Ka Palani hoʻomāʻikeʻike wale

Education (kula o ka manaʻo ma 17-18 makahiki) ma muli o ka manaʻo i loko o ka ike ana o ka mea maoli mea, a hoʻopili like i keʻano ano o ke kaiāulu kanaka, a kanaka, Radio he kuleana kūlana kumu a me ka 'epekema. Illuminators kumu o kanaka kaumaha i manaoia haipule fanaticism, naaupo a me ka obscurantism. I kue i ka feudal-absolutist? Eia, ka mea e noho ana i loko o ka lokomaikai o ke kivila e hoʻokolokolo pono a me ka pili aupuni ku okoa.

O Palani ka hoʻonaʻauao loaa kona clearest olelo i loko o ka 1715-1789 makahiki, aʻaʻole ma ka wale i ua kapaia "au i ka mālamalama» (siècle Des lumières) i kēia wā. Ua lawe pū 'elele o ka holumua ai-manaʻo nō, nä känaka' epekema, poe akeakamai, na loio a me na mea e ae.

Palani mālamalama o ka 18th kenekulia i hana i ka hou manaʻo o ka pilina ma waena o ka moku'āina, a me ka kanaka ma luna o nā nā makakoho, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE palena'āina o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia hoomalamalamaiaʻi kanaka, i kona mau pono kuleana like me ka mea nana i hali o ke pookela ia mana - o ka naau.

Ma ka 18th kenekulia i loko o Farani, a me ka hooulu ana o bourgeois hoahanau a me ka hooikaika ana oihana feudalism mea lilo i ke kea laa, ua hoike wale i loko o ka nohona-waiwai 'ole o ke kaiāulu. Bourgeois, e like kā lākou mau mua, manaoio aku la ia i ka manaʻo o nā loli no ka maikaʻi mea hiki ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ia mau ana ikaika me ka hoʻonaʻauao wale - ka āpana o ka ike, ka hoʻonaʻauao, a pono orient i ka naau a me ka höʻike aku i ka hoʻokaeʻili.

O Palani ka hoʻonaʻauao i ka loa nui hanana maʻEulopa. I oi aku kūlana o ka manaoio i kona kākoʻo kumu ua, ka mea kū'ē i ka absolutism o ka ekalesia, no ka mea kūʻokoʻa o ka manaʻo a me ka noʻeauʻike hoʻokumu. I loko o kēia wā, 'Imi i hana paka i o ka bourgeoisie.

E hoʻomaka ana me ka 30-40-ies. 18th kenekulia, o ka nalu mua o ka hoʻonaʻauao neʻe aesthetic a philosophical paio kālaimanaʻo hoomaka ae la e kuai nui urgency a me ka pulakaumaka. Mai 1757 a hiki i ka regular Salon ma Paris i hoomaka ai, e hōʻike i kekahiʻano o ka hana o ka ke akamai e hoomakaukau i ai no ka paio hahana maoli nō o kēia hui kūkā.

Ke akeakamai o ka Farani hoʻomāʻikeʻike wale, e olelo pinepine ma ka maikaʻi loa ka palapala, ai palapala, kapa hoʻohanohanoʻia kona'ano'ē nohona a me ka Anati-clerical kohoʻia.

"Makua'lii" o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana i loko o Farani i manaoia e ia i ka Palani hoʻomāʻikeʻike, Voltaire a me Montesquieu, nana i waiho kona kumu a hiki i ka hopena o na 40s. Ka mea, he kona luna, e haawi ana i ke kahua laila, he hou hanauna. Montesquieu i ole destined e ike i kona heyday (60-70.), Naʻe, Voltaire i loko o kēlā mau makahiki keia manawa, nui ka mahalo a me ka hiʻona.

Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Holbach, Diderot, Helvetius, d'Alembert - kēia mau mea poʻe nui ka poe i hiki ke hana i kekahi Kiure manaʻo - e hana i kekahi nunui-ka leo "puke noiʻi kūʻikena", a hui pu iho la ka mana o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ia' ana o kanaka, paipai 'o ka' epekema, oli makakū laulima. Encyclopedic, e like me ka mea i kapa aku i ka mālamalama, ikaika nema aku i ka pili aupuni o ka papa, ka hoʻomana, kahiko ike ma kaiāulu a me ka ano. Ole loa nui ka naauao ai na i loko o kā lākou mau kānāwai, hiki makemake ole liberalism a aupuni a ka lehulehu a me socialism o ka 19th kenekulia.

Education ua manaoia e lilo i kekahi ano o ke kanaka utopia me ka ikaika maoli maʻiʻo. Palani ka hoʻonaʻauao o kaʻoi loa o ka nui kanaka utopia. Kona kumu hiʻona o ka kālaiʻike a me ke ao mea utopian a me ka illusory. ole Illuminators Classics i na kumu, a me nā kūlana o ka hopena o kona hana, i mea kumu ka mea, i ka nui, akā, ultimately unworkable, unachievable pahuhopu.

Classicism hoʻonaʻauao kükohu hoʻohuʻu kona kū hoʻokahi a me ka kū hoʻokahi o ka luawai-ike, nae, i ka hua mua o kona Farani kükohu i ke ana, ke ana o kekahi 'ē aʻe like IG Petritskaya. Ka Palani hoʻomāʻikeʻike wale i kekahi mau olelo o nā mea a pau i mea hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o kēia kaʻina hana like me ka kŰia o ko ke ao nei moʻomeheu.