Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o ke kiʻiona na manao ona. Ka mea magnification

Pehea pono e oe i kiʻiona manao ona? 5 papa o ke kula kiʻekiʻe - i kēia manawa, i ka wa a makou i mua halawai pu me lakou. Ma haʻawina aʻo na keiki i ka walaʻauʻana o ko lākou manaʻo a me kanaka haku. Anei oe makemake e deepen i ko lakou ike ana ia mau mea? A i 'ole paha oe huli hoʻomākaukau i kekahi haʻawina ma luna o "Magnifiers" (Grade 5)? Ma kekahi hihia, ua loaa iaʻu kekahi mea e hai aku ia oe.

kahiko maka aniani

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka magnification hoʻomaka i ka mamao i hala. A ua hiki i ka nui plano-convex maka aniani - kekahi o ka mea kahiko. Kona anawaena - 55 mm o, a me ka mea nui loa - ma kahi o 150 mm o. Ua Ua i o ka pōhaku aniani no 2,5 tausani. BC. e ka. I hoike ai oia i ka 1890 i hanaʻeliʻana o Schliemann o Troy. Kahi o 600-400 makahiki. BC. e ka. hoomaka mākou e paka aniani nā aniani kaulona. Ka mea, Ua loaʻa i loko o Saregona, (keia Mesopotamia). I Kuekene, i loaʻa ka papalua maka aniani anawaena o ka 5 knm i ka makahiki 1877, ka convex ma nāʻaoʻaoʻelua. Ua pili ia i ka makahiki 500 BC. e ka. Oe ke hele aku ma luna, a ma luna o ka papa inoa o kahiko nā aniani kaulona, a noiʻi i loaʻa. Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o ka magnification he nui kona kūʻiʻo. Loko o keia, e pili ana i ka mea i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ia mau lā, ua hiki wale nūnē nui.

I ka makana o Roger puaʻa

Hoikehonua, haumana ike i ka hoʻokolokolo pono 'ano o nā aniani kaulona i e Roger ka puaʻa, he möneka o ka Franciscan mea (makahiki o ke ola -. 1214-1294 GG). He ua i ka puka o Oxford University, a lilo iho la kaulana me ka thinker koʻikoʻi a me ka haumāna. Maka aniani, e like me kana hana, hoʻohana, e hoonee aku i ke kiʻi. Unuhina o ka apana nahaha o na hana hoʻohuʻu puaʻa ua hiki e pono wehewehe i ka hana o ka maka aniani, a i mālama ai me ka nana e hoole telephoto maka aniani (ia mea he pilikia makapō ano o kekahi ke keʻena o ka paipu) ia.

Ka makaʻu o Galileo Galilei

Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o ke kiʻiona maalea mea inconceivable me ia kanaka ka inoa. Kahi o 300 makahiki ma hope o ka make ana o ka puaʻa, Galileo Galilei, ke nä känaka 'epekema kaulana, mai Italia mai,ʻo ia i hana i ka like Tube. Ka mea, ua ole ekolu, a elua-ke keʻena. Kokoke "na¯" ka telescope mea he microscope. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka mea aie kona helehelena i Galilaia. Galileo kulaʻi i ka telescope, a hoʻomaopopo i ka 'ikamu uuku e like keia hiki ia i ka hua maikai. D. Viviani keʻae i ka microscope i invented e Galileo. Viviani, ma ke alanui, i kākau i ka moʻoleloʻohana o ka Italia nä känaka 'epekema.

An nui hanana no ka 'epekema moʻolelo o ka loaʻa magnification i kumu kāki i ka 1625. Ua i laila i Faber, he lâlâ 'o ka Roman Academy, dala i ka makahiki "microscope" ma ka pili ana i ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole i e Galileo.

Mākou hana Drebel a me Alkmar,? Acaeoey Torah a me Hooke

Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o ka microscope e hoʻomau i ka hana a me K. Drebelya Alkmara. Mau Hōlaniʻepekema Ua kūkulu i ka mea i oia o ka mau convex nā aniani kaulona. Me kēia kiʻi o ke kiʻi, a i noʻonoʻo ma lalo iho ona, ka mea i hōʻike mai iā ia i lalo ke alo. Kēia hui microscope, a iʻale huli paha plano eyepiece a lenticular maka aniani ua noʻonoʻo i ka precursor hui microscopes ma hope manawa (kekahi o ia ua hōʻike ma lalo nei i loko o ka Hawaii photo).

Italian Torah a puni 1660 i na spherical kiʻiona aniani o paʻahau aniani kulu. Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o ka microscope mea inconceivable me ia inoa, no ka mea ma ka Italian magnifier ka hoonani aku i mea e aeia ma ka hapa tausani manawa.

Nei anei oe e kamailio e pili ana i kekahi mea i kekahi inoa - Robert Guk? Kēia nä känaka 'epekema Pelekāne ua i ka makana nui a hiki i ka loaʻa o ke kiʻiona na manao ona. Robert Guk hou ia nei, ua nui ia mea, ua lilo ia i kekahi o nā hanana loaʻiʻo i loko o ka mōʻaukala o optics. Noaia Hooke microscope Hawaii photo ua hoike mai ia ma lalo nei.

Mahalo i kēia hana mea hou i hana muaʻole, i ka 1665, Robert ua hiki ke ike i ka halepaahao mua ma luna o ka mahele o ka polokalamu mākaʻikaʻi. Penei, he nui oaoieei-mea, e loaa ia he 'epekema me kālaimeaola. Kiʻiona manaʻo hoomau i ka hoʻoikaika 'Leeuwenhoek. A e hai aku no ia.

Leeuwenhoek a me kona poe e piʻi like

Nui na makana i ka mōʻaukala o ka magnification hoʻolauna A. V. Levenguk, he Dutchman e noho ana i loko o ke kūlanakauhale e like Delft. Makahiki o kona ola - 1632-1723 GG. He kū kaʻawale 'ia, a hoʻohana' ia i loko o ka alodio microscope haʻawina (kekahi o nā Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o kēia mau mea i ka hōʻike ma lalo nei) e e mahuahua hiki i ka ekolu haneri manawa.

It Leeuwenhoek i ka mua ano o microscopic meaola (me koʻohune a me unicellular), ma muli o kā lākou mau loina. I ka 1698, Peter I, Russian Tsar, uku i ka makaikai ana i kaʻImi Loa kaulana. Peter ua i ia manawa ma ka Netherlands, a ua ike ia e hoihoi i na mea a pau hou. No kona Kunstkammer, ka mea, e hoʻokaʻakaʻa aʻeʻoe i loko o St. Petersburg, ua kûʻai 'o kekahi mau luna' a me ka hemahema hoi microscopes. A me ka mea hope, ma hope o ka puka ana o ka Academy o Sciences, ua hoonoho iho la lakou i ka hoʻolilo o ka hui.

Nā hana o Lūkiniʻepekema, mai ka Academy o Sciences

Ka haʻawina "Magnifiers" E hoi loaʻa i ka moʻolelo o ka piʻi like ma ka optics 'elele o ko mākou'āina. E olelo Lūkiniʻepekema nona ka hana alakaiia e MV Lomonosov, hoomaka ae la e e hoʻohana 'ia ma liluwelo noiʻi kuai iho la ia e Peter I microscopes. A laila ka mea, i kaʻeleu loa i loko o kā lākou hana hou.

I wehe 'magnification hoʻomau i ka 1747. Ua i laila i Euler, he lâlâ 'o ka Academy o Sciences o St. Petersburg (makahiki o ke ola -. 1707-1783 GG), i kohoia i ka hoʻohana' ana o kekahi microscope achromatic maka aniani. Ke kumu hana o keia nä känaka 'epekema ma ka mahinaʻai o geometrical optics - "Dioptrics". Ua ninoieo o ekolu puke, i i paʻiʻia ma 1769-1771 GG. Ke hou microscope i achromatic, i kuu i ka 1802, ma hope o ka hana i paʻiʻia Elinusa (i he lâlâ o ka Academy o Sciences o St. Petersburg).

Oia ka microscope ma ia manawa ua pono i ka mea i i kńnaka mai ole, a hiki ae i ka manaʻo i ka mea hiki ke hou. Kēia Kaka, kena ae la o kona kulana i ka pioloke i ka manawa. Ka mea magnification Elinusa ua like penei. Ka mea, Ua hoomakaukau me eono nā aniani kaulona, ka mea, ua hiki, e hoʻonui i ka loli smoothly hoʻololi mamao mai o ka mea hiki i ke kiʻi. Ua mea ma ko kakou aina i hanau ai, a ua lilo iho la ia i ka ike maopopo i ka nui scientific manaʻo achromatic microscope me ka ee iaaanu aey magnification. Naʻe, ua manao no hou Aey? Acaeoey i loaa. Hoʻololi i ke hoʻonui i ka mea me ka barela lōʻihi rula hooponopono, nae, ka mea, ua nui ka manaʻo e i i i nui na makana i ka mōʻaukala o ka hooulu ana o ka'ōnohi manaʻo. I keia la ua kekahi o microscopes hana Elinusom, hiki ke ike ma ka Polytechnic Museum ma Moscow, a e pili ana i ka Institute o History, Natural Sciences a me Technology. Ka Hawaii photo lalo hōʻike i ke kiʻiona maalea a pau a hiki i ka 18th kenekulia.

Hoi hou ana mai o na microscopes

I. G. Tideman, he Kelemānia optician, mai ke kulanakauhale o Stuttgart, ma ke kakahiaka nui 19th kenekulia, hoomaka ae la no ka mea i hanaia o ka elua achromatic microscope. Dorpat University (e ia o Tartu inoa) haawi ia ia i kala, e lawe mai i ka hana. I ka 1808 ka mea i puka mai ma kēia mau manaʻo.

I ka 1807, he makahiki ma mua o ka haku o achromatic microscope, van Dale Hōlani optician, paʻi i kona hana. Ua i kekahi hōʻike no ka manao o ka achromatic microscope, hanaʻia e ia. Western Europa moʻolelo manaʻo i ka mua o ia hana he kupono e like ai i ua hanaʻia kēia nä känaka 'epekema microscope. Eia naʻe, ia mea ma a pau malalo iho e? Ieoaeunoai Elinusom. Ma ke ala, achromatic microscopes J. Fraunhofer, hoopukaia i ka 1811, ua nui imperfect manao, ina e hoohalike ia me microscopes Elinusa.

Lūkini microscopes ma ka 19th kenekulia

Ma ka hapa mua o ka 19th kenekulia, kiʻiona maalea ua hua mai i na wahi ma ka honua nei. I Rusia, hoomaka ae la ko lakou? Iecaianoaaiiuo i loko o ka 18th kenekulia, nae, emi iho i ka hoʻomaka o ka 19th kenekulia. Ua ua ike ia a puni 1820 he 'ano kiʻekiʻe-kbps microscopes hua mai la i ka Workshop no manufacturing o optics, mea ma ke Kulanui o Kazan. Naʻe, nō i ike i ka kokololio kūpono 'ana o ka hana i loko o Rusia, e like me ke aupuni o ia manawa i manaoio aku i ka pono koho mea e kuai i kekahi kiʻiona manao wale aku no.

Nā haʻawina e optics a me Giambattista Amici

Amichi Dzhambattista (makahiki o ke ola -. 1786-1863 GG) - ke kaulana Italia nä känaka 'epekema optician, astronomer a me ka botanist. He nui makahiki o kona ola ana i hoolilo ai i ke kūpono 'ana o ke microscopy. I ka 1827 Amici papahana ia iho, a i achromatic maka aniani, a i ka puka ana o 0,60 a me ka maikai aberration e hooponopono. Ua like nä känaka 'epekema ma ka makahiki 1844, ua hoʻomaka e' ike i loko o ka palapala noi o koʻana koko a me ka aila kaiapuni. Mahalo iā ia, Ua ee maka aniani me ka laulā puka o 1,30 a me ka wai kaiapuni.

microscopes Abbe

Maalea me kaʻaila kaiapuni me ka puka o ka 1.50 (a i hoʻohana ai i kēia lā) Ua hoʻomaka 'ana ma o ka hana o Ernst Abbe, he Kelemānia optics. He invented ka sine kānāwai, ma i i eliminated coma malama i ka poe liilii, laina kula. E. Abbe hana mau i möhala i ka pähola 'ana o ke kiʻi magnification. He möakäka hou i ke kahe a me ka manao paa ka mana o kēia mau manaʻo. Abbe i ke alakaʻi hana, e hana i ka moʻo o kbps achromatic microscope. La lakou i hiki aku ai i ka laulā puka o 1,50. Kēia mau mea i, ua hoopuka ia e ka poe Jena "Karl Zeiss" (1872). O ia poʻe ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o E. Abbe i 8 Apo. A ma ka 1888, ua ulu Kaneakua kona aaiuo, a i ka puka o ka 1,60 a ua monobromnaftalinovuyu kaiapuni.

Nā Hopu ma optics

Lūkiniʻepekema D. S. Rozhdestvensky a me L. I. Mandelshtam Ernst hoʻomohala i ka pähola 'i loko o kona mau palapala. An nui ae makaʻu o Christmas ua mea la oia i hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o kŘpa a incoherent malamalama. R. Richter, "Karl Zeiss" limahana o kaʻaha kanaka, ua ulu a ua loaa ka iaoaioa no ka kūikawā ho'ā nā mea hoʻohana i loko o ka microscope. Naʻe, a hiki i kēia lā kaʻenaʻena pilikia o ka pau e pono ai lākiō nā koho o interchangeable nā aniani kaulona, a kau iho nenoai. Wahi lulu microscopes i keia la, ua like ka maikai me ia ma ka oaoieei-manao, a me ka'ōnohi kiko'î o ka mea, hanaʻia e ka mea kaulana poʻe wale aku no.

No laila, ua ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo mākou i ka mōʻaukala o nā kêia kanaka o kēia microscopes. ? Ac? Aaioea haʻawina "Magnifiers" (papa 5), e hiki ke hoʻohana i ka hoakaka 'ike i loko o ka pauku.