Mimi: haku mele 'ana a me ka waiwai

Ka neoneo huahana o ke kino o ka mimi. Kona haku mele 'ana, e like me ka helu o ke kino ai' a me ka Nine Inch ka waiwai, a hiki i ola kanaka i lolelua ka a me ka hilinai ma na mea he nui innocuous kumu i mea e pilikia loa a me ka mai ole i kekahi maʻi. Akā, loaʻa nō i ka helu o nā hoailona, ho'ākāka 'ia ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ma e ho'āʻo ai i ka hōʻike i keʻano o ka maʻi. Ka mea mahuʻi i ke kino mea,ʻaʻole i pono, e hiki ke hoolilo ia oe iho a me ka pono wale e huki noonoo ana i kekahi o nā 'ano o ko lākou mimi.

E like me ka mea huli mimi

Ke kahua a me ka haku mele 'ana o ka mimi o ke ola i ke kanaka hilinaʻi nui kuhikuhi ma luna o nā puʻupaʻa, a wahie, (nā aʻalolo,'aiaola, physical a me ka' ē aʻe), a hookipa mai i ke kino. Kela lā, i ka hakuʻala ua kaahele lakou ma ia ia iho i ka 1500 nā lika o ke koko. Where no ka nui loa, no ka mea, he kanaka i loko o kona awelika wale 5 nā lika? Ka mea i keia kinowai'aʻaʻa ole kino loli (no laila, hoi, ua kapaʻia i ke koko) no kekahi lā hele ma waena o nā puʻupaʻa ma kahi o 300 manawa.

Me kela a me keia e hooholo ia ma ka capillaries o kaʻaʻa puʻuwai aeee ia lŘlŘ ka mea, ua huikalaʻia mai ka hua'ōlelo i makemake kinoʻia, a me nā nā polokina. Pehea ka ia? Ka luna capillaries i loa lahilahi pā pōhaku. Lākou constituent keena hana like me ka ano o ke ola Kānana. Ka mea, hoopaa nui (particles) a me ka wai ua hala, kekahi paʻakai,'amino nāʻakika i seep i loko o ke kupaianaha mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku. Ua loli ua kapaia ka iniiaiie mimi. Koko i loko o kaʻaʻa puʻuwai tubules kahi ia mai kekahi mau capsules hoi ana i ka wae 'waiwai, a me ka auoiaea ma na ureters a me urethra ma waho aku, i koe. He kama'āina iā mākou a pau haumāna mimi. Haku mele 'ana (physico-Nine Inch, a liluwelo like hoʻi me pH) me ka nānā' ia ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, akā, kekahi ka mua outline hiki ke hana ma ka hale. E hana i kēia, ke akahele nana i kekahi o nā 'ano o ko lākou mimi.

laupaʻi nā hoailona

O ka hele ma ka tausani nā lika ka hapalua o ka hakuʻala koko cull ma kahi o 180. I hou-kānana, ua hoemiia keia dala i 1.5-2 nā lika, a mea he anakahi o ka ai i loko o ke dala o ka i no ka lā hoʻokahi ke ola i ke kanaka e e anao? Aou mimi. I ka haku mele 'ana a me ka nui o ka mea i ĸokoĸa ana nä pane, ke kaumaha ma muli:

• manawa o ka makahiki a me ka ino (ma ka kauwela a me ka wela i loko o ka haʻahaʻa kōmi);
• fiznagruzok;
• makahiki;
• ka nui o ka wai a inu i ka hola (awelika mimi ka leo o 80% o ka wai a komo i ke kino);
• kekahi huahana.

Haiahū kūmau o laupaʻi kūmau ma kekahi ala e hiki ia he symptom o na kēia mau maʻi:

• polyuria (oi ma mua o 2 nā lika o ka mimi no ka lā) i ia i hoailona o ke aʻalolo kāna hana, mimikō, edema, exudate, a laila wai a kaawale ana i loko o nā loko;
• oliguria (mimi 0.5 L a emi) i loko o ka naʻau a me kaʻaʻa puʻuwai 'ole a me nāʻaʻa puʻuwai maʻi, dyspepsia, nephrosclerosis;
• anuria (0.2 L a emi) - nephritis symptom, meningitis, huʻiʻaʻa puʻuwai e hemahema, hikoko, urolithiasis, spasms ma ka urinary'āpana.

Pela urination paha eʻoi aku ka pohihihi paha, conversely, pinepine, ola māhuahua ma nighttime. Me nā mea a pau o kēia mau deviations pono e ike i ke kauka.

ka waihoʻoluʻu

I ka haku mele 'ana o ke kanaka mimi ua pololei e pili ana i kona waihoʻoluʻu. Hope hoakaka ho'ākāka 'ona urochrome malū bile pigments. He aha ka oi, i ka yellower a oi paʻa kūhohonu loa (kiekie nuʻa) o ka mimi. Ua Ua noonoo maʻamau ke kala mai ka mauu i ka melemele. Kekahi ai (beets, carrots) a me ka ai '( "Amidopyrine", "aspirin", "furadonin" a me na mea e ae) hoʻololi i keʻano o ka mimi Ua nonono paha alani, i mea i ke kūmau. Ka huahelu hoao i ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka mimi.

Maʻi ua hiki mai nānā 'ana i kēiaʻano hoʻololi:

• ulaula, i kekahi manawa ma keʻano o kaʻai Slops (glomerulonephritis, porphyria, hemolytic hoʻoponopono ulia);
• poeleele hoi o ka ohi mimi ma ka lewa mai iʻeleʻele (homogentisuria);
• pouli eleele (hepatitis, jaundice);
• poʻohina-keʻokeʻo (Piura, oa ka maka o ka pus);
• he omaomao iki, bluish (putrefaction i loko o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi).

ala

Ma ka Hoʻololi 'haku mele' ana o ke kanaka mimi, a ke hōʻike i kēia koho. Penei, hiki keʻana i ke alo o nā maʻi ina ka kēia ke ala hea ka Kīwala'ō.

• acetone (ketonuria symptom);
• faeces (Escherichia coli maʻiʻaʻai);
• ammonia (ke ano o cystitis);
• loa kaʻawaʻawa loa pilau (i loko o ka urinary'āpana purulent mai he fistula i loko o ka lua);
• cabbage, hops (alo malabsorption methionine);
• hou (isovaleric acidemia ole glutaricʻakika);
• decomposing iʻa (Trimethylaminuria maʻi);
• "Mouse" (phenylketonuria).

Maʻamau, mimi i ka pungentʻala, a ia mea aniani moakaka. Nō hoʻi, hiki e hookolokolo aku la ia i ka hale mimi a hua. No keia mea mea mea pono e ohi i loko o ka ipu, a hoolei. Keʻano o ka nui, lōʻihi maluhia iho la hua Hōʻike i ke alo o ke kumuʻiʻo i loko o laila. Eia, oi piha, Ka Ikepili E e lawelawe 'ia e hoʻomalu.

Turbidity, nuʻa,ʻakika

I ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, ka mimi ua hookolokolo aku la ia no ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka honi. No hoi ua kokoke mai hoʻolohe i kona mäliko. Inā ka hoʻomanawanui turbid mimi, ka haku mele 'ana e like me koʻohune, paʻakai, mucus, bipi kūpaluʻia, ke kelepona hele hehee wale erythrocytes.

kanaka mimi nuʻa e ia i loko o ka laulā 1010-1024 g. / hano. Inā ia mea kiekie, e Hōʻike dehydration, ina haahaa - huʻiʻaʻa puʻuwai ole.

ʻakika (pH) e ia i loko o ka laulā o ka mai 5 a hiki i 7. kēia huahelu hiki oko ma luna o ke kanaka i loaa ka ai a me na laau. Inā mau kumumea i hoʻokoe ', ma lalo pH 5 (ʻakika mimi) e hōʻike i ka hoʻomanawanui ketoacidosis, hypokalemia, diarrhea, lactic acidosis. At pH ma luna 7 paha e noho i loko o ke ahonui pyelonephritis, cystitis, hyperkalemia, maʻiʻaʻa puʻuwai e hemahema, thyroid hyperfunction a me kekahi mau maʻi'ē aʻe.

Albuminuria

Ka loa undesirable waiwai i alakaʻi ai i ka 'ole a me ka waiwai o ka mimi, o ke kumuʻiʻo. Maʻamau ka mea pono ia i makua no 0.033 g. / Hano, a laila 33 mg no hano. Ma na kamalii uuku keia huahelu i e 30-50 mg / ho'āo ai. I ka hapai wahine, kumuʻiʻo i loko o ka mimi kokoke mau 'o ia hoʻi kekahi complications. Ua Ua mua manaʻo i ke alo o keia ke keʻena i loko o ka laulā o ka mai 30 a hiki i 300 mg microalbuminuria mea, a ma luna 300 mg - macroalbuminuria (hakuʻala maʻi). Ano, kau i ke alo o ke kumuʻiʻo i loko o ka kela la i keia mimi, aʻaʻole i loko o ka mokuna, a me kona huina i ka 300 mg ma ka hāpai keiki ua i manaoia pathology.

Kumuʻiʻo ma ka mimi hiki ia manawa (hoʻokahi-manawa) mahuahua no ka mea kēia mau kumu:

• postural (kino i nā hana i loko o ka lewa);
• fiznagruzki;
• febrile (kuni, a me ka 'ē aʻe mai kuni);
• no ka unclear kumu i ola kanaka.

Kumuʻiʻo i loko o ka mimi e hai assays ua kapaia proteinuria. Ia mea:

• (. He kumuʻiʻo o ka 150 a hiki i 500 mg / d) mehana - mea symptoms i kupu mai ma ka nephritis, obstructive uropathy, poststreptococcal huʻi a me ka maʻi glomerulonephritis, tubulopathy;
• (. 500 a hiki i 2000 mg / lā o ka kumuʻiʻo ma ka mimi) lōpū - Ua poststreptokokovogo symptoms o ka huʻi glomerulonephritis; hereditary nephritis a me ka maʻi glomerulonephritis;
• haʻi (oi ma mua o 2,000 mg / lā. kumuʻiʻo i loko o ka mimi), e hoike ana i ke ahonui i amyloidosis, nephrotic maʻi pale.

Erythrocytes a me leukocytes

Ka haumāna haku mele 'ana ke loaʻa mimi ai-kapaia i hoʻonohonoho' (aloha) precipitate. Ua nā ke alo o erythrocytes, leukocytes, (particles) o i lalo, paukūʻolokaʻa a cubic aeea epithelium. No kela a me keia o ia i kona mau rula.

1. Red koko keena. Maʻamau, ka mea mau i na kanaka a me na wahine iloko o ka hāpana 1-3. A uuku i koe ua kapaia microscopic haematuria a me ka nui - loa hematuria. He He symptom:

• hakuʻala maʻi;
• Pathology o ka bladder;
• Koko hookuuia ma ka urogenital nenoaiu.

2. White koko keena. Ke kūmau no ka wahine - 10 na kanaka - mai i 7 i loko o ka hāpana. Ka oi nui haawiia keia i ka leykotseturiey. Ua mau maka i kaʻikena hoʻoʻino kaʻina (i ka maʻi o ka hui, kēia). A ina na leukocytes i loko o ka hāpana 60, a oi mimi i yellow-omaomao kala like 'ole, a me ka putrid ala i turbid. Loaa ia leukocytes, keʻena hoʻokolohua hoʻoholo lākouʻano. Inā mea mea mea koʻohune, alaila, i ka hoʻomanawanui i ka infectious maʻi, a ināʻaʻole mea koʻohune, leykotseturii kumu no ka pilikia a me ka hakuʻala'aʻaʻa.

3. E ke keena o ka squamous epithelium. Maʻamau, na kanaka a me na wahine, i ka mea, kekahi aʻole 'oe i' ole accrued i loko o ka hāpana 1-3. I koe paipai cystitis, lāʻau a dismetabolic nephropathy.

4. (particles) epithelium paukūʻolokaʻa paha cubical. Maʻamau,ʻaʻohe. Ka liki ole i ka 'hoʻoʻino maʻi (cystitis, urethritis, etc.).

paʻakai

Eia kekahi i hoʻonohonoho 'ia, i ka haku mele' ana o ka mimi hoao ana e hoʻoholo i nā kuʻina ('okanikaʻole) precipitate. Kona lima hema likeʻole paʻakai, a maʻamau e ole e. At pH 5, emi ka paʻakai i e like penei.

1. Urata (kumu - huneʻai, gout). Ka mea, nana e like me ka anuanu pōhaku lepo-a pink precipitate.
2. Oxalate (oxalicʻakika me nā huahana a maʻi - mimikō, pyelonephritis, colitis, li nui i loko o ka peritoneum). Mau paʻakai i ole pena, nana e like octagons mea.
3. Uricʻakika. Kēia 'inideka Ua noʻonoʻo pono maʻamau no aiee o, mai 3 a hiki i 9 mmol / ho'āo ai. Oi kamailio ana no hakuʻala ka hoʻokō 'ole a me ka pilikia a me ka gastrointestinal'āpana. Ua hiki ke oi no hoi ma lalo o stress. ʻO nā pōaka o uricʻakika, heʻano o nā 'ano apau loa. Ma ke kikoo, ka mea loaʻa i ke ano o ke gula one.
4. Sulphate o Lime. Kākaʻikahi ka keʻokeʻo precipitate.

At pH luna 7 mau paʻakai:

• phosphates (kumu lilo huahana i loaʻa i ka hailona o ke kalipuna, phosphorus, wikamina D, a me ka maʻi - cystitis, hyperparathyroidism, kuni, ka luaʻi, Fanconi maʻi pale); Mau paʻakai precipitate ma keʻokeʻo mimi;
• tripelfosfaty (ia kumu i loko o nā phosphates);
• 'amoniuma urate.

Ke alo aku o ka nui nui o ka paʻakai hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka hakuʻala pohaku.

nā paukūʻolokaʻa

Ke loli i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka mimi ua me ka nui loa' ole ka maʻi pili i nā puʻupaʻa. A laila, ua paukūʻolokaʻa keena mālama i ka ohi Eia kekahi laʻana. Ka mea, nāna i hana i ka coagulated kumuʻiʻo mai kaʻaʻa puʻuwai omo epithelial keena, ke koko keena a me na mea e ae. O kŰia ua kapaia tselindruriey. Hoomaopopo i ke kēia nā paukūʻolokaʻa.

1. Hyaline (curdled kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma a Tamm-Horsfall mucoproteins). Maʻamau 1-2 no hāpana. Ke koe nei ma nui fiznagruzki, feverish rula, nephrotic maʻi pale, hakuʻala pilikia.
2. Granular (apo pu paia o Nyos keena o kaʻaʻa puʻuwai tubules). Ke kumu - hanahana loa poino o ka hakuʻala hale.
3. Mahuahua (coagulated kumuʻiʻo). Hou i loko o ka nephrotic maʻi pale, a me ka make ana o ka epithelium i loko o ka tubule.
4. Epithelial. Lākou alo ma ka mimi Hōʻike pathological loli ma ka hakuʻala tubules.
5. Erythrocyte (ula koko aeee mea, apo la i ka hyaline nā paukūʻolokaʻa). Ua ikeia ka wā hematuria.
6. Leukocyte (ka mea, ua ua laminekaʻia paha makapo keʻokeʻo koko aeee). Ua pinepine i loaʻa i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka pus a me ka fibrin kumuʻiʻo.

kōpaʻa

Ke Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka mimi, a hōʻike i ke alo o ke kō (monakō koko). Maʻamau, ia mea ole. No ka pololeiʻikepili hookolokolo aku la ia DSA hoopii wale, mai ka lua o ka deurinatsii (urination). Ka loaʻaʻana o ke kō i 2.8-3 mmol / lā. Ua ua i noʻonoʻo i ka maʻi. Ka i koe hiki e kena ae la ia e:

• mimikō;
• endocrinological maʻi maoli;
• pilikia me ka pancreas a me ka ake;
• ʻaʻa puʻuwai maʻi.

I ka hāpai keiki, me ka uku o ke kō i loko o ka mimi iki kiekie ae, a ua like ia 6 mg / lā. Ma ka loaʻaʻana o ka monakō koko koi 'ia, e pana aku au i loko o ka mimi a me ke koko hoao no kōpaʻa.

Bilirubin a urobilinogen

I ka haku mele 'ana o ka maʻamau mimi bilirubin ua i komo. A e aho, ka mea, 'aʻole i loaʻa no ka mea, o ka mea meager dala. Ka loaʻa o ka hoike ana o ia mau maʻi:

• hepatitis;
• jaundice;
• cirrhosis;
• pilikia a me ka laau awaawa, bladder.

Mimi bilirubin mai ka, pili kala like 'ole, HEN, mai poeleele yellow iʻeleʻele, a me ka luliluli' ana e haʻalele yellowish hua.

Urobilinogen, a mea he derivative o ka conjugated bilirubin, mau makana i loko o ka mimi like urobilin (yellow pigment). Ke kūmau i loko o ka mimi ana o na kanaka 0,3-2,1 huahelu. Ehrlich a me nā wāhine 0,1 - 1.1 huahelu. Ehrlich (Ehrlich huahelu -. 1 mg urobilinogen mea 1 deciliter mimi hāpana). Ke dala i mea ma lalo maʻamau hoailona o ka jaundice aʻaoʻao waiwai, kena ae la ia e kekahi mau lapaʻauʻia. Nui mau hae hōʻike i ka pilikia me ke akepaʻa a me hemolytic anaemia.