Na māhū-Siberian alahao. Ke kuhikuhi ana o ka māhū-moʻolelo hale

Na māhū-Siberian alahao, i i mua kapaia ka Great Siberian alahao, i keia la aku i nā mea a pau i ke alahao laina ma ka honua. Ua Ua kūkulu mai ka 1891 a hiki i 1916, i mea aneane he hapaha kenekulia. More o 10 000 ei o kona lōʻihi. Road kuhikuhi ana - mai Moscow a hiki i Vladivostok. 'O kēia ka loiloi mua a me ka hope mākaʻikaʻi o kona Loko Ka. Ia mea i ka hoʻomaka o ka māhū-Siberian alahao - Moscow, a me ka hopena - Vladivostok. Maoli ai, o ka Loko Ka holo i loko o nāʻaoʻao.

No ke aha la i ka mea pono, e kūkulu i ka māhū-Siberian alahao?

Nunui mau mea o ka Hōʻole akula Hikina, hikina a me Western Siberia ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia,ʻokiʻia aku ia mai ke koena o ka Russian aupuni a pau koe. I mea no ke aha la he mea kekahi e pono ma ka hanaia'na o ke alanui ma luna a me ka palena iki lilo o ka manawa a me ke dala hiki ke loaa i laila. Ka mea, ua pono e ho okele ma ka Siberia alahao. NN Muravyov-Amursky, Kiaaina Nui o nā mea a pau hikina mai Siberia, i ka 1857, kauoha aku hai i ke kahe ana o ka hana ma luna o nā outskirts o ka Siberian.

ʻO wai ka hoʻolako 'ia o ka papahana?

Wale 80-la makahiki i ke aupuni ae i ka hana o ke alanui. Ma keia hihia, eʻae i ka puu dala i ka hana o kona iho, me ke kākoʻo o ka haole nā mea hāʻawi. Nunui waihona kālā koi i ka hana o ke alanui. Kona uku, e like me ka mua ho omaulia i ia e ke Komite ma ka hana o ka Siberian alahao nui i 350 miliona gula rubles.

Ka mua hana

Special huakaʻi, a alakai A. I. Ursati, OP a me np Vyazemskij Mezheninov, Ua hoouna mai i ka makahiki 1887, e kuhikuhi i ka mea e pono ai ke ala wahi no ka hooholo ia ana o aeaciui ai.

Most intractable a me ka manaʻo o ka pilikia o ka pōʻaiawaiwai, ulu. Haʻalele i kuhikuhi lilo "paʻa hana hookoe kaua" no OAXA hana. Koa a me ka poe pio hoike no ka hapanui o ka poʻe e uhau ana. E noho nei i loko o kumu a lakou i hana, ua unbearably kaumaha. Ua hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ka poe e hana paumaele, cramped Barracks, a i ole o ke keka. Hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe na kumu, o ka papa, haʻalele ka nui o ia e makemake.

E like me ka alanui ua ma lalo o kūkulu?

Lima i ka hana a pau. Ka mea, ua ka loa primitive hana - he Oopalau la, he pahiolo, he koʻi lipi, he wheelbarrow a me kaʻohiʻana i. I loko nō a pau ka hana a he leo i waiho kēlā me kēia makahiki ma kahi o 500-600 kilomika. Ka hana ana a no ka maluhiluhi kela la i keia paio me na koa o ke ano maoli, nā kānakaʻenehana a me ka? Ieoaeunoai hana Makuakane me ka mahalo i ka hana 'ole i loko o ka pōkole au o Great Siberian Way.

E pili ana Great Siberian Way

Kokoke pau ma ka 90 la makahiki he South Ussuriiskaya, Zabaikalskaya o Middle a me Railroad. Ke Komite o ka Kuhina i ka 1891, ma February, ua hoʻoholo ihola ia oe ke hoʻomaka nei e hana ma ka hanaia'na o ke Great Siberian Way.

Nāʻanuʻu ekolu ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia e kūkulu i kekahi alaloa. Ka mua - ka komohana Siberian alanui. Next - māhū-Baikal, mai Mysovaya a hiki i Sretensk. A me ka mea hope ke kahua - ka Circum-Baikal mai Irkutsk a hiki i Khabarovsk.

O ka hopena-nui elua i ka ia manawa i ka hana o ke alanui, hoomaka ae la. Western lala i ka 1898 hiki Irkutsk. Oiai ohua e pono e hoʻololi i ka mahu, lanakila ia 65 kilomika o Lake Baikal. I ka mea i icebound icebreaker, e wehe i ke ala a hiki i ka waʻapā. Kēia vesivshaya 4267 tons Mahina Ua i loko o 'Enelani i ka mea. I nā mākou mawah i ua waiho ma ka hema kahakai o Lake Baikal, a me ka nele no ka mea, ua nalowale.

Hihia i ka hana o ke kuamoo

Ke hoʻohalahala aniau a me maoli rula, i ka hana o ke alanui mai ai. Ke Track Ua kīpapaʻaneʻane nō i loko o kona olelo e lilo ma ka paʻapū i ole sparsely nń wahi pa, impassable taiga. I kela kapa o ka māhū-Siberian alahao lehulehu o ic ??, mana muliwai o Siberia, permafrost a mahuahua waterlogging. No ka poʻe e uhau ana o ka loaʻa kekahi pilikia ua ke aupuni 'puni Lake Baikal aina. I mea e hoʻomohala i ke alaʻaneʻi, ua loaʻa iā ia, e puhi i nā pōhaku, e like me ke kūkuluʻimi hoʻopunipuni nā hale.

Ua i ole he hoʻonui i ka hana o ia i ka nunui mea e like me ka māhū-Siberian alahao, ke ana maoli. I mau o kona iauaeoia no nā kauwela malama ia hoʻokuʻu mai i ka 90% o ka makahiki kimu. Kanakaole, huli i loko o kekahi mau hola i loko o ka ua ikaika ka wai a pele. Nui nā mahinaʻai o ka lewa ua piha i ka wai i loko o nā wahi like ma ka māhū-Siberian alahao. Natural olelo nui alalai mai kona kūkuluʻia. Wai nui no hoi i i hoomaka i loko o ka luawai, a ma August a July. 10-12 kaumaha punohu wai hiki mai ma luna o ke kauwela. No hoi, i hanaia i ka hana i loko o ka hooilo, ka wā i -50 degere hau hiki. e lalana ana People i loko o nā halelewa. Maoli ai, ka mea, ua pinepine mai.

Ma ka hikina o ke aupuni i loko o ka hapalua like-50s ia i waiho i kekahi hou lala - mai Abakan a hiki i Komsomolsk-ma-Amur. Ua Ua Aia ma ka papa kuhikuhiE magitstrali. Kēia laina mea no KUMUMANAʻO NUI kumu ua mamao akau, pono aku, mai ka Pākē palena.

kai a Kahinaliʻi 1897

Nalu p kaiakahinalii iloko i ka 1897. ole More o ka 200 makahiki ua like ia ia ia. Ikaika pele ma luna ma mua o 3 mika hanau kūkulu ho okumu ana. Luku ia e ke kaiakahinalii Dorodinsk kulanakauhale, i i hoʻokumu i loko o ke kakahiaka nui 18th kenekulia. No ka mea, o keia, ka mea, i ia me ka nui loa hoʻomaʻa i ka loiloi mua papahana ma luna a kūkulu o ka māhū-Siberian alahao i lawe mai: ka Track i ka hoolilo i ka hou mau wahi, kūkulu pale aku ia lakou, e hoala i puu, e hooikaika i ka kumu. E uhau ana i 'aneʻi no ka manawa mua i halawai me permafrost.

I ka 1900, ua hoʻomaka 'hana māhū-Baikal alahao. A koa Mozgon i ka 1907 i kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka permafrost i loko o ke ao nei ka hale mua, a nō i koe i keia la. Ma Greenland, Canada a me Alaska ua hookama hou i ka papa hana no ka hana ana o iauaeou ma permafrost.

Road, kulanakauhale māhū-Siberian alahao

Ala o ka mea e hiki mai ana kona hua lole a hiki i ka māhū-Siberian alahao. Ke alanui, penei ka ala mai Moscow a hiki i Vladivostok. Mai ke kapikala hoouna mai i ka huakaʻi nā keʻa ka Volga, a laila, huli i kaʻaoʻao o ka Urals ma ka hema-hikina, ma kahi o 1800 ei mai Moscow o ka mokuna ma waena o Asia a meʻEulopa. Mai Yekaterinburg, Aia i loko o nā Urals nui hanalima-oaio? A, ia mea i ke ala a hiki i Novosibirsk a me Omsk. Ma ka Ob, i kekahi o na muliwai loa mana ma Siberia me ka mālama nui hoʻokele, nā huakaʻi hele mamao aia ma luna o ka Yenisei Krasnoyarsk. Ma hope o ia, o ka māhū-Siberian alahao e ia i loko o Irkutsk, ma ka hema kahakai o Lake Baikal lanakila i ka lapa. Oki ae la i kekahi kihi o ka Gobi wao nahele, a hele Khabarovsk, hua lau ma ka mākaʻikaʻi - Vladivostok. 'O kēia ka olelo o ka māhū-Siberian alahao.

87 kūlanakauhale i aia ma luna o ka māhū-Siberian alahao. ko lakou heluna, he 300 tausani, i ke 15 miliona. ke kanaka. -Oaio? A no ka RF kanaka, he 14 mau kulanakauhale, ma a ka māhū-Siberian alahao.

Ma na wahi e lawelawe 'ana i ka extract lanahu i loko o ka nui o ka oi ma mua o 65% o ka heluna hua mai i loko o Rusia, a ua lawe ka hola 20% o ka hoohehee maemae au ia a me ka 25% ma ka auoiaea o hanalima lāʻau. Eia ka ma kahi o 80% o ka hoʻokomo kālā o nā kumu waiwai, a me ka laau, lanahu, kinoea, kaʻaila, a me na mea e hooheheeia o nonferrous a me ka ferrous ke hooheheeia.

Ma ka palena noaioee Naushki, Zabaykalsk, Grodekovo Hassan ma ka hikina o ka māhū-Siberian alahao hoʻolako komo i ke alanui pukapuka ma Mongolia, Kina a me North Korea, a ma ke komohana, ma ka mokuna e holo me ka republics kahiko o ka USSR, a Lūkini awa - nā'āinaʻEulopa.

Hiʻona o ka māhū-Siberian

Elua māhele o ke ao nei (Asia a me Europe) nakinakiʻia i ka loihi ma ka alahao aina. Hoʻokolo 'aneʻi, like ma luna o nā mea a pau nā alanui o ko kakou aupuni a me ka lehulehuʻEulopa. He 1.5 mau mika.

Ua Ua maheleia i loko o kekahi mau pauku māhū-Siberian alahao:

- Amur alanui;

- Circum-Baikal;

- Manchu;

- māhū-Baikal;

- Mid-Siberian;

- West-Siberian;

- Ussuriysk.

Description o ke alanui pauku

Ussuri alanui, a lōʻihi o 769 ei, a me ka helu o nā 'ikamu ma kona ala - 39, ma ka paʻa ana i komo ai i loko o loko o November 1897. ʻO ia ka mea mua i loko o ka Hōʻole akula Hikina alahao.

I ka 1892, i loko o June, ka mea, hoomaka ae la ka hana o ka West-Siberian. Ua holo heʻokoʻa ka watershed ma waena o ka Irtysh a me Ishim, ma ka palahalaha'āina. Wale kokoke i ke alahaka ma nui muliwai i puka mai ai. Ke ala hele deviates mai ka pololei wale i ka holo alaʻokoʻa na awawa, loko, muliwai: kau akamai.

I ka 1898, ma January, hoomaka ae la e kūkulu i ka Mid-Siberian alahao. Ma kona olelo e lilo i na alahaka ma o ka Kiya muliwai Uda, Oia, Tom. LD Proskuryakov papahana kekahi hanana uapo ma ka Yenisei.

Māhū-Baikal ka hapa o ka Great Siberian alahao. Ua hoʻomaka ma luna o ka moana wai, ke koa headlands, a me ka welau a ma luna o ka Amur River, kokoke i ka Marina Sretensk. Trail ae ma ke kahakai o Lake Baikal, ma kona ala he nui na mauna muliwai. I ka 1895 ka mea, hoomaka ae la ka hana o ke alanui ma lalo o ke alakaʻi o HE Pushechnikova lunaʻenehana.

Ma hope iho o ka hōʻailona o ka berita ma waena o Kina a me Rusia i ua hoomau ulu o māhū-Siberian alahao? Ieoaeunoai o kekahi alanui, Manchurian ai pili aku ia Vladivostok māhū-Siberian alahao. Ma kalepa mai Chelyabinsk a hiki i Vladivostok, e wehe i kēia ala hele, a lōʻihi o 6503 ei.

Ka hope mea, hoomaka ae la e kukulu iho Circum-Baikal māhele 'āina (i ka 1900), no ka mea, ua ka loa pipiʻi a me ka pilikia wahi. Lunaʻenehana Liverovskii alakai i ka hana o ka hapanui luna 'o kona lōʻihi ma waena o ka ahuula a me Sharazhangaem Aslomovym. Ka lōʻihi o ka pipeline - 18 la hapa o ka huina o ka loa o ke alahao holoʻokoʻa. Ka hapaha o ka huina koina koi 'ia kona kūkuluʻia. Ma 12 tunnels a me nā kia 4 nalowale hele ma keia alanui.

Amur alanui hoomaka ae la e e kukulu i ka 1906. Ua Ua maheleia i loko o ka hikina a me ka akau-Amur Amur laina.

Meaning māhū

Ka nui e piʻi like ana o ko makou poe kanaka i ka hanaia'na o ka māhū-Siberian. Ieoaeunoai o māhū-Siberian alahao i hele i ka hoohaahaa ana, ke koko a me ka iwi, akā, hana nō ua pau keia hana nui. A nui ka nui o ka waiwai a me ka ohua ae, e lawe i ka'āina i kēia ala. I paʻapū i Siberian ?? eoi? I noho ma muli i kona kūkuluʻia. Ke kuhikuhi ana o ka māhū-Siberian alahao i hoʻokumu ai i kā lākou mau papa hana.