Ola kino, Lapaau
Makamua Aigupita lapaau o Kina a me India. Mōʻaukala o ka lapaau
Maʻi i kahi i nui a me ka manaʻo kanaka, a 'o ia hoʻi ia i nā manawa a kanaka pono i ke kōkua o ka' ike 'oihana. Makamua lāʻau ulu ke kiʻekiʻe, a ua hala i ka lōʻihi ala, piha ka nunui hewa a me ka hopohopo, e hookolokolo, i kekahi manawa, ma muli wale nō ma luna o ka hoʻomana. Wale i kekahi mau o ke kaupaona ana o kahiko kanaka e hoʻokele i kāʻili i kona manaʻo, mai ka naaupo, mau kapuwai manamana, a haawi aku i na kanaka a na discoveries nui i loko o ke kula o ka oihana lapaau, i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o ka hoonoho, encyclopedias, papyri.
Makamua Aigupita lapaau
Makamua Aigupita lapaau i lilo i ka cradle o ka ike no na kauka o ka wa kahiko Rome, Aferika, a me ka Middle Hikina, akā, kona kêia kanaka e ma Mesopotamia, i ka mua o ka makahiki 4000 BC, i kā lākou 'inikua nā loea. Makamua lapaau i loko oʻAigupita, hiehie ke kahuna hilinaʻi a me nā loina o ke kanaka kino. Ka mua kauka a me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o Imgotepa manaoio, aole nae Egyptologists wale nei e holo, i ka ike maopopo ana o kona ola (2630-2611 BCE ...) No ka nui kenekulia ka mea i manaoia he akua wahahee. Ke kanaka i ke akamai o kona manawa, Leonardo ka Vinci ma ka Middle Ages. Walaʻauʻana ike o ke kanaka 'ole o kaʻAigupita la ma ialoa i ka make - a hiki laila, aole lakou i ike i ka naau, a me ka lolo i ka loa nui nā loko.
All maʻi i loko o kahiko, o Aigupita lapaau i maheleia i mau wahi hoomoana: ka maoli a me ka demonic (hoʻokalakupua). Ka waeʻano mua nā maʻi pili me kona nā palapū, no kou kino a me ka hune e like ai ka wai, intestinal parasites, a adverse ino ana. Ua uku akahele noonoo i ke kino e like me kou niho me ke kānāwai, kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka kekahi, o kela mea keia na malama ekolu papa o ka holoi ana o ka digestive'ōnaehana (enemas, emetics a me laxatives).
Hoʻokalakupua kumu i noonoo i uluhia e na uhane ino, na daimonio, a me ka piʻiʻana o nā akua: nā kiʻina hana o exorcism i waena o ka haahaa strata o ka heluna kanaka ma ka nui koi, a malaila no i na kahuna. No hoi hoʻohana i kekahiʻano o ideas me ka mea mulemule - ka mea i manaoio aku i ka mea, kipaku aku i ka uhane. Total kuhikuhi ma ka kahiko, 'inikua arsenal ua ma kahi o 700, a kokoke e pau no ia a pau o ke kino me Kinohi:
- nō hoʻi: onion, fiku a me nā hua waina, pomeraite, poppy, Lotus;
- mea pōhaku luaipele, palolo, ke kēpau pōkā, nitrate a me ka antimony;
- māhele o nā holoholona: ko lakou huelo, pepeiao, papa manamana, iwi a me tendons, glands, i kekahi manawa, hoʻohanaʻia nā mea kolo.
Ua Ua ua ike lāʻau lapaʻau waiwai o ka laau awaawa, a me ka o Diosekouro ka aila, olonā hua aila a me ka Aloe.
Na ke poʻo kumu kumu no ka mea kahiko, 'inikua papyri e manaoia i Aigupita noiʻi, na palapalaia maluna penei ma ka pyramids a me sarcophagi, mummies o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka. Ma mua o ka manawa ma ka palapala ana i ka malamaia kekahi mau papyri o ka lapaau.
- Papyrus Brugsch - o ka kahiko puke o Pediatrics. Ua nā ao, haʻi i ke ola o nā keiki, nā wāhine, a me kāu kiʻina hana o ka hana ana i ka maʻi.
- Papyrus Ebers - e haʻi ana i nā maʻi a okoa nā loko, akā, inā loaʻa nui examples o ka pule, a me ka mau mea e kukaʻi (oi ma mua o 900 ideas mai digestive maʻi, naehana hanu a me ka circulatory nenoai, maʻi o ka maka a me ka pepeiao). Kēia scientific hana i loihi, ua noʻonoʻo i ka 'inikua puke noiʻi kūʻikena o kahiko healers.
- Kahunsky papyrus - ka loaʻa o ka hoonoho aku ma gynecology a me kauka holoholona lapaau, ma keia hihia, e like me ka 'ē aʻe pepa la,ʻano nui noa o kaʻoihana overtones.
- Papyrus Smith - Kal Ho kākau manaʻo Imgotepa. Ua wehewehe 48 lapaʻau hihia o ka trauma. Information mea okoa - mai ka symptoms a me kāu kiʻina hana o ka noiʻi i ka lapaau koi.
I ka wä kahiko o Aigupita lapaau hoʻohana mua scalpels a me tweezers, aniani a me uterine catheters. Ua paipai He kiʻekiʻe nui a me ka professionalism o kauka-surgeons,ʻaʻole ka mea, i emi iki mahope o loko o ke akamai o ka Mauna healers.
I ka papa kuhikuhiE Mauna lapaau
Mauna lapaau o ka wā kahiko hilinaʻi ma luna o nā reputable kumu: hoopai karaima mai o na kanawai o Manu a me ka 'epekema o Ayurveda, i originated mai ka Vedas - na kahiko laa ölelo Pelekänia i loko o Sanskrit. Ka loa pololei a me ka piha nń mo o ka pepa i kākauʻia e ka Mauna kauka Sushruta. Ma ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia ma nā o ka maʻi (ekolu doshas imbalance a me ka' ole i hoʻohui pū kanaka kino), koi no ka iapaau ana o ka oi ma mua o 150 maʻi puʻuwai o nāʻano likeʻole, ma ka hou, ma kahi o 780 ia i ho'ākāka 'lāʻau lapaʻau lau nahele a me nā mea kanu, hoakaka' ikepili no kā lākou palapala noi.
Mauna kuʻuna lapaau ua kaʻana 'ia e nā mea a pau o ia hoʻi, ma ko lakou mau waiwai ma ka kino:
- ka luaʻi, a laxatives;
- noho haumāna kahi a me ka malimali;
- sweatshops;
- paipai digestion;
- ai '(hoʻohana me ka anesthetic iʻoki kino).
Anatomical ike healers i insufficiently ke kino, akā, hookaawale kauka kanaka kino 500 nāʻiʻo 24 nā aʻalolo iwi 300 a me 40 moku e alakai a, ma ka huli, ua maheleia i lala 700, 107 o ka hui i huiʻia, a oi aku 900 ligaments. A hailona o ka noonoo ana uku i kekahi a hiki i ka noʻonoʻo moku'āina o nā mea maʻi - Ayurveda E hoomanao i i ka hapanui o nā mea a pau mai hele mai ana, mai ka malfunction o ka'emi ko kahua. No laila, nui ka ike - nā lapaau kahiko o Inia - i healers ma keia aina ka loa mahalo wale aku no.
? Ac? O ke lapaau i kahiko China
Makamua Hawaiian lapaau originated i loko o ka ha o ke kenekulia BC, kekahi o na hoonoho mua ma luna mai, noonoo iho la "Huang Di Nei Jing", a me Huang - o ka inoa o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā a ka Pākē olelo ma ka laau lapaau. Ka Pākē, e like me ka Indians, manaoio aku la ua haku ia kanaka o elima hehee wale, ka imbalance o ka i hiki aku ai i ka maʻi likeʻole, ka mea i loa piha, a ua haʻiʻia i loko o ka "Nei Jing", a ma ka 8th kenekulia van pahu ukana mānewanewa kanikau.
лунь», повествующего о методах лечения лихорадок различного типа, а Хуа То – хирург, начавший использовать швы в полостных операциях и анестезию опием, аконитом и коноплей. Chzhan Chzhun Jing - he Pākē kauka, mea kākau o ka hoonoho "Shang Han Lun tsza pahu ukana", he moʻolelo e pili ana i nā kiʻina hana o ka iapaau ana o acee? Iuo oeiia o na mai kuni, a me ka Hua Tuo - surgeon, hoomaka ae la ka hoʻohana 'ana sutures ma abdominal hana a me ka anesthesia opiuma, aconite a me ka cannabis.
No ka iapaau ana o nā maʻi kauka ua hoʻohana camphor, kālika, Aina a me ka lemongrass, mea pōhaku pōhaku pakahi aku la ia aloha luaipele a me ka Hereme, makanekiuma a me ka antimony. Akā, ma ka wahi mua i, o ka papa, Ginseng - ke kumu o keia idolized, a hua mai la i kona muli o ka helu ana i okoa ai '.
Special haaheo o Chinese kauka i ka lāʻau ikiʻai lapaʻau ': ka predominance o kokololio pāpaʻa Hōʻike nuiʻeleu ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana, a me ka nāwaliwali a me ka intermittent, ma ka mea ku ole, hoike mai e pili ana i kona lawa haʻawina. Pākē kauka maopopo oi ma mua o 20 ano o ka lāʻau ikiʻai wale. La lakou i hele mai ai i ka hopena i kēlā hui, a me nā kaʻina hana i loko o ke kino e lewa i loko o ka pana, a me ka loli ma ka hope mau kumu, e hiki ole hoakaka wale i ke kanaka maʻi, akā, i ke kilokilo kona hoʻokūkū. Wang Shu-ka mea nana i kakau iho i ka "hoonoho ma ka lāʻau ikiʻai wale 'ma nui au mamuli ho'ākāka' ia ma nā mea a pau.
Me Kina - i ka aina hanau o acupuncture a me ka moxibustion wahi. Historical hāʻina o nā haʻawina'ōlelo e pili ana i healers Bian-quo a me FU Wen, mea kākau o ka hoonoho aku ma luna o kēia mau kiʻina hana. I kā lākou mau hana ka mea, wehewehe mai haneri o biologically hana kumu ma ke kino o ke kanaka, me ka hoohuoi ana i hiki loa ke hoola i kekahi maʻi.
Na wale nawaliwali loulou i loko o ka kahiko Chinese lapaau - kaʻoki kino. I ka lani aupuni a kokoke i hoʻohana ki ina hana like o ka hana maikaʻiʻole o ka fracture (kaʻeha paena wale hoonoho ma waena o ka laau slats mau) ka mea, i hana cupping a me ka amputation.
ka makua kāne o ka laau lapaau
Ka poe manaoia e ia o Hippocrates (Greek. Ippokratis), ka mea kahiko Greek kauka i loko o ka 17th hanauna, e noho ana i loko o 460 BC a ia i ka hoʻomaka o ka hooulu ana o ke lapaau i kahiko Roma. Ua kaulana 'inikua i hai mua ia ma mua holoholo oihana - "Hippocratic hoohiki" - keia mea i kona brainchild. Makua o ka nui kauka Heraclides ua i ka poʻokela nä känaka 'epekema a me Fenareta makuwahine ua he pale keiki. Koʻu mau makua i hana aku ai ko lakou mau pono a hiki i ka makahiki o ka iwakalua lākou mau keiki i ka nani o ke kauka maikai, a loaa he lālā i loko o nā kāhuna, me ka a he maikai ka hana pono i loko o ke kula o ka lapaau hiki e ole e ninaninau.
Hippocrates ma ka huli ana i likeʻoleʻana ohe. Ua hele na aina o ka hikina, a ma hope o ka hoʻiʻana i ka hale, i hoʻokumu i ka mua 'inikua kula, e waiho ana ma ka mua o ka' epekema,ʻaʻole ka hoʻomana.
Ka makakū'āina hoʻoili o keia ano akamai ka nui e paʻa hoʻopuka o kana mau hana Charterius pau keia la i kona kanaha-pai (!) Makahiki. More ma mua o ka haneri o kona mau hana i ohi i loko o ka hoʻokahi "Hippocratic Collection" a me kona "Aphorisms" mea no ka nui koi.
Ka loa kaulana kauka o ka honua kahiko
A hailona o na kauka nui o ke kahiko lapaau i loko o kēia 'epekema i kekahi mea o lākou iho, e haawi ana i ko lakou poe kupuna manaʻo no ka noʻonoʻo, kilo noiʻi a me ka.
1. Dioscorides, Greek kauka 50 kenekulia AD. Hawaii., i ke kumu o ka hoonoho "Materia Medica" o ke alakai puke haʻawina ma pharmacology a ka 16th kenekulia.
2. Klavdiy Galen - Roman maoli nä känaka 'epekema, mea kākau o ka hana lehulehu ma ka lāʻau lapaʻau mea kanu, ki ina hana like o ko lākou mau pono, a? Iecaianoaaiiie o kēia mau hoomakaukau. A pau i ka wai a me ka waiʻona tinctures, decoctions a me nā pōʻalo mai kekahi mau mea kanu nō e lawe i ka inoa o "lāʻau lapaʻau". Ua i ka mea nana i hoomaka i ka lawe mai e ho'āʻo ai i na holoholona.
3. Harun AL-Rashid - ¶ʻO'Araba luna, ka mea mua, e kūkulu i ka lehulehu haukapila ma Baghdad.
4. Paracelsus (1493-1541) - Hawaiian kauka, ka mea i noʻonoʻo i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o kēia Nine Inch lapaau. Pilikia o Galen, a pau na kahiko lapaau like me ka a pau, e noonoo pono i ka mea ineffective.
5. Li Shizhen - he hoʻomalu i loko o ke kula o ka lapaau ana i ka Makamua Hikina, i ka Pākē kauka o ka 16th kenekulia, i ka mea kākau o ka "paʻa o Pharmacology." Ka hana oia hoi o ka 52 puke, ka hola 2000 wehewehe medicaments, kaʻoi loa o ke kanu kumu. Ka mea kākau ikaika kū'ēʻana aku i ka hoʻohana 'ana o Hereme-ma muli papa.
6. Muhammad ibn Zakariya AL-Razi (865-925) - Peresia nä känaka 'epekema, naturalist, oia ua noʻonoʻo he paionia i loko o ke kahua o ka psychiatry a me kaʻike manaʻo. Kilo ana i keia poʻokela kauka e pili ana i ke kaulana "Al-Hawi" - o ka hulina puke ma luna lapaau, a wehe i ke ao nei i ke kumu o ke o ophthalmology, gynecology a me obstetrics. Razi ua hooiaio ae i ka mahana - he naoh i ka maʻi.
7. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) - he ano akamai o kona manawa. Mua mai Uzbekistan, i ke kumu o ka "Canon o Medicine" - he puke noiʻi kūʻikena, ma a he mau haneri makahiki, nā kauka i hoomakaukauia ka 'inikua akamai. He manaoio aku i kekahi maʻi hiki ke hoola iho la oia ma ka pono kino a me ka lōpū Aloha Hawaii.
8. Asclepiades o Bitunia - he Helene kauka e noho ana i loko o ka 1st kenekulia BC. I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o physical Inc (physiotherapy, lomilomi) a me Dietetics, kapaʻia wā a me ka hope, e malama i ke koena ma waena o ke ola ana o ke kino a me ka uhane. I ka anuu, mua i loko o ka hakakino laau lapaau, no ka manawa, he mea fantastic.
Sun Simiao 9. - Chinese kauka Tianʻana, palapala iho la i ka 30-noi hana. "Ke alii o ka ai '" - i ka inoa o ke ano akamai nana i i kaʻiʻo na makana no ka hooulu ana o ka' inikua mea. He kuhikuhi i ka nui o ke kino a me ka Mix'ākau o nā huahana. Ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka pauka - ia mea no hoi i kona ai.
Like i loko o ka wa kahiko ma mua o ia
Medicine o ko ke ao nei kahiko, ma naʻe o ke akamai a pau o kaulana kauka, ua Ua nani weliweli. Eia naʻe, e hooponopono no oe ia oe iho. Eia nō kekahi mau hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo e pili ana i nā kiʻina hana o ka iapaau ana:
1. Na Huaolelo me ka makaʻu no a me konaʻaumakua maʻi 'Imi hana i kahiko Babulona: i haʻalele i ka maʻi ke kanaka,ʻo ia i hanaiia, a hoohainu iho la i pohihihi ka'ōpala, Kuhakuha aku la kekahi ia ia, a haawi mai la cuffs. Kēia "lapaʻau" pinepine alakai i hou mai (i mea ole kahaha ko oukou naau).
2. IʻAigupita ka wā King Hammurabi lapaau ua hala loa he pilikia hana, e like me kekahi o nā kānāwai o ke aliʻi i ka healer i olelo mua iaʻi make ina kona hoʻomanawanui o Enelani ma ka pae'ōnaehana papa. No ia mea, kupua hoʻohana hou a me ka pule ana i ua hōʻike ma luna o 40 he palolo kekahi papa.
3. Na Aigupita poe kahuna i haalele i ka hoʻomanawanui i moe i loko o ka luakini, i ka akua, i manao iho e hele mai ia ma ka moeuhane i ka ia, a me ka haʻi aku i ke ano o ka lapaʻau, e like me ka hewa no ka i ka mea, ina ua hoopaiia maʻi.
4. No emi kilakila, aʻoki kino kahiko Greece. Here mākou o ke kahua o ka a pau ka hōʻike o nā hana, i a ke kauka i kākauʻia hoʻokamani wale iā akua o ka lapaau Asclepius. I kekahi manawa, i loko o ka papa o ka hana, ua make nā mea maʻi - loa mai ka lōʻihi bombastic tirades ma mua o ka nele o nā mākau makemake-e kauka.
5. hoʻomano e halii mai i "epilepsy" maʻi lapaau ana dope, Hekikai a me ka laau awaawa.
6. Ma Aigupita a me Mesopotamia pinepineʻepekema puka i loko o ka puniu wale no (i kekahi manawa i oi) i mea e höʻike aku i ke ahonui o ka migraine, kena ae la ia e ka uhane ino.
7. Tuberculosis ua malamaia lakou nei, me ka ai ', i ka malamalama a me ka ilio hihiu nahesa ai,ʻona nō ma ka opiuma.
8. panacea noonoo theriac (ka mea inu 70 eiiiiiaiou) a me ka philosophical pohaku.
Middle Ages: i ka emiʻana o ka laau lapaau
Ka loa nui waiwai o ka lapaau ana ma ka Middle Ages i ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o ka muli o laikini no ka lapaau: ke kānāwai i mua i ke aliʻi o Sicily, Roger II, a ma hope ua hapai aku England, i hanaʻia i loko o ka 15th kenekulia kauä kuapaʻa o surgeons a me Barber, eia (nana pinepine hana bloodletting nā mea maʻi) a me Farani i ka College o St. Como. hoomaka mākou e uē helu akaka a me ke ano o ke ao ana mai o infectious maʻi a me ka lehulehu ola epekema. Gi De Sholyak, lepohao surgeon o ka 14th kenekulia, ua 'Imi hoʻolaha i ka Kāohiʻana o "charlatans" e hana kanaka,ʻo ia kona makemake nui hou epekema ma ka Hana me fractures (traction ma ke kau paona ana, hana o ka maa bandages, suturing i nā kihi o ka hamama eha).
Ma ua kama'āina nō a eia i ka pololi, ilihune ulu, hahau kanaka eʻai'ānaiʻia ka ai i ka Middle Ages, ka "cult o ke kino maemae" i loko o ka doghouse. Kēia mau kumumea ka pilina i ke kūpono 'ana o infectious maʻi: ke kuni, a me ka maʻi puʻupuʻu, tuberculosis a me ka maʻi lēpera. Unbreakable manaoio ma ka hoola ana i ka waiwai o ka "hoʻolaʻa aku ia i" a me ka cantrip (kahi healers Contemporary ike loa hōʻole) hoʻonāukiuki i nui kūpono 'ana o ka maʻi i ho'āʻo i ka hana haipule a me ka huakai i sermon. Ka make i kela mea kekahi mau manawa ma luna ma mua o ka hānauʻana i kela a me ke ola expectancy kākaʻikahi oi kanakolu makahiki.
Ke ole o ka hoʻomana ma ka lapaau
Ma Kina a me India, oi loa aku hoi i ka manaoio ma ka akua, aole ia e ālai ia 'aʻe me ka hooulu ana o ka' inikua mea: holo nei me ka nānā 'ana ma loina o ke kanaka maoli, i ka hopena o nā mea kanu ma luna o kona kulana, he hanohano ano o ka hana analytic hana. Ma Europa, ma ka mea ku ole, hoomana ana, ka makau i ka inaina o ke Akua, e oki i ka mohala a pau hoao ana o nā kānakaʻepekema, a lapaau, e hoola i na kanaka mai ka naaupo.
Ka Hoomana Katolika, kūamuamuʻana, a me ka paipai aʻo kai eʻe ma luna o ka hoʻopiʻopiʻo i he gigantic pālākiō: i kekahi nä känaka 'epekema i ho'āʻo i ka olelo ma ka lokomaikaʻi o ke kumu a me ke alo o ke Akua makemake no ka hoola ana, i ke alahouana, a me ka acee? Iuo oeiia o hooko (ka mea, ua lohe nui hoolaha aku Autos) - e hooweliweli maʻamau kanaka. Ka like ana o kanaka'anatomia i noʻonoʻo i ka make hewa no i ka uku i ea ae.
Nō hoʻi, he nunui drawback i ka scholastic ano o ka lapaau a me ka ao i ka pohihihi keia 'inikua kula: All Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo pono e unconditionally maliuia mai ia ma ka manaoio, i kekahi manawa, aole i kahikoia i ka paa lepo malama aku hōʻole o ka loaa hana a me ka hikiʻole, a no ka pili i ka ke kūpili o ka mea hiki ole ma "i" i na mea he nui o ka piʻi like o ke ano akamai modernity.
Where kauka hoʻomaʻamaʻa i loko o ka wa kahiko?
Ka mua 'inikua kula ma Kina iʻikeʻia wale nō i loko o ka 6th kenekulia AD, ma mua o kēia ka hoola ana i kou wahi i haawiia mai ai wale nō, mai ke kumu i ka haumāna hōʻike waha. moku'āina-ilikai kula wehe mua i ka 1027, ka mea i alakai kumu van Vey-i.
Ma India, i ke ano o ke ku una EYI mai ka haku i ka apprentice koe ia a hiki i ka 18th kenekulia, ke koho ana hoʻohālike, he loa ikaika: ke kauka e hōʻike iā ia i kumu hoʻohālike o ke ola i ke Aloha Hawaii, a me ka nui kiʻekiʻe o ke akamai i lea kālaimeaola a me ka kemika, maikaʻi loa i alakai i ka lāʻau lapaʻau mea kanu a me makaukau epekema potions e emulated. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe a tidiness e noho ana i loko o ka wahi mua.
I ka wä kahiko Aigupita doctoring aʻo kāhuna i loko o ka maha, pela pinepine hoʻohana corporal hoopai no au hoomolowa nā haumāna. Ma ia laua me ka lapaau i hele aʻo 'calligraphy a me ka rhetoric, kēlā trainee kauka no i ka kekahi caste, a me ka ekalesia, i loaa ka uku i loko o ka wā e hiki mai no ka lapaau ana i ka hoʻomanawanui.
Mass lapaau aʻo ma ka unahiʻole, i nui i hoomaka ai i loko o ka wa kahiko Greece, a ua māheleʻia aʻela i loko o kona mau lala elua:
1. Croton 'inikua kula. Kona kiʻi i ka manaʻo i ke kēia ia hoʻi: Health - keia koena o ku pono ana, a me ka maʻi e e hanaʻano nui ka e ku pono (awaawa -ʻono, anu - mehana). Kekahi o na haumana o keia kula i Akmeon, ike i ke ao nei i ka pepeiao Canal, a me ka optic nā aʻalolo.
2. School no i Kenido. Kona kumu o ka ike, ua like me na aʻo o Ayurveda: ka physical kino ua i mai o kekahi mau oihana mua, he imbalance e hiki aku ai i ka maʻi. Ke kula hoʻomau e hoʻoikaika pae'ōnaehana manawa o ka Aigupita kauka, no laila i hanaʻia i ke ao ana o symptoms a me kaʻike,. Evrifon, he haumāna o keia kula, ua he Contemporary o Hippocrates.
kauka o ka hoohiki
No ka mea manawa mua i ka hoʻohikiʻana i kākau i ka pepa i loko o ka 3rd kenekulia BC e Hippocrates, a me ka mua ia no ka lōʻihi manawa ho'īli hōʻike waha, mai ia hanauna aku ia hanauna aku. Ua Ua manaoio i aku la o Asclepius kona mua.
Hoikehonua, Hippocratic hoohiki mua mamao mai o ka palapala: kona mau olelo pinepine ke kaumaha ma muli o ka manawa a me ka 'ē ka wā Geneva i kūkala he hou hoʻokolohua o ka olelo hoʻololi, ka hope manawa ia ka nānaina nui i ka makahiki 1848,. Kokoke hapalua o ka kikokikona i ua oki:
- o ka olelo hoopomaikai ole e hana abortions a me castration hana;
- ma lalo i ka noho ana hana ole euthanasia;
- hoʻohiki loa i ka iʻikeʻia e nā mea maʻi;
- Under ole kekahi kumu e haule i ko lakou hanohano,ʻuʻumi ihola mai ka 'ino ai' ana;
- kauwahi o ko lākou mau makahiki kona i ke ola, e haawi i ke kumu a me ke kula, i hoomakaukauia ka 'inikua kauka hihia.
O kēia mau mea nui ka mea, e hōʻike mai ana laekahi lapaau i hoemi pono nā mea pono hookolokolo kauka wale i ke kumu o mana pehea loa uhane kanaka e waiho ana - kōkua i ka nele.
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