Famous Lūkini biologists a me ka maluhia a me ka wehe ia

Paipai 'o ka' epekema - he wahi lihi iki o ka loea a me ka mea laʻa kanaka i mea ole makaʻu i ka manawa ia i kau aku i kona kuhiakau e pili ana i ka papahana e invent i ka hou hoʻoluku. Hemolele manaʻo kanaka o kela Ka Wā Kaukani i ike ai i ka hailona o kūikawā, hana hoihoi a me ka nui discoveries i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kālaimeaola. ʻO wai i na kanaka i hoonani Rusia? ʻO wai kēia mau biologists kaulana?

Mai i hoʻokumu i ka XIX kenekulia

Famous biologists a me kā lākou mau discoveries ua hoʻomaka 'ana, e hele mai no ka lōʻihi manawa. ʻO ka wā kahiko, ka wā a hiki mai o ka ninaninau aku, no ka mea he 'epekema, he kanaka ka poe i makemake e hoomaopopo i na mea pohihihi o ke ao nei. O ia ke kaulana kanaka, e like me Aristotle, Pliny, Dioscorides.

Kālaimeaola like 'epekema, hoomaka ae la e uē helu kokoke i ka 17 la kenekulia. Ua ikea mai systematics o ola meaola i hānau ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana e like me microbiology, physiology. Hoomau iho la lakou e hoʻomōhala'anatomia: ua i ka puka o ka lua o ka holo, ka mea i aʻo muaʻulaʻula koko keena a me sperm o ka holoholona. Famous biologists o ka manawa - e Aloha Uilyam Garvey, A. Leeuwenhoek, T. Morgan.

XIX a XX kenekulia - ka mea, o ka piko o ka hou discoveries e hoʻololi i ke ao nei. Nā biologists loa kaulana e noho ana i ka manawa, ua hiki ke tremendously hoʻololi i ka papa o ka 'epekema. Ka manaʻo nui o ka 19-20th kenekulia, hiki ole ke overstated, no ka mea, o ka hoʻokumu paʻa hypotheses a me HOUʻikeʻia pono i keia manawa,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o kālaimeaola, akā, i loko o nā kula o ka 'epekema. Paha i lawelawe 'ia ka mea nui haʻawina kanaka e like me Pavlov, Vernadsky, Mechnikov, a he nui nā pono-ike Lūkini biologists wale ma.

Zhan Batist Lamark

Hânau 'ia i ka 1744 i loko o Picardy. Au i aku i ke kuhiakau o ke evolution o ke ola ma ka honua nei, no ka mea ka mea, kapa aku la i ka precursor o Darwin. No hoi Lamarck hoʻolauna manawa "kālaimeaola" a ua ulu mau ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana e like me zoology a me ka paleontology invertebrates.

Antoni van Levenguk (1632-1723)

Ma hope iho o ka make ana o kona makuakane Leeuwenhoek hoomaka ae la e hana i loko o ka mau aniani polisher. A mau makahiki ma hope, ua lilo i haku i loko o kāna hana, a kokua ia ia, e manao kona iho microscope 200 manawa magnification. Me keia microscope, Leeuwenhoek loaaʻi noa-ola meaola - koʻohune a me protists.

I nä känaka 'epekema mua ho'āʻo ana i ke koko o ka wai a me ka helu nui o ke keena. koko keena, i hoi weheʻulaʻula koko keena Leeuwenhoek.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

I. P. Pavlov i hanau ma Ryazan i ka 1849. Ma hope o ua noho mai ke Kulanui 'o loko o kona aina, ua hoʻoholo e kuhikihi ana i ko lakou mau ola me ka' epekema. Wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema puka' o ia mai ka Medico-ʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau Academy, e lawe ana ma na kumu loea launa 'ole o ka scalpel. He aha ka pomaikai loaʻa loa kaulana biologists o ka 19th kenekulia?

Research ha awina o Pavlova i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka'emi ko kahua hana. He aʻo i ka 'ole o ka lolo, he kaʻina hana o ka EYI o nā aʻalolo impulses. E like me ke nä känaka 'epekema hoʻoili ma ka noiʻi o ka digestive oihana, no ka i loaa ia ia ka Nobel makana i ka 1904. A kona make ana, I. P. Pavlov hana me ka rector o ka Institute o Physiology o ka Academy o Sciences.

E like me nā mea a pau biologists pono-ike Pavlov lilo loa o kona ola i ka 'epekema. About 35 makahikiʻo ia i komo i loko o haʻawina e pili ana i ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana me nā hiʻona o ka manaʻoʻike kolohe. Ke nä känaka 'epekema lilo i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka hou hema ma ka' epekema - physiology o kiekie ae ko mākou hopohopo haʻawina. Nā haʻawina i mālama 'ia i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, ka noʻonoʻo' Ho 'Oponopono a me kennels no Style. I mau, i hoomakaukau mai ai i na rula no ka maʻamau hana ma ke aupuni o ka USSR, 'ole. I, Ua kokua mai oia i ka hopena o ka noiʻi e e he nuiʻanuʻu i ka' epekema kipi i loko o ka mahinaʻai o neural haʻawina.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky

Ua aneane pau loa-ike Lūkini biologists he poʻokela chemists, physicists a me mathematicians. A luku mai hoʻohālike - V. I. Vernadsky, he nui thinker, nä känaka 'epekema, noiʻi.

Vernadsky Ua hanau ia ma 1863 ma St. Petersburg. A pau ke kumu kula o Balanced a me ke kālaikūlohea Peterburg University,ʻo ia i ka noiʻi i nā waiwai o ka radioactive hehee wale, ka haku mele 'ana o ka Honua ka pńpa, me ka' ole o nā nā minelala hao hoʻomaka. ua haawi mai kona noiʻi impetus i ka paa ana o ka hou 'ana - biogeochemistry.

Vernadsky i kau aku i kona kuhiakau e pili ana i ke kūpono 'ana o ke biosphere ma luna a pau meaola e ola mea. Pili i radioactive mea i loko o ka poe kalapona, oia hui i ka Animated a me ka mea ola i loko o ka liluwelo kahua.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

Famous biologists o ka 19th kenekulia i nui discoveries ma ke kahua o ka physiology a me ka immunology kanaka.

Mechnikov Ua hanau ia ma 1845 ma ka kauhale o Ivanovka Kharkov'āina a pau,ʻo ia puka 'o ia i ka 1862, a i helu ia ma ka ke kula o ke kālaikūlohea a me Balanced'āuna kumu o Kharkov University. Ma hope o ka hoʻopau i kona mau haʻawina ma ke kulanui nä känaka 'epekema, hoomaka ae la kona noiʻi i loko o ke kula o ka embryology o invertebrates.

I ka 1882 halawai Mechnikov me Lui Pasterom, e kaumaha ana aku i ka 'oihana maikaʻi ma ka Pasteur kula nui. Ilya Ilyich hana malaila no kekahi mau makahiki. Iloko o keia manawa oia i wale i kekahi mau na discoveries nui i loko o ke kula o ka embryology, akā, i hoomaka ae la e noiʻi i naʻike manaʻo like phagocytosis. Maoli, Mechnikov, a ua i ka mea mua, e hoike aku ia ma luna o leukocytes laʻana.

I ka makahiki 1908 i ke nä känaka 'epekema loaa ka Nobel lua no ka hooulu ana o ka immunology a me ka laau lapaau. Ma kona noiʻi, ua hiki ke piʻi i i ka aʻe kiʻekiʻe i kēia mau ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana.

Pahi a ka hopena o kona ola ana, ua hana ia ma ke Kulanui o Paris , a make iho la ma hope o kekahi mau naʻau ho'āhewa wale.

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

Famous Lūkini biologists ke kaena i ka manaʻo nui o kona mau mea, ua ulu. Au ua i koe, a NI Vavilov - Microbiologist, botanist, kanu physiologist, astronomer a me ka geographer.

Vavilov Ua hānauʻia ma ka makahiki 1887 ma Moscow. Mai ke kakahiaka kamaliʻi ka mea, ua hoihoi i kaʻohiʻohi mea kanu, unuhi aku la ia herbarium, study o Nine Inch waiwai o ka waiwai. 'Aʻole surprisingly, i kona wā e hiki mai wahi o ke kuka nei lakou e ia i ka Moscow Mahiai Institute, kahi āna ua hiki ke hōʻike i ko lakou talena.

Ka loa nui loaʻa o ka Vavilov - ka mea, o ke kānāwai o ka homologous puke e wehewehe i ka parallelism i loko o ka'āina hoʻoili o ka moʻolelo o kekahi mau hanauna o meaola. Noiʻi i loaʻa i waena o pili loa aku? Ueo i loaʻa'ālike alleles o ka ia'ōewe. O kŰia ua hoʻohana 'ia i? Aneii e wńnana i ka hiki waiwai o nā mea kanu.

Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920)

ole Famous biologists hana wale i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ka botany,'anatomia, physiology, akā, i hoʻolaha i ka hou ana. No ka laʻana, DI Ivanovsky i ka pilina i ke kūpono 'ana o ke virology.

Ivanovski puka 'o ia mai St. Petersburg Kulanui ma 1888 ma ka Oihana o Botany. Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi o ka loea kumu, oia aʻo kanu physiology a me ka microbiology, i ae la ia ia, e imi i ke kumu no kona wā e hiki mai discoveries.

Dmitry I. i kona noiʻi ma ka paka. He mālama i ka causative Agena o ka paka mosaic mea,ʻaʻole hiki i loko o ka loa ikaika microscope, a 'aʻole i ulu ma maʻamau nutrient Media. Ma hope, hele mai la ia i ka hopena e loaʻa nā meaola noncellular ka molekumu o ia i kēia mau maʻi. Ivanovo kapa ia nā mea hoʻomaʻi, a mau loa aku no ka ua i ka hoʻomaka o keia pauku o ke kālaimeaola like virology, nele a e e 'ē aʻe kaulana biologists o ko ke ao nei.

ka hopena

Kēia mea,ʻaʻole i ka hulina papa inoa o nā kānakaʻepekema, ka poe hiki ke mālama i kona mau haʻawina Lūkini. Famous biologists a me kā lākou mau discoveries ua haawi impetus i ka ulu ana o ka pono 'epekema. Nolaila, ua hiki pono i kapa aku ai i ka 19-20-la kenekulia i ka piko o ka 'epekema haʻawina, he manawa o ka nui discoveries.