Na na 'ole o na mea kolo. Hana e ola mea kolo

Mea kolo e kokua i hoʻonohonoho 'ia papa o vertebrate holoholona, i ka loaʻa o 9.400? Ueony, e alakai aina, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa kalaka nui-wai Aloha Hawaii. Ma keia 'atikala, ua nana i ke kipi' ole, a me ka nui mana o nā mea kolo, e like me ka pono me ka nana aku i kekahi o nā hiʻona pili i? Aneie adaptations.

Iwi a me nāʻiʻo o nā mea kolo

Haʻalele amphibians, mea kolo spine i ka luna '' ole, a he o ka cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral a me caudal māhele 'āina. Thoracic vertebrae e pili ana me ka iwiaoao ona, a hana i ka thorax. He mamao au ma ka nahesa, akā, me ko lakou iwi kuamoo he i i 500 vertebrae. I ka hana o ua moo, e like nahesa, pono ulu umauma, a me ka huelo spine mea okoa: mai caudal vertebrae i ka ahu iho la ka cartilage'aʻaʻa, a me ka mea, hiki wawe e anaiia mai. Kēia kaʻina ua kapaia autotomy. Ua loaʻa he aiiay waiwai: he holoholona ola,ʻoiai, mai ka Moana niho, losing hapa o kona huelo. Ke muscular'ōnaehana i ka mea kolo Ua huikau.

Keia pili, ma luna o nā mea a pau, thoracic intercostal nāʻiʻo kākou ma ka hanu 'ana. Holomua loa ai kākou i Ua mandibular nāʻiʻo, a me nā nāʻiʻo o ka diawahine ia lala i loko o na mea kolo e like moo a me crocodiles. Anatomically muli o kona kulana eiiieaena maloko 'ole o nā mea kolo (nānā i ka pakuhi ma lalo nei) o ka hopena o aromorphoses a me adaptations mea i kaua kipi i loko o kēia mau meaola i evolution.

circulatory nā loko

Ua hoopa mai Complications o ka hui mea kolo, a me ka mea'ōnaehana mānowai koko nenoaia. Hoomau ana e makaikai i ka maloko, a mawaho 'ole o nā mea kolo, kālele ana ma luna o kona hiʻona a me nā circulatory metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Pūnao mea kolo emi kalele iho ma luna o ka Ambient mahana ma mua i loko o amphibians. Aka hoi, mea kolo, a me nā amphibians e like nō poikilothermic meaola, a me ka mea, i ke ana wela kaʻoi loa i loko o ka laulā - 22 i + 38 degere +. mea kolo mana hokii haʻahaʻa ma mua ia o ka amphibians. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka mahuahua ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka 'ole o ka naʻau, e like me ka pono me ka hapa kaawale ana i loko o ia i ka holo o ka arterial a me venous koko. Hiʻona o ke kipi 'ole o nā mea kolo, i ka papaʻaina i ua hoike mai ia ma lalo nei, ka hōʻike i nā mea kolo i mau holo. Lākou circulatory'ōnaehana mea paʻa,ʻaʻohe mea i loko o ka naʻau o ka kāpili paku, i ka pau loa ulu me crocodiles, ka malama ana i ka puka ma waena o ka hema a me ka akauʻaoʻao.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE circulatory hui, he o mau atria a me ventricle. Arterial koko ua ohi ia i loko o ka luna o ka ventricle, komo aku no ia, mai ka atrium hema a me ka venous - mai ka akau. Ke'ī mai, ma ka lalo pono ventricular koko ua hui. Ma systole, ua pahu oxygenated koko ma ka akau aortic e pio. Hui koko, mai kaʻaoʻao'ākau o ka ventricle hema komo ka aortic e pio mai, a me ka venous - mai ka lalo hapa - ka pulmonary artery. Oiai, e manao ai ke kipi 'ole o nā mea kolo, a me ka mau'ōlelo e pili ana i ka systemic holo, ia mea e pono ke lawe i ka mooolelo i ka mea hiki ole ke manaoia kūʻokoʻa me arterial a venous koko i hui pūʻia ai i loko o ka dorsal aorta.

mea kolo pelvic hakuʻala

Na na 'ole o nā mea kolo e wehewehe aku ma ka hoʻoulu ka manaʻo pohihihi i loko o ka' ole o kekahi o na alakai nenoai - excretion, o ka hooulu ana o ka metanephric - pelvic hakuʻala. Ka mea, i aia ma kaʻaoʻao ventral o ka ipuʻauʻau ma nāʻaoʻaoʻelua o ka cloaca, ai pili aku me ia ma ka ureters. Aia ka hoi i ka bladder. Nahesa a me nā crocodiles ka mea, ua anatomically poorly hoakaka. I mea kolo, e loaa hou huahana, ma ka Akä naÿe i mammals me ka urea makana, a me ka uricʻakika.

Pehea i digestion

Ka hapanui o mea kolo e carnivores, eia nae na mea kolo e like me ka moo ka wikiwiki, honu hehi, a me kekahi hānai i nā mea kanu. Ma o ke kipi 'ole o nā mea kolo, ka mea, ua ike i ka digestive Tube i ka helu o morphological hiʻona pili i ka pono ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka hui. No laila, ka mea i hana haumāna kīleo. Ua Ua hana ia e na iwi, a hoʻokaʻawale i ka moʻolelo lua, mai ka nasopharyngeal ala weheʻana i loko o ka puʻu, me ka ho okumu funnel - haumāna choanae. Ke AeXIeAaOIePEAaI o ka mua kolo ikeia cecum. Digestive glands: ke ake, a me nā pancreas, paka nā'ūhū a me ka bile emulsifies lipids. Nā paia o ka esophagus a me ka opu i muscular a anuanu, i mea nui oi loa aku hoi no? Ueony, ke ale wale iho i kaʻai a pau (e like, nahesa) a nui na apana (crocodiles). Ma puke kula o kālaimeaola, këia i ka maloko 'ole o nā mea kolo (Grade 7), he he hailona o ka hoihoi' kūʻiʻo pū e pili ana i aniuea lako. No ka laʻana, crocodiles a me nā manu kuhukukū paha e hou i nā vertebrate holoholona me ka ai, starving i eono mahina. No ka maʻamau digestion nahesa pono Ambient mahana,ʻaʻole ma lalo 22 - 25 ° C, i ole ia e pau digestive glands paka nā'ūhū, a me ka ai ale a pau,ʻaʻole hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, a me ka hoʻomaka e popoʻole i loko o ka opu, i hiki aku ai i kaʻapu kōheoheo a me ka make ana o ka holoholona.

ola kalapona

Hoomau ana i ka noiʻi i ke kipi 'ole, a me ka hiki, e ola mea kolo, noonoo naciiiuo hou i loko o kā lākou ontogeny. Ka mea, e ku pono ana i fluctuations i loko o ke ana wela idioadaptatsy (kela la i keia a me naciiiuo cyclicity). No ka laʻana, ma ka hapalua like-wai puna mea kolo e alakai i kaʻeleu Aloha Hawaii, mai ke awakea, i ka aina a me ka lewa ua lawa ka mehana i ka wā.

I July - kakahiaka nui August, ka hapanui o na holoholona i K'lauea i loko o ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi, a ma ke awakea ka mea, hāʻule i loko o ka moku'āina o ke koena. I ka hooilo ma ka pakiko lakikū mea kolo hibernate, huna i ka naele, lua ma paha ma lalo o nā kumu o nā lāʻau. Estivation ano o ka laha 'o nā mea kolo, a i keia manawa, o ka nele o ka ai.

Molting i ka mea kolo

Cyclically ia lŘlŘ i ka holoholona a me ka molting kaʻina - hoʻololi maloʻo ili uhi ma ka puapua a horny unahi. Ua, ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka Ambient mahana. Nahesa a me nā hana o ua moo molt ka piha, ma keia hihia, hoʻololi ka holoʻokoʻa ili, i kapaʻia ka Nightcrawlers. Ma crocodiles kekahi manawa exfoliated kanaka unahi - osteoderms. Ma honu exfoliateʻili mau mea i mea ole hoomaluia korapaksom a me ka wai molt aneane kekahi '.

aniuea nā'ōlelo

Ma cyclic keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o na holoholona ola a me ka pili reproductive papa, i ua i hooponopono ia e ka Ambient mahana. E lohe i ka 'o ke kipi' ole o na mea kolo. I ka papaʻaina ma lalo hōʻoia ana i ka mea kolo e dioecious holoholona, a i wehewehe aku e na fertilization.

Ma hope iho ona, na wahine moe hua uhi ma ka hana o ua moo, manu kuhukukū, a nahesa leathery iwi, a me nā crocodiles ia Lime. Kekahi mea kolo, e like me moolele, hatching hua i loko o ke kino. Ka malamalama akaka ia 12 pups, i koke hoʻomaka e mae. Male reproductive'ōnaehana poe e hui kaulua testes, vas deferens a me volfovyh Kanal e kahe ana i loko o ka cloaca. Na wahine i ka paʻa o ovaries. Jajtceprovoda loaa no hoi he funnel-hoʻokino lua i komo i loko o ka cloaca.

Ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana a me ka pono nā loko

Na na 'ole o nā mea kolo e ole e piha me ke ao o ka innervation o nā loko, a oihana o na analyzers. Ka lolo i ka luna '' ole.

Associative cortex-oaio? A i ulu ai o ka hoʻoponopono reflexes o ke kahua. nā loko o ka maka, hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo, nā dudima, hoopa lawa ka ulu. Nahesa a me kekahi mau hana o ua moo, e like me Iebusi, malaila parietal maka, i mea ka photosensitive kino.