'O Constructivism ma ka ho'olālā

'O ka Constructivism ka mea i kapa'ia he mau hana mua ma mua o ka ho'olālā'ana, nā'oihana a me nā hana'oihana a me nā ki'i hana ki'i. Ua ho'olālā'ia kēia'ano i ka manawa mai 1920 a hiki i ka ho'omaka'ana o ka makahiki he'umi e hiki mai ana.

'O ke'ano o nā hi'ohi'ona'ano o Constructivism, he kūpa'a, kūkākūkā o nā'ano, ka ho'okūkino a me ka hi'ohi'ona monolithic. Constructivists o kona kūhelu makakū hui i hana a? Ac? Lākou mau ooieoeiiaeuiiai manao hana. Ka papa hana i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka' epekema Ka Ikepili o ka functioning o na hale, na hale a me nā pono a pau o. Ho'okumu'ia ka Constructivism ma ka ho'olālā'ana i loko o kona mau ho'omana'o kūikawā - nā hale ho'okipa hale ho'olālā, nā hale hana, nā hale hana lima, nā hale kūkā, i kūkulu'ia i kēlā mau lā.

'O kēlā mau mana'o no'ono'o kahi i ho'ohui i ka mana'o o "constructivism"'a'ole i ka pilikino wale nō, akā, i nā'oihana'ē a'e o ka hana kanaka, e like me ka laulā.

'Oiai'o ka mana'o o kēia alaka'i'ana he mea ia e like me ke'ano Soviet, e like me nā mea'ē a'e,'a'ole i ka palena wale no nā'āina o ka USSR mua. Malia paha no kekahi mea he nūhou, akā,'o ka mea mua i ke'ano o ka hana i ka ho'olima'ana,'o ia ho'i ka Hale Eiffel, e hui pū ana i nā'ano hana hana a me nā mea hou.

'O kēlā kahe i puka i ke kumu o ka huli mau'ana i kahi mea hou. 'O nā mea hou o kēlā manawa i hā'awi aku i ka hō'ole'ana i "'oihana no nā'oihana," a ua mana'o'o ia e lawelawe i ka hana. Ua kāhea aku nā luna o kēia mana'o i nā mea hana a me nā mea kākau ki'i e hana i nā mea pono wale nō, i mea e hō'oia ai i ke ola maika'i i nā kūlanakauhale'olu'olu. 'O ka hua'ōlelo "constructivism" ua lawe'ia nā mea kālai'ike o "nā'oihana'oihana'oihana" i ka Lūkini,'o ke kumu nui o kēia ka ho'ohana pinepine'ana i nā puke li'ili'i a me nā'ōlelo a nā mea kākau o nā hua'ōlelo "hana", "kūkulu", "kūkulu".

'O ka hale hana o ka hana kūkulu, e like me kekahi'ao'ao'ē a'e, he'ona pono'ī kona. 'O kēia nā kaikua'ana Leonid, Victor, a me Alexander Vesnin ka mea nāna i'ike i nā'oihana laconic o kēia alaka'i, ua'ike mua lākou i nā mea lapa'au i ka ho'olālā'ana i nā hale, nā ki'i pa'i a me nā ki'i kākau. Ua kū ka papahana o nā kaikunāne i ka ho'okūkū o nā papahana o ka Hale Ali'i o Labor ma Moscow. 'O ke kumu ho'ohālikelike, ke kūlike o ka'ōlohelohe i waho i nā mea e pili ana i kēia manawa, ka ho'ohana'ana i nā mea hou a me nā mea hana hale - ua lilo kēia i mea ikaika i ka ulu'ana i ke kuhikuhi o "constructivism".

Hō'ike - ua pa'akikī ke kumumana'o, a'o ka ho'olālā hou no Vesnin ua hō'oia nui a'e ia ma mua o ka mea i hala. No laila, pono lākou e kūkulu i ka nūpepa "Leningradskaya Pravda" ma kahi māhele'āina. Ua kūkulu nā kaikunāne i kahi hale li'ili'i he'eono, akā, aia nā mea a pau: nā ke'ena ke'ena, nā ke'ena ho'oponopono, ka nūpepa, ke ke'ena a me ka lumi li'ili'i, no ka mea,'o ka hana i ka hui'ana i kahi o nā wahi kūpono i kahi kahi'oi loa o ka po'e kūkulu.

E like me ka mea i'ōlelo'ia ma luna nei,'o ka hana hana i ka ho'olima'ana ke'ano o kāna hana pono'ī. Wahi a nā papa hana, ua like kēlā me kēia hana i ka papa hana maika'i loa.

Aia kekahi wā i ho'ohewa'ia ai ka mea i kēia manawa e nā kuhina e pale ana i ke kuleana e ho'ohana i nā'ano kahiko, a ma hope ua pāpā'ia. Ma ka Soviet Union, he hakakā ikaika ka hakakā'ana i nā hana bourgeois a me nā'ākau pololei. I ka wā i'ike ai ka po'e hana hana i ka hō'ino'ia, ua poina kekahi o nā mea kākau ki'i, ka hapa - i ho'ololi'ia i nā loli. Ua hakakā kekahi o nā kānaka'epekema Soviet ua pani'ia ka mea i kēia manawa ma ka hope-constructivism.

Ho'okumu hou'ia ka Constructivism i ka ho'olālā'ana i nā makahiki 1960, i ka wā i ho'omaka ai ka hakakā'ana i "nā hana hana papahana," a ma ka makahiki 1990, ua lilo kekahi o nā mana'o i hana'ole'ia o nā makahiki 1920 he mea'oia'i'o. I kēia mau lā, ua ulu nui kēia'ano i ka ho'olālā o nā kūlanakauhale nui.