Nine waiwai o alkenes (olefins)

Olefins - hydrocarbons a lātoma i kekahi mau mea paa. I kekahi manawa, i ka manawa i huiʻia kapaia hydrocarbons'etolina moʻo. Ka papalua hoopaa i loko o ka lātoma ua hikiwawe hōʻike 'ia e spectral Ka Ikepili.

Helu waiwai o alkenes

Ka muaʻekolu lālā o ka homologous moʻo o alkenes - kinoea. Mai ka lima a hiki i ka umikumamaono - wai, kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha alkenes - puaʻa hiwa. Me ka piʻi pū, a mahuahua ka hydrocarbon kaula lōʻihi baila aʻela i wahi waiwai. Ma keʻena hoʻokolohua kumu, i kēia mau waiwai hiki ke loaa i loko o kekahi mau aoao: ma ka dehydrogenation o alkenes ma ńluaʻaila kā, dehydrogenation o ka waiʻona mai ke kino.

Hi ohia o ka aila - hanalima iaoia o ka hana unsaturated hydrocarbons. E like me ka hopena, thermal aila wela i ka 750 degere ńlua, ke alkane hydrocarbon iwi Ua wāwahiʻia:

S30N62 → S15N30 + S15N32

Dehydrogenation o alkanes. Kēia kaʻina ua lawe mai i ka wela o ka ma kahi o 600 degere. Ma lalo o kēia mau rula, i ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbon lātoma ma ka H nā'ātoma e hoopili lakou i ka hana alkenes, no kekahi laʻana: → S5N12 S5N10 + h2.

Dehydration o ka waiʻona mai ke kino. Monohydric waiʻona mai ke kino interacting me ka sulufahateʻakika palapala alkenes, no kekahi laʻana: S4N9ON → C4H8 + H2O.

Nine waiwai o alkenes e pili ana i ke alo i loko o kā lākou lātoma he papalua hoopaa. Ka huina'ine nuʻa ma waena o nā nā'ātoma, he papalua hoopaa Uaʻoi kona kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ia ma waena o ka C nā'ātoma pili ma ka hookahi paa. I ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano o ka naoh, i hele mai alkenes - ka piʻiʻana, hele pu me ia e kekahi me ko anaʻe ku i ke kahua o ka elua hou sigma paa. Olefins komo i loko o ka polymerization naoh, i ua pu aku la keia ma cleavage o kaulua paa.

Nine waiwai o alkenes: hui halides

Olefins hooholo koke paʻa ia lakou iho i ka hydrogen halide lātoma, pela ho okumu i monogalogenoproizvodnye (e laʻa me S10N20 S10N21S1 → HC1 +). I ka pili i alkenes hana H2O paʻa kūhohonu loa monohydric waiʻona like 'ole (S10N20 + H2O → S10N21ON).

kuni alkenes

At kiʻekiʻe ke anawela ma lalo o O2 olefins i hana oxidized (ke ahi) i C02 a me H20. Alkenes, interacting me potasiuma permanganate, e hana i ka waiʻona mai ke kino dihydric (glycols).

Nine waiwai o alkenes: olefin polymerization

A hooku iho la hydrocarbons ho'āʻo i ka mea i oi aku ka welelau o ka polymerization naoh. Nō kāu, ka pīlali - mea he lōʻihi lei me ka hou mall naehana (monomers). Kēia kaʻina hana paha e ulu mau i loko o kekahi mauʻaoʻao, akā, ma ka hapanui o na hihia ia mea he kaula, a ua pili i ka noa'ano'ē, cationic a anionic keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Nine waiwai o alkenes: cationic polymerization

Kēiaʻano o ka naoh ua catalyzed ma nāʻakika. Proton pili ana olefin, ho okumu i ka carbocation. A laila, penei ka hopeʻoihana ma luna o ka me ko sitemu kekahi lātoma a me nā 'ano apau loa alkene carbocation me ka hou lei, a pepehi i ka hahai ana olefin lātoma, etc. E like me ka hopena, i ka ejection o ka proton a me kekahi 'ē aʻe kaʻina, ka "hoopio ai hoi i" kauoha carbocation, he hamama kaapuni ia lŘlŘ. I ka anionic polymerization novice anion ua hanaʻia ma nucleophilic hoouka o ka anion X- olefin. I ka pili proton kaula, mai hemo mai. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea noa-'ano'ē polymerize loa o unsaturated hydrocarbons. Kēia kaʻina hana paha e ulu mau H202, ke aloha peroxides, hydroperoxides, etc. Open kaapuni ia lŘlŘ ma muli o ka recombination o radicals. Ma kekahi mau hoopii, no ka alkene polymers hoʻohana copolymerization naoh. Ma ka copolymerization, he pīlali ec likeʻole māhele, alternating ma ka macromolecule i loko o ka kekahi alanui. Ke naoh huahana loaa copolymer. Helu, a me mechanical waiwai o ka makana i huiʻia i paa kuhikuhi ma ke kauoha o ke alternation o kula haʻahaʻaa huahelu, a me keʻano a me ka nui o na monomers me loko o ka pīlali kaulahao.