akamai. He hoao ana ia ia iho e like me ka mohai anei pena, Guri loaa ia lakou na kono ana mai mai Russian Orthodox ekalesia, a no Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich no murals a me ke kākau / hoihoi ana mai o icons.

kanaka kaila

Olelo ana e pili ana i ka nani a me ka symbolism o Lūkini ikona pena, kiʻiʻoniʻoni mau kuhikuhi i ka hanana ano akamai i ua Gury Nikitin. His pena - ia mea he kū hoʻokahi Mix o decorativism a me ka monumentality i loko o hoʻokahi huahana. He ole coincidence ka flowering o konaʻike hoʻokumu coincided me ke ala o ka Nani Loa, a monumental nō i loko o Rusia (lua o ka hapalua o ka XVII kenekulia.)

i ka hana a pau o ka poʻokela artist a me ikona pena i ka hanana kaila, kanaka kaila. He kükulu i ka haku mele 'ana o ka pena ma luna o ka loina hooponopono o ole aniani symmetry, noi aku la ka Akä naÿe no o ka malamalama a me ka malu. Kiʻiʻoniʻoni kuhikuhi mai i ka pahaleʻano, ano o ka pāpana i kuhikuhi kiʻi. Eia hou, na frescoes Gury Nikitin uhi i ka laulā huahelu o ka'ōniʻoniʻo, a oiaio hoʻokāʻoi aʻe ana i ka Nani Loa hopena o ka mele.

pepeiaohao nui na hana

E hōʻike 'o ka mea mua noʻeau puke i haku ai Nikitin pili i ka 1650. Ua Ua pili me ka pena i ka lānai o ka ekalesia o ke alahou ana, a me ka Uhane Trinity Hale Pule Nui ma Kostroma. Most kaulana frescoes Gury Nikitin ma Hemolele Keʻa Hale Pule Nui ma Romanov (e Tutaev) (noi aku nei au, 1650-ies.), I ka Danilov hoailona ma Pereslavl (1662-68gg.), Ma ka Hale Pule Nui o ka mea mahuʻi (Rostov Kremlin, 1670), a Church o Elia ke kaula, (Yaroslavl, 1680). a me ka aiiia icons i pena no ka mea hope Nikitin.

1666 ua he pilikia, haliu ae la ia manawa no ka ekalesia Lūkini. Nikitin i loko o ka? Aeiino? Oeoey o ka Hale Pule Nui ka pena i kaʻeleu loa. Kona mau lima no i nā kiʻi o nā koa noʻu a me kekahi mau koena ai o ka haku mele 'ana monumental "Last hoopai".

iconography

House pena a me ikona pena, ua i mamao mai ka Hale Pule Nui o ka Epiphany. O ka holo ana, i kēia mea ua pili 'ole i loko o ka mea hoʻonani o ka luakini o Guria. Ka loa luku pena, icons Gury Nikitin no ka Hale Pule Nui i 1667-1672 makahiki.

I loko o kēia mau makahiki, i palapala mai i ke kaʻa e pelu ana icons Komikina'Āina e Queen Mary Ilinichny. Ka haku mele 'ana i hōʻike iā ia i loko o ia ke alanui i ka piko i kākauʻia ke kiʻi o ka Virgin o Kazan, ma ka akau - Nikolaya Chudotvortsa, a me ka hema - ka poe hoike aku o Agrippina a me Evdokia. A ka mea, ua hana no hoi ehiku icons no ka Heihei Hoewaʻa o Anetioka Macarius.

A hailona no na icons i pena e Nikitin no ka mea mahuʻi Hale Pule Nui. I waena o lākou: "Ka Last hoopai", "nānā i nā'ōuli", "kaolo o ka Uhane. Uhane "," Kazan i ka hana mana. "

Kana hana hope ua manaoia e lilo i ikona o "Kauoha Kahiko Trinity" Gury Nikitin no Trinity-Sypanovskogo Hale Pule Nui ma Kostroma, i kākau 'ia ma 1690.

wahi hana

Aia nō i ka helu o ka noʻeau hana kona kilo ua wahi ia Gury Nikitin. Naʻe, ka mea, ua i loaaʻi ka attribution. Mau nā "Theodore Ikona o ka Mother o ke Akua, me ka moolelo" (1680), "poe hoike aku Kirik a me Iulita" (1680s), "ka Elevation o ke kea" a me ka fresco o ka Ipatiev hoailona ma Kostroma. E like me ka mōʻaukala mooolelo, kekahi o ia (e like, "Theodore ikona ...") ka mea,ʻaʻole pono hana o ka artist, a me ka akamai hoihoi hou hana o mua.

hana hoihoi 'kūʻiʻo

Gury Nikitin noho ma ka puupaa ana a me ka celibacy, akā,ʻaʻole i kona 'ohana i loko o ke kahiko clergy. Ae, a me ka pena i ole lawe hoʻohikiʻana. Keia olelo hooholo i koe i ka mea pohihihi i ka artist kēia wā. Naʻe, i ka mea paipai manaʻo moolelo ano Nikitin ma hope o ka lā o ka make ana o ka makua kāne o kaʻohana i haawiia mai i ka inoa Helena-skhimnitsy. Ke noiʻi paipai i hele aku la i ka hoailona keia ekalesia inoa Guria makuwahine (Solomonic), i mea mua ma ka holomua makahiki.

I ka 1659, ka wā Moscow koi loea pena no ka pena ana i ka Hale Pule Nui, mai Kostroma I hele Yemelyan Pushkarev. Naʻe, ka mea, ua eha wawae, a kokeʻo ia i hoʻounaʻia hoʻi. Ma kona hoʻi, ua paipai mau haku-hoahanauna kanaka, i waena o ka mea ua Gury Nikitin. Ke artist Ua ana hala palapala hoʻomaikaʻi, a me ka 1660 i loaa mai i ke kūlana o ka ikona pena aʻu e 'atikala.

Gury Nikitin ua prefect (ole hânai holoholona) Artel Kostroma pena. I loko nō o ka helu ana o na pomaikai no ka wahi, ka artist hana loa seriously i loko o kā lākou hana a me ka hiki ole ke hoolawaia ma ke kokua, e hana ana ma luna o ka par me na¯, a hiki hou aku. I ka hana ana i ka Ipatiev hoailona a me Church o Elia ke kaula, ia i manaʻo i nā contours o ko lākou mau wā e hiki mai frescoes a dorisovki haʻalele poe haumana.

Ka inoa "Guri" 'o ia hoʻi literally "hoʻomanawanui limahana." Ka mea, ua like me ka Gury Nikitin. Kona Kawaihae mea Patchy, akā, na Memories o ka wā paipai i ke pena ua he kanaka haipule a me ke Akua-makau. E kākau icons mau kokoke responsibly, a me ka noʻeau a me ka uhaneʻaoʻao. Ka hihia i kona wa e kākau i ke kiʻi o ko kākou Lede o ka Theodore noi ai, ma hope o ka hooiaio a me ka noho pu ana. Ma hope, ma ka haipule huakaʻi i loko o Yaroslavl, kēia kiʻi hoike na hana mana o ka ho'ōla.

Gury Nikitin ua pinepine pono e hoihoi i ka icons kahiko a me ka murals. He lawe mālama ana i ka moʻomeheu a me ka mōʻaukala hoʻoilina, no laila, e mālama i kēia mau stylistic hiʻona o ka hana o ka mua, o ka poe nui na kii a me ka neʻe 'ana kāohi' ia ai. I mea no ke aha la i kekahi mau hana pena koe IKE OLE IA.

Kiʻiʻoniʻoni kona külana Gury Nikitin inoa a hiki i ka papa inoa o ka nui Lūkini ikona pena. A me Theophanes ka Helene, Andrei Rublev a me Simona Ushakov , hu ae la kona he, alahula mau keiki ma luna o Lūkini iconography a rightfully hoʻolimalima i ka wahi o ka hanohano i waena o nā haku o ko lākou mau oihana.

I kēia lā

He nui masterpieces Gury Nikitin ola. Ka loa nui a me ka mea nui nō ma luna o ka artist ka hale i loko o Kostroma. No laila, e ma Trinity Ipatiev a me cathedrals oe ke kiʻi ma luna o ka huakaʻi, a aʻo e pili ana i ke kūlana kia hoʻomanaʻo i o Lūkini kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ka pena. Ke centerpiece, o ka papa, i haawiia mai ai i ka loiloi 'ia o nā frescoes Gury Nikitin.