Ho okumu, 'epekema

Halogenated hydrocarbons: loaa, Nine Inch waiwai, ka hoʻohana 'ana o

Hydrocarbons - he nui loa papa o nā hui pili i ke aloha. Ka mea, nā kekahi mau nui nā pūʻulu o ka 'ona, i waena o i aneane a pau loaʻa akea noi ma ka hana, ke ola, ano. A pau nui i ka halogenated hydrocarbons, a e e kūkākūkā i ka pauku. Lakou i wale i ke kiʻekiʻe kalepa waiwai, akā, i ka nui maka mea no na mea he nui Nine Inch syntheses, i ka makaukau ana o medicaments, a me kekahi mau hui. E uku nānā 'ana i kā lākou mau hakakino' ole, ka waiwai, a me nā 'ano.

Halogenated hydrocarbons: mau ano

Mai ka oiai ua o kemika, a hiki i keia papa ana i huiʻia nā mea a pau ia mau hydrocarbons ma i hoʻokahi a oi hydrogen nā'ātoma i UAIAaIN e kekahi a me kekahi halogen. Kēia mea he nui palahalaha waeʻano o ka waiwai, no ka mea, i ka nui hanalima nui. I loko o kekahi 'ano pōkole wā o ka manawa poʻe i aʻoʻia e synthesizeʻaneʻane a pau i ka halogenated hydrocarbons, i ka hana o ka i mea e pono ai ma ka oihana lapaau, Nine Inch hana, ai ka hana a me ka maʻamau o ke ola.

Ka walaʻauʻana hana o ka hoomakaukau ana i mau hui - he kemikala ala i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua a me ka hana e like me ma ka 'ano kokoke i kekahi o ia mau mea, aole ia i kānāwai. Aie i ka halogen ka mea, ua mahalo kū'ē. Ua pili kēia hoʻoholo lākou palapala noi i loko o Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala me ka palapala huahana.

E like me na elele o halogenated hydrocarbons i kekahi puu, e classify ia lakou e like me kekahi mau ana hoʻohālike. Ke kumu waiho nā ka 'ole, a me ka multiplicity o ka huakai kaapuni i pili ai, a me ka likeʻole i loko o nā nā'ātoma o halogen a me ka wahi o ko lākou mau wahi.

Halogenated hydrocarbons: Mea Maluna

A muaʻano o ke kaawale ana ua nānā 'ana ma luna o nā loina nui maliuia mai e pili ana i nā mea a pau ke aloha i huiʻia. Na Mea Maluna Ua ma muli o kaʻokoʻa i loko o ke 'ano o ke kalapona kaula, kona cyclicality. Ma keia kumu hoʻokuʻu akula:

  • ke kaupalenaʻana halogenated hydrocarbons;
  • unsaturated;
  • onaona;
  • aliphatic;
  • acyclic.

Next kaawale ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka halogen'Ātoma a me kona laupaʻi ka maʻiʻo ma ke lātoma. Penei, i ke kala:

  • monoderivatives;
  • diproizvodnye;
  • tri-;
  • tetra;
  • pentaproizvodnye a no laila, ma luna o.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka halogen, laila, he o hua'ōlelo mau i ka inoa o ka iiaciiie-pae. No ka laʻana, monohlorproizvodnoe, triyodproizvodnoe, tetrabromgalogenalken, a no laila, ma luna o.

Nō hoʻi, he mea i kekahiʻano o ka Mea Maluna, a i hookaawale ia e kaʻoi loa halogenated paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons. Kēia mea i ka helu o ka kalapona'Ātoma i i ka halogen ua pili. Penei, i ke kala:

  • iniiaiie nā mea loaʻa;
  • kiʻekiʻe;
  • tertiary, a no laila, ma luna o.

Kēlā me kēia kanaka 'elele hiki e ke koko, e like me nā mea a pau nāʻikepili a, e hooholo i ka piha wahi i loko o ka'ōnaehana o ke aloha i huiʻia. No ka laʻana, he huina lakou me ka haku mele 'ana o ka Ch 3 - Ch 2 -CH = Ch-CCL 3 hiki ke hoʻolaha like. Kēia mea,ʻaʻole he kali aliphatic trihlorproizvodnoe pentene.

hakakino 'ole

Ke alo aku o ka halogen nā'ātoma hiki ole akā, pili o ke kino ai 'a me ka Nine Inch ka waiwai, a me ka nui' ole o ka lātoma. Ke mau haʻilula no keia ano o ka huina lakou mea o ka palapala R-Hal, kahi R - hydrocarbon'ano'ē noa o kekahi 'ole, a me ka Hal - he halogen'Ātoma, hoʻokahi a oi. Palapala ma waena o kalapona a me ka halogen ikaika polarized, ai ka lātoma like me ka a pau mālama i nā 'ole:

  • io inductance;
  • mesomeric maikaʻi.

Eia, i ka mua o ka i mea me ka nui loa ka ikaika, no laila, o ka Hal'Ātoma ua mau hōʻike mai i nā waiwai o ka huina'ine-withdrawing substituent.

Ma nā mea a pau'ē aʻe mall hiʻona o na nā lātoma i ole okoa mai ka poe o kaʻike mau hydrocarbons. Waiwai wehewehe 'ole a me kona lei ai manamana ai, ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma, onaona ikaika ano.

Special noonoo e nomenclature o halogenated hydrocarbons. Pehea e e kapaʻia kaʻikepili pilina? E hana i kēia, e pono e hahai i kekahi mau rula.

  1. kaula helu kuhi puke i hoʻomaka me ka maka i i ka pilina o ka halogen'Ātoma. Inā he mea kekahi mau hoopaa, ke countdown hoʻomaka me ia,ʻaʻole me ka huina'ine-withdrawing substituents.
  2. Name Hal hōʻike i loko o ka pākuʻina kau, e hoi wehewehe i ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma mai i ka mea haalele.
  3. Ua haawi ia ka hopeʻanuʻu i ka inoa o ka papa kuhikuhiE kaula nā'ātoma (a me ke komo lima o).

An kumu o ia mau inoa: Ch 2 = Ch-CHCL 2 - 3-dichloropropene-1.

Ka inoa hiki e haawiia mai a me ka naauao nomenclature. Ma keia hihia, ka'ano'ē olelo i ka inoa, a laila, - a me ke kau hope -id halogen. Laʻana: Ch 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 br - propyl bromide.

Like nā papa o ke aloha i huiʻia, halogenated hydrocarbons i ka pakahi 'ole. Ua apono 'nui kona mau lala i hoʻokohu' ia mōʻaukala inoa. No ka laʻana, Halothane CF 3 CBrClH. Loaʻa nui o ekolu halogens i loko o ka lātoma hoʻolako kūikawā waiwai o ka waiwai. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka oihana lapaau, no laila ia mea oi paha e hoʻohana mōʻaukala inoa.

kemikala ki ina hana like

Nā Papahana no ka hoʻomākaukau halogenated hydrocarbons i loa e lauwili. Aia i elima walaʻauʻana ano o ka hoʻololi kemikala o kēia mau i huiʻia i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua a me ka hana.

  1. Halogenation o ka mea maʻamau 'ole o kaʻike mau hydrocarbons. General naoh noaia: RH + Hal 2 → R-Hal + HHal. Hiʻona o ke kaʻina hana e like penei: me ka chlorine a me ka bromineʻoiaʻiʻo i ka UV pāhawewe, naoh me ka iodine mea kokoke ole paha loa lohi. Mai fluorine AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN muli o kona kaila, no laila, hoʻohanaʻeleu halogen i loko o kona maemae palapala ke ole. Eia kekahi, ma o ka halogenation o onaona nā mea loaʻa Pono e hoʻohana kūikawā catalysts kaʻina - ka Lewisʻakika. No ka laʻana, hao koloriside paha Aluminum.
  2. Makaukau o halogenated hydrocarbons i lawe pū mai ma gidrogalogenirovaniya. Naʻe, i kēia keʻehi hui pono e ka unsaturated hydrocarbon. Laʻana: R = RR + HHal → RR-RHal. I loa i 'ano like electrophilic hou ua hoʻohana' ia e loaa chloroethene paha vinyl koloriside, mai keia hui mea he nui maka mea no ka hanalima syntheses.
  3. Waiwai ma gidrogalogenov waiʻona mai ke kino. Ke mau ano o ka naoh: R-OH + HHal → R -Hal + H 2 O. Ma ka lākiō obligatory alo aku o ka hōʻeleu. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ke kaʻina hana o ka accelerators i hiki ke hoʻohana: phosphorus chlorides, luaipele, kiniki a me ka hao, sulfuricʻakika, he pāʻoihana o ke kiniki koloriside ma hydrochloricʻakika - Lucas mea kemikala.
  4. Decarboxylation oʻakika paʻakai i loko o ka oxidizing Agena. Kekahi inoa no ka iaoia - naoh Borodin-Hunsdikkera. Ke o Mānoa, ninoieo ma cleavage o ka lātoma o ke kalapona'okikene lua, mai nā mea loaʻa ke kālā o carboxylic nāʻakika ka wā olohelohe ia lakou i ka oxidizing Agena - halogen. E like me ka hopena, halogenated hydrocarbons i hana. Reactions nui e like penei: R-COOAg + Hal → R -Hal + CO 2 + AgHal.
  5. Hoʻololi kemikala galoformov. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, he? Eaia trigalogenproizvodnyh methane. Ke easiest ala e paka ia - waiū e acetone kona'ākilikai pāʻoihana halogens. E like me ka hopena, aia no he ho okumu galoformnyh nā lātoma. Synthesized ma ka oia e like me ka hana halogenated onaona hydrocarbons.

E e uku i ka hoʻololi kemikala o unsaturated Lunamakaainana o keia papa pakahi noonoo. Ke kumu o iaoia - o ka hopena ma luna o alkynes Hereme paʻakai a me ke keleawe i loko o ke alo o halogens, i nā hualoaʻa ma ka huahana me ka papalua hoopaa i loko o ke kaulahao.

Halogenated onaona hydrocarbons loaa mai ma halogenation reactions arenes a alkylareneʻaoʻao kaula. Mau mea nui hanalima huahana, no ka mea, e hoʻohana i insecticides ma ka mahiai.

physical waiwai

Ke physical waiwai o halogenated hydrocarbons e pono e kaukaʻi ma o ka 'ole o ka lātoma. Ma ka baila aʻela i mahana, a me ka mahele heheʻe i ka moku'āina o aggregation loli i ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma ma ke kaulahao, a me ka hiki lala ma kaʻaoʻao hapa. Ka hou, nā kiʻi, ua kiʻekiʻe. Ma kekahi mau mākou hiki i emi iho i ke kino ai 'kiko'î a ma kekahi mau wahi.

  1. Helehelena: mua haʻahaʻa 'elele - kinoea, mahope i C 12 - wai ma luna - paa kino.
  2. Ua iʻoi kaʻawaʻawa loa kekahi dudima, aneane pau laʻelaʻe 'ia.
  3. Loa poorly wailana i loko o ka wai, akā, no ka iho - maikaʻi loa nā'uheheʻe. O ke aloha i huiʻia i mea hoʻoheheʻe loa pono.
  4. Paila a me ka hauneneʻe wela mea ulu me ka ulu helu o ka kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE kaulahao.
  5. A pau i pili ai, koe wale fluorine nā mea loaʻa, kaumaha ia ma mua o ka wai.
  6. Ka oi lala i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE kaula, i ka lalo o ka baila aʻela i wahi o ka waiwai.

Paʻakikī e kuhikuhi i na mea he nui like hiʻona i ka ho'ānoʻole, no ka mea, oko a nui 'elele o ka haku mele' ana a me ka 'ole. Nolaila, he maikaʻi hopena aiee no kela a me keia mau huina lakou o kēia moʻo o hydrocarbons.

Nine Inch mall

Kekahi o ka mea nui kiko'î a e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka Nine Inch ka hana a me ka hoʻololi kemikala reactions i Nine Inch waiwai o halogenated hydrocarbons. Lakou mau i ka ia no nā lālā, me he mea he nui o nā kumu no ka unuhi.

  1. Ka 'ole o ka kalapona kaula. Ka easiestʻaoʻao o ka hakahaka naoh (nucleophilic type) e hele mai, mai kiʻekiʻe a me ka tertiary alakaila halides.
  2. Halogenʻano mea i nui. Palapala ma waena o kalapona a me ka Hal ua ikaika polarized, a me ia mea, ua 'oi aku ka maʻalahi rupture e wehe i noa radicals. Naʻe, ka mea easiest ala e manawalea ua haehaeʻia ma waena o iodine a me ka kalapona ma muli o ia maoli loli (ka ho'ēmiʻana) i loko o ka pū'āʻana i ka ikehu i loko o ka moʻo: F-Cl-br-I.
  3. Ke alo aku o ka onaona'ano'ē a mau paa.
  4. 'Ole a me ka ai manamana ai o ka'ano'ē.

Ma mau, mea, mea pono e alakaila halides pane koke ponoia mai nucleophilic hakahaka. Ma hope o kalapona'Ātoma ma hope o rupture ma muli o ka halogen kia hapa 'ia' maikaʻi kauoha. Ua apono ka'ano'ē like me ka poe e lilo acceptor eletronootritsatelnyh (particles). No kekahi laʻana:

  • OH -;
  • 4 2-;
  • NO 2 -;
  • CN - a me na mea e ae.

Kēia wehewehe i ka mea e, mai ka halogenated hydrocarbon hiki ke hele i aneane kekahi papa o ke aloha i huiʻia wale Pono e koho i ka mea kemikala kūpono a e hoʻolako i ka makemake functionality.

Ma kekahi mau mea, hiki e aku la ia i ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka halogenated hydrocarbon i loko o ka hiki, e komo i loko o ke kēia mau hana kūleʻa.

  1. Me ka nucleophilic (particles) o ka okoa keia - ka hakahaka naoh. Ka hopena e loaʻa: waiʻona mai ke kino, la o Etera, nā mea kemika, nitro i huiʻia, amines, nitriles, carboxylic nāʻakika.
  2. Hoʻopau naoh a dehydrohalogenation. E like me ka hopena o kekahi kanakaʻona mau pāʻoihana o ka mekala 'åkilikai halide lātoma ua Wāwahiʻia. Pela i hana alkene, haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha ma-huahana - a me ka paakai wai. Laʻana o ka naoh: Ch 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 br + NaOH (waiʻona) → Ch 3 -CH 2 -CH = Ch 2 + NaBr + H 2 O. Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana - kekahi o na kumu nui epekema no ka hoʻololi kemikala o alkenes nui. Ke kaʻina ua mau pu e kiʻekiʻe mahana.
  3. Awina alkanes maʻamau 'ole o Wurtz hoʻololi kemikala hana. Ke ae pā o ka naoh ninoieo i kaʻilikai i ka Halo-hookomoia hydrocarbon (mau nā lātoma) paʻakai mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Pehea ikaika electropositive ion, paʻakai lawe maikai nei halogen nā'ātoma mai ka hui. E like me ka hopena, e paa hou mai la ka hookuu hydrocarbon radicals ma waena o ka hoopaa, alkane ho okumu i hou 'ole. Laʻana: Ch 3 -CH 2 Cl + Ch 3 -CH 2 Cl + 2Na → Ch 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 + 2NaCl.
  4. Hoʻololi kemikala homologues o onaona hydrocarbons e Friedel-Fashion naoh. Ke pā like ana o ke kaʻina hana - o ka hookauwa ana'ku i ka haloalkyl benzene ma ke alo o ka Aluminum koloriside. E like me ka hopena o ka hakahaka reactions o toluene a me ke kahua o ka hydrogen koloriside. Ma keia hihia i ke alo o ka hōʻeleu mea pono. Ma waho o ka benzene ma keia ano hiki ke oxidized a me kona homologs.
  5. Awina Grenyara wai. Kēia mea kemikala He He Halo-hookomoia hydrocarbon me ka makanekiuma ion i loko o ka haku mele 'ana. Initially ka mea, lawe mai i ka hopena o ka makanekiuma metala i loko o ka lewa ma luna o ka derivative haloalkyl. I ka hopena o ka luna 'huina lakou o ka mau haʻilula RMgHal, haawiia Grenyara mea kemikala.
  6. ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka alkane (alkene, arene). Hana ma lalo o ka hana o ka hydrogen. I ka hopena o ka hydrocarbon, a ma ka-hoonui - hydrogen halide. An kumu o kekahi mau palapala: R-Hal + H 2 → RH + HHal.

'O kēia ke kumu o AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, a hiki eaaei komo halogenated hydrocarbons o kekahi' ole. O ka holo ana, eia no hoi kekahi reactions, a e e noʻonoʻo no kēlā me kēia 'elele.

isomer nā lātoma

Isomerism halogenated hydrocarbons - he loa maoli kŰia. Ua ua ike ia ka nui i carbon nā'ātoma i loko o ke kaula, ka mea kiekie ka helu o isomeric 'ano apau loa. Eia hou, i ka unsaturated 'elele i mau mea paa, a i lilo i kumu o ke isomers.

Elua papa kuhikuhiEʻano likeʻole o kēia kŰia no keia ano o ka hui hiki ke hōʻike '.

  1. Isomerism'ano'ē, a me ka i carbon iwi o ka papa kuhikuhiE kaula. Kēia i hiki e wahi ai i ke kulana o ka lau hoopaa, ina manawa i loko o ka lātoma. E like me na mea hydrocarbons, mai ke kolu o ka Luna haʻilula hiki palapala i huiʻia me'ālike hakakino akā,ʻano mall formular hōʻike. A, i ka helu ana o isomeric ano o ka mea o ka nui luna ma mua o ka AYEIE alkanes (alkenes, alkynes, arenes, a no laila, ma luna o) e halogen hydrocarbons.
  2. Ke kulana o ka halogen i loko o ka lātoma. Kona noho helu hōʻike ma ka inoa, a hiki ina ka loli wale kekahi, i ka waiwai o kēia mau isomers e e heʻokoʻa.

Māhele isomerismʻaneʻi mākou mea e kamailio pu ana, e like me ka halogen nā'ātoma e kēia ole i ke Akua. E like me nā mea a pau i ka'ē aʻe ke aloha i huiʻia ma haloalkyls isomers oko i ole wale 'ole akā, i ke kino ai a me ka Nine Inch ano.

Nā mea loaʻa o unsaturated hydrocarbon

Oia hui, o ka papa, i ka hailona. Eia naʻe, ua i hoihoi i loko o halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons. Ka mea, i hiki ke maheleia i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu ekolu.

  1. Vinyl - ka wā o ka Hal'Ātoma ua Aia 'ana i ka kalapona'Ātoma mau hoopaa. Laʻana lātoma: Ch 2 = CCL 2.
  2. Me ka noho kaʻawaleʻana kūlana. Ke halogen'Ātoma, a me ka mau hoopaa kahi i loko o ke alo o māhele o ka lātoma. Laʻana: Ch 2 = Ch-Ch 2 -CH 2 -Cl.
  3. Allyl nā mea loaʻa - he halogen'Ātoma ka waʻa hoopaa ua aia ma kekahi kalapona'Ātoma, i ua waiho ia ma ka Alpha kulana. Laʻana: Ch 2 = Ch-Ch 2 -CL.

O ka mau mea nui o ka hui e like me vinyl koloriside, Ch 2 = CHCL. He hiki ke polymerization reactions , e hana i nā huahana nui, e like me'īpale, kūpono lole, a no laila, ma luna o.

Kekahi 'elele o ka unsaturated halogenated nā mea loaʻa - chloroprene. Haʻilula o kona - SN₂ = CCL-Ch = SN₂. Kēia hui He He hoʻomaka mea no ka hoʻololi kemikala o rubbers i OAOOUIEeE ahi ia'ku, lōʻihi wa e ola ana, haʻahaʻa permeability i kinoea.

Tetrafluoroethylene (a Teflon), - i ka pīlali i loaʻa i ka mea e like ai hoakaka. Ua hoʻohana no ka hana o ka waiwai poi no oaoieei-lāliʻi, mau kīʻaha, heʻano o na manao ona. Haʻilula - CF 2 = CF 2.

Onaona hydrocarbons a me kā lākou nā mea loaʻa

Onaona i huiʻia nō ia mau, a loaʻa ka benzene apo hookahi. Mawaena o lakou no hoi i ka pau o ka pūʻulu halogen. Elua papa kuhikuhiE ano o ia mau mea i loko o ka 'ole hiki ke hōʻike'.

  1. Inā Hal'Ātoma ua palapala hoopaa pololei i ka Kora naʻEsau, a laila ka onaona ke komo lima, a laila, ua kapaʻia ka hui haloarenes.
  2. ua i nakinaki aku la ia i ke apo no ka ihu a me kaʻaoʻao lei nā'ātoma, a laila i ka'ano'ē effluent i loko o kaʻaoʻao lala ke halogen'Ātoma. Ia mau hui i kapaia aryl alakaila halides.

Mawaena o na waiwai ma ka nīnau hiki ke kapaʻia kekahi mau lālā o ka a i ka mea nui he mea hiki nui.

  1. Hexachlorobenzene - C 6 Cl 6. Mai ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia i hoʻohana me he fungicide ikaika a me ka insecticide. He i He maikai disinfecting kanawai, no laila ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hua lapaau mua o nā loiloi. Ua heʻawaʻawa loa nā dudima, lawa ka wai a caustic, akaka, hiki i kīhaeʻia.
  2. Benzyl bromide C 6 H 5 Ch 2 br. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka nui i reactant i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o organometallic i huiʻia.
  3. Chlorobenzene C 6 H 5 Cl. Colorless wai a waiwai ka kekahi ala. Hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana o ka make, pesticides. Ka mea, o kekahi o kaʻoi ke aloha nā'uheheʻe.

E hoʻohana i ka hana

Halogenated hydrocarbons hoʻohana i kona hana a me ka Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala i loa pālahalaha. About unsaturated a me ka onaona 'elele mākou i'ōlelo mai. Ano, Kû ke nui i ka hana ana o na hui o keia moʻo.

  1. I kūkuluʻia.
  2. E like me nā'uheheʻe.
  3. Ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā mea hana o ka home, laholio, laholio, colorants, polymeric mea.
  4. No ka mea hoʻololi kemikala o na mea he nui ke aloha i huiʻia.
  5. Fluorine nā mea loaʻa (CFCs) - he refrigerants ma refrigeration nenoai.
  6. Hoʻohana 'ia me pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, mea kāhinu, varnishes, kēpau, lubricants.
  7. E hele e hana hō'īpale mau mea, a pela aku.

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