'O Gas Gas: nā hopena ma luna o nā kānaka, nā hi'ohi'ona o ka noi, nā hopena

Iloko o ka First World War, hoomaka ae la ke kauoha Kelemānia no ka manawa mua loa i ka hoʻohana Nine Inch mea kaua, e hoouka mau hoa paio. E like me ka hopena o ka Nine Inch ho'āhewa wale, pepehi oi ma mua o ka miliona kanaka. "King" o kaʻawahia kinoea o ka First World War i ka makeke. He 'atikala e olelo ninau e pili ana i ka mea a me ka makeke, a ma ka mea, ua hoʻohana' ia.

Mōʻaukala o ka hanaia'na

Makeke - ka inoa akeakamai o 2,2-dichloroethyl thioester. E i aku oe no kaʻoiaʻiʻo i mua synthesized kinoea mea hiki ole. A puni ka ia manawa (1860), ua hiki ke kaʻawale i ka lewa i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema. Ma Germany,ʻo ia i ka loaʻa Albert Niemann, England - Frederick Guthrie, France - Sezar Depre. German Victor Mayer (1886) pomaikai ae la lakou i ka ulu i ka ano o ka hana, he makeke. Nō hoʻi, i kēia mau kānakaʻepekema alakaʻi i ka mua keʻena hoʻokolohua ho'āʻo ma, a i kūpono i ka pepa hōʻike no kaʻawahia hopena o ka makeke kinoea ma luna o ke kanaka.

Colleague, ka mea hoi i kuleana i loko o ke ao, pu me B. Mayer, ua he Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema Nikolay Dmitrievich Zelinsky. Eia naʻe, i loko o ke kaʻina hana o Makalu Zelinsky loaa'ā a me kaʻapu kōheoheo ma keia kinoea, ia mea,ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomau i ka hoao. Ma muli o nā hana o Mayer, i ka 1916, elua chemists, B. Lommel (Lommel) a me B. Shteynkopf (Steinkopf), ulu a hoʻokō i ka hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka niho kinoea, a ua kapaia o Ka Wa Kahiko (na mau palapala mua o nā inoa o nā kānakaʻepekema). Name i ke kinoea mea e apo la.

I ka 1917, ma o Iulai 12 iloko o ka hoouka ana o ka Aaeuaeeneei kauhale o Ypres, na kēia kanaka Kelemānia hoʻohana mines piha me ka oilyʻawahia waiwai. Waiū i ka makeke kinoea i ke kanaka ruthless. He komo iloko, a hiki ma ke kapa a me nā kāmaʻa. E like me ka hopena o ka bombardment o ka makeke iʻa ma kahi o 2,500 kanaka, ma kahi o 100 kanaka i make. Ma hope iho o ka make kinoea hoouka la konaʻikena inoa - makeke. I ka lua o ka inoa o ka make, i mea hoi ma ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo, "makeke kinoea". O ke kumu ho i ka kekahiʻala o ka sinapi kinoea, i mea reminiscent o ka aroma o sinapi a horseradish.

Nā Papahana no ka hana hana

Ma hope o nā hanana hao wale mai i loko o Ieper Kelemānia mau hoa paio ua hoʻomaka e 'Imi hoʻomōhala ki ina hana like o ka hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka make kinoea. Ke Beritania, i ka Americans a me ka Palani no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o Etera hoʻohana pololei hoʻololi kemikala i manaoia Nimono a me Guthrie. Makeke loaa like me ka hopena o ka hui ana i mau waiwai,'etolina koloriside a me ka luaipele. Kēia kaʻina mea,ʻaʻole like manawa-hoopauia'na, a he nui ke kumukuai, e like me ka hana ia e na kēia kanaka Kelemānia.

I Germany, no ka hana makeke kinoea hoʻohana iaoia B. Mayer, akā, inā he. "Makeke Ke Kinoea" hua mai la ma ka ai pili aku thiodiglycol me ka phosphorus trichloride. I loko nō o ka mea i kēia kaʻina hana i hou no ka hoʻololi kemikala, na kēia kanaka Kelemānia hoʻohana wale no ia. Ma hope o ka huahana hope loa i loaa i loko o kekahi mau manawa oi aku (95%) ma mua me nā ki ina hana like.

physical waiwai

Ka walaʻauʻana physical waiwai o 2,2'-dichloroethyl thioester:

• I ka wai, i mea ole waihoʻoluʻu.
• Ala ikaika, like i ka kālika, makeke.
• Baila aʻela i wahi - 217 ° C.
• Ke Kēhaupaʻa wela - 14,5 ° C.
• Ua decompose waiwai i ka wela o ka 150 ° C; piha decomposition ma 500 ° C.
• Ka waiwai pa apŘ ma luna o ka nuʻa o ka wai.
• Ma kiʻekiʻe mahana, ua hoemiiaʻawahia kinoea ea ia'ku, akā, no ka nui o ka ester i loko o ka lewa nā lātoma maoli no ka maikai volatility.

Nine Inch mall

No ka Nine Inch waiwai mākeke me ka luaipele, elua nā'ātoma o chlorine a me ka'etolina:

• Poorly wailana i loko o ka wai. Paʻipaʻiʻia ai e ia lŘlŘ me ka ikaika e nū ana i wale. No ka laʻana, ina e komo i loko o kekahi kino o ka wai makeke e e hoike mai i loko o ka wai, akā, e noho ana me ka ia Nine Inch haku mele, oiai ma ka hohonu. Ma kekahi hihia wai e hana ma luna o ka ili o ka lahilahi Auana.
• He wailana i kaʻai a me ka holoholona bipi kūpaluʻia, ke aloha nā'uheheʻe.
• Inert i na ano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia; i kekahi ipu no ka ho'āhu ke kinowai i hookauwa Aluminum capsules.

Makeke: hopena ma luna o kanaka

Makeke pili i ka make waiwai blister. He aha ka keʻano papa hana o ka hana o ka mea makeʻino ma luna o ka kanaka kino?

• No ka mea, o ka solubility maikai o ka makeke kinoea i loko o nā mea momona o kaʻai a me ka holoholona ka molekumu o, aole e hiki ia ka 'elele i komo i loko o ke kanaka kino ma ka ili. I ka wela, ke omo ikaika o ka niho kinoea haawi hou kala.
• Ma kānaka, makeke Wāwahi koke. Kēia produces 'ēʻawahia i huiʻia i mea ia ia ka poino nui i kānaka.
• Lymphocytes i keʻokeʻo koko keena, a me ka mea mua, e hana eha iaʻi ma ka hopena o ka makeke kinoea. E like me ka hopena, i ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu i kūlana.
• Hou aku e like me ke degere o ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole i nā loko o ka hematopoietic'ōnaehana, ka intestinal mucosa.
• Makeke kinoea mea hiki ke hoʻololi i ka 'ole o ka DNA.

ʻawahia 'ole o ka makeke kinoea i loko o ke kino, ua like penei:

• Ma ka loiloi mua hui 'ana me ka meaʻuʻuku nā māhele makeke kanaka hiki ole koke malama i ka hopena o ke kinoea ma luna o ka ili honua a me ka ÷ naehana hanu'āpana. Na latent wā - 6-8 hola. Wale i ulu i loko o ke kinoea lehulehu i loko o ka papa alakai i kiheʻana, a eha loa puʻu.
• Make accumulates i loko o ke kino, ma ia ano hoomainoino i ke hoʻomanawanui i ka ke ano.
• No kekahi hopena ma luna o ka ili o ka mucous'aʻaʻa, a hoʻomaka ke kelepona hele ka make, e alakai ana i ka make ana o ka hapa poino.
• 'aʻaʻa? Aiiio ma hope o eha ka loa lohi.
• I mau mea o ke kino poino ma kaʻawahia waiwai, malaila vesicantsʻeha. E like me ka hopena o kuu iho e hoʻonele reinfection'ē aʻe nā mea palahēhē hiki i hoʻomaka ai, a makemake complicate hoʻomanawanui ke ola a me ka hopena i ka make.
• Aia nā mutations.
• Ua kūpono i ke kino o ka pā lonoaʻili i ka pathogens.

Makeke: i ka hopena o ke pio palapala niho kinoea

I ka papa kuhikuhiE hopena o ka makeke kinoea i ma luna o ka maka, naehana nenoaiu a me ka ili. Inā he Nine Inch konohiki uaʻawa i loko o ka palapala o ke kinoea, makeke kinoea waiū i kānaka mea i hookuu ma na nā loko o ka maka, a laila, i ka ÷ naehana hanu nā loko, a me ka ili o ka apana uuku na emi. Wai droplet ke ano o ka makeke kinoea kuhikuhi e loli ai i ka ili. Waiwai o ka lapaau ana kinoea kaua maikaʻi ma mua o ke kinowai ai ano oʻawahia waiwai.

Mehana ano o ka hui, ka pōʻino e ala aʻeʻoe i loko o ka hihia o ka pōkole-manawa kanaka noho ana i loko o ka ciia o kaʻawahia waiwai me ka uuku lehulehu he kinoea (0.002 mg \ L) o a me ka waiʻona (0.01 mg \ cm2). Medium - me ka mahuahua nui o nā lātomaʻawahia 'ona i loko o ka papa: Kinoea - 0015 mg \ L, ka wai-kulu - 0,1 mg \ cm2. Kaumaha sinapi kinoea kaʻapu kōheoheo, i hiki ka hopena i loko o ka make, ia lŘlŘ ka wā o ka lehulehu o ka waiwai i loko o ka mahu moku'āina - 0,07 mg \ L. Photos waiwai o ka makeke kinoea ma luna o ke kanaka hiki ke ike ia ma ka pauku.

Ekolu ano o naehana lesions:

• A mehana ano o ka hewa: li nui o ka puu a me ka ihu. Ua hoikeia mai ma ka nui secretions mai i ka ihu, pilikia moni 'ia, eha loa puʻu. Ma hope o 10-12 lā, i nā symptoms e hele aku.
• Ka palapala: cough me purulent hookuuia, kiʻekiʻe kino mahana,ʻeha i loko o ka pahu wahi. Me ka lawa ole lapaʻau hiki aku ai i ka pneumonia. Manawa i hoakaka ia Inc paipai 'ana i ke ola i loko o ka mahina, a me ka hapalua.
• A nui palapala o: kaʻapu kōheoheo symptoms ana kekahi mau hola ma hope o waiū i ka makeke kinoea. Intoxication - cough me ka purulent hookuuia flue, kiʻekiʻe wela, pneumonia e hoʻomōhala ai i ke kolu o ka lā, a e holomua i ka necrosis o na maʻiʻaʻai a me ka make. Loaa ana o nā mea maʻi hope loa kaʻapu kōheoheo hele paakiki.

Ekolu ano o ka hui, poho.

• Mau maka i ikepili koʻikoʻi loa i ka hopena o ka makeke (kinoea). A hiki ma haʻahaʻa nā hoʻohui like (0.005 mg \ L) i ka hapalua o ka hora - ekolu hora i manao ai stinging, kuni, e manao ana o ke one i loko o ka maka, mucous maka pehu ikaika holo waimaka. A mau no pule ke kulana mea normalized.
• A hiki i ka ocular symptoms o lōpū oolea, e like me ka ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna, e listen, hou wela ai corneas ikeia pus. Oia lesions hiki ke hana, loaa ia lŘlŘ hala na malama ekolu.
• Loa ano o ka make ana ina ke kinowai droplet makeke kinoea i loaʻa i loko o kou mau maka. Poino nui cornea, li nui ia lŘlŘ mua, a laila, turbidity, ma hope o ka make ana o ka corneal'aʻaʻa, pinepine hele aku ai i ka makapō.

Ekolu ano o ka ili lesions:

• Mehana ano o ka make: ma luna o ka paena o ka ili Hoʻokaʻaʻike a me kaʻawahia waiwai he mea li nui, he mau wahi lilelile pouli, kaha onionio. Ma hope o ka hebedoma, a me ka hapalua symptoms nalo, wale pigmentation e noho ai no ka lōʻihi manawa.
• Ma lōpū 'ole ma luna o kaʻili ikea Oe liʻiliʻi, a i laila, hui i loko o kekahi o poha weheʻana subcutaneous papa. Kēia kānāwai 'ē nā mea palahēhē i exacerbate i ka maʻi. Nō hoʻi, i kēia palapala ua wehewehe aku ma ka loa a me ka maneo kaʻeha. Symptoms nalo i loko o ka mahina.
• Ka loa hanahana loa palapala - ke kolu. Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma lesions o ka hohonu nā'aʻaʻa i hoʻomōhala i loko o hardhealed necrotic ulcers. Loaa ia lŘlŘ ma hope o 4 mahina.

Makeke kinoea ke komo, a ma ka gastro-intestinal'āpana me kaʻapu kōheoheo ai ka wai paha. ʻawahia nā loli i kākau i loko o ka moʻolelo lua, esophagus a me ka'ōpū. Ma ka liʻiliʻi, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ole li nui kupu mai ka mea i ka mea make komo ke koko mai o ka'ōpū. Symptoms: wela, ka luaʻi, diarrhea, malfunction o ka naau, i ka huina o depletion o ke kino. Loa ano o kaʻapu kōheoheo hiki aku ai i ka make.

mua-kōkua

Ma ka wahi mua, e pale aku i kaʻawahia hopena o ka makeke kinoea ma luna o ke kanaka, ka mea i pono, e hoomalu aku i kaʻili, a me ka ÷ naehana hanu nenoaia, maka kūikawā mea - he kinoea ea paha, a aiiay hoopii.

Ma hope o Hoʻokaʻaʻike me ka makeke kinoea paka ua e neutralize i kaʻili mea hiki ia i ke noi ana o kekahi kūikawā mea, mai ka Anati-kinoea OIeOIeXIeOeAeAAYAaCIe kanaka, ina ole, a laila, e hoʻohana i ka waiʻona pāʻoihana o ke chlorine Hekikai. Inā poino maka holoi me ka wai e kahe ana a nawaliwali soda pāʻoihana. Ke anal o ka makeke kinoea i loko o ka digestive'āpana ua wahi e na gastric lavage me ka nawaliwali pāʻoihana o ke potasiuma permanganate.

palapala noi

No ka mea manawa mua i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka makeke kinoea ma na kēia kanaka Kelemānia hanaʻia i loko o ka kaua ma waena o ka Quadruple kuikahi, a me ka Entente. Ma moʻokalaleo, ua makaukau kue ua pinepine haawiia i like Nine Inch kaua, no ka mea, i loko o keia manawa, ho'āʻo, a noi aku la weliweli nui o kaʻawahia lethal waiwai.

Ka German koa hoʻohana makeke kinoea, e hooki aku i ka mua o kaʻenemi kaua kokoke i ke kulanakauhale o Ypres. Ma ka po o Iulai 13, 1917 na kēia kanaka Kelemānia i hao i ka poʻe hao wale o ka Entente makeke kinoea. Ka hopena o ka i mua o ka make kinoea, he weliweli: loli ma kahi o 2,500 kanaka i make ma luna o ka wahi ma kahi o 100. He nui na make ma hope o ka oihana koa ana, no ka mea, o ka make kinoea kanawai, aole ia e ana koke. Mahope iho o keia hoouka na kēia kanaka Kelemānia ka Beritania, i ka Americans, ka Palani hoʻoholo, e apono i ka makeke pū.

Na tausani o ka poe make, mutilated naue like, kino, alo o nā koa a me nā civilians, haumia ea o ka aina, a me ka wai - ka hopena o ka pono o Nine Inch mea kaua i ke kaua. Ke makaainana honua hiki ole ole i ka recurrence o ia, weliweli i loko o ka wā e hiki mai. E like me ka hopena, i ka makahiki 1925 ka mea kakau o ka Geneva Hola Pūnaewele Ka Hoʻopāpā ka hoʻohana o Nine Inch mea kaua, liluwelo mea kaua i loko o wartime.

I loko nō o ka pāpā, ua hoʻohana Nine Inch Luna nā mea he nui i ka paona mea i kona hoa paio i loko o kekahi kihi, a loaa i ke kaua.

Mussolini i i kānalua i ka hana o ka makeke kinoea i loko o ke kaua e kū'ē i ka Italia State oʻAitiopa (1935-1936). Na ka papa kuhikuhiE manao - e hui pu iho ma lalo o ka hae o Italy, i ka'ākau hapa o Aferika, no laila, i loko o ka papa he ikaika koa ki ina hana like, me himataki. E like me ka hopena, Italy i hoohuiʻAitiopa, a hui me Eritrea a me Ikalia Somaliland ma ka hou lēpela.

I ka 1943, ua he pōʻino, i loli ole wale ke koa akā, i civilians Bari awa. Ka German squadron bombed Amelika moku, kekahi o i i lawe leho hoʻokomo akula me ka makeke. I loko nō o ka mea i i kaʻi aku ai ka hopeʻia me fuses, i ka lewa hahau ua lawa e haʻalele i kaʻawahia Contents. Aia i kekahi Nine Inch kaua e pepehi ma kahi o 90 kanaka.

Ua mamua nā Japanese a pau o ka hapa o ka ikea ai a me ka pono o Nine Inch mea kaua ma Kina. I ke kakahiaka nui ke kanakolu o ka 20th kenekulia ka mea, i kuai ai, mai ka German lako a pan no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka make kinoea ma ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole. Ke Japanese koa kūkulu kekahi mau Nine Inch mea kanu ma ka'āina China ka. i lawe mai ho'āʻo ma oʻawahia waiwai i poe pio o ke kaua a me ka maʻamau kauwa! Nā koa o ka hikina a ka lā, manaoio aku Chinese consumable. Ka Japanese kaua "hookoeia" Nine Inch mea kaua i ke kaua ma Kina (1937-1945). Ma hope iho o ka pau ana o ka Sino-Japanese kaua, ka Japanese, Kaniak hoopakele ia o ka "hoike", kanuia iho la a make aku la i loko o ka wai o ka nunui stockpiles o Nine Inch mea kaua. Ma ka makahiki 90 o ka 20th kenekulia, he hihia ka wā i koke ua hoʻopōaiapuni himsnaryady poino, a me ka meaʻawahia hopena o ka makeke kinoea ua hoano e ka maʻamau kanaka. I ka makahiki 2010, i ke kaomi hai aku i kūkulu o ka mea kanu, e e lawe mai i loko o Kina no ka neoneo kanuʻiaʻo ia ma ka Nine Inch mea kaua Japanese.

pāpā o Nine me na mea kaua

September 3, 1993, ua manaoia e kakau i ka Convention ma ka pāpā o Nine Inch mea kaua. Ma keia, ua hui ma April 1997, ma hope o ka mea, pūlima 65 Hawaii. Ma lalo o kēia 'aelike, aina i e hoopau i ka mokuna o nā mea a pau Nine Inch mea kaua stockpiles a me nā polokalamu, e malama i ke ana a me ka hoike o ka hou ano o ka hoomake iho no hoi. I ka lā, 190'āina kakauinoa i ka aha-elele, nā lālā o ke Aupuni Hui Pū 'Ia. About 60% o nā lāʻau kūpeʻe o Nine Inch mea kaua hoolilo o.

ʻikena realities

Convention i kākoʻo 'ia e nā mea he nui, akā,ʻawahia waiwai hoʻomau e e hoʻohana' ole wale ma i mākaukau i kāna hana e lawelawe akā, i loko o ka bombardment o sīwila kauhale. Mai ke kupulau o 2017 i ka Media exploded papa hoike o ka pono o ka makeke kinoea ma Iraq militarily. Himataki initiators he ka poeikohoia o ka Islamic State (banned ma Rusia). Nō hoʻi, ka hoʻohana o Nine Inch lako kaua ma Suria, e paʻa a me nā kūlanakauhale (2016-2017 GG.). Ho'āhewa wale nahesa niho waiwai e loli ai,ʻaʻole wale nō i ke koa akā, i civilians. ʻOiai ka Suria aupuni i kauoha aku a haʻi maila i ka hope'ōhui o Nine Inch mea kaua i lawe mai i loko o June 2014. Keʻena hoʻokolohua no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka makeke kinoea ma Iraq, ke koa loaʻa ka Americans. Un Komisina lawe mai hoʻokolokolo 'ana i loko o kēlā me kēia hihia o ka hana o kaʻawahia waiwai.

Makeke - i ka hoolaia?

Ma hope o ka pōʻino ma 1943 ma ka Italia awa o Bari, ka noiʻi hookolokolo aku la ia i ka make kino. E like me ka hopena o ka nana, ka mea i loaʻa i ke koko-ho okumu i nā loko, a lymph aka wahi mamao au ma leukocytes. Kēia mea i hoʻoholo 'ua paipaiʻia kānakaʻepekema i ka makeke kinoea hiki ke hoʻohana' ia ma ka iapaau ana i ka maʻi 'aʻai maʻi. Noiʻi, mai Amerika nona, a Gilman ma ke kumu o ka makeke kinoea ua ulu i ka waiwai i loko o nā māhele uuku lawelawe i ka hoʻomanawanui me ka lymphoma. Ma mua, he lāʻau lapaʻau e kaumaha ana ia ma luna oʻeho ho okumu. Ua ua hoʻemi ka nui. Akā, ma hope o kekahi manawa o ka maʻi 'aʻai ua holopono. A loaa i loko o ke kino o ka waiwai ma luna o ke kumu o ka makeke, aole ia i hoʻomaka e kōkua i ke kino, akā, e aho e hoomake ia ia. make aku la ke kanaka o ke intoxication.

Ma haʻahaʻa nā hoʻohui like, makeke kinoea ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana maikaʻi ili maʻi psoriasis. Ma ke kumu o ka hookupaa makeke poni kahi mea, ua hookomoia ma ka lākiō o ka 1 a hiki i 20 000 a me 40 000. Akā, i ka hope 20 makahiki, lapaʻau ua kākaʻikahi io ia ia i ka'ano'ē iaoia o ka lapaau.

Iloko o na kaua i loko o ka papa e likeʻole ano, i kekahi manawa, nuiʻino i ia mau pahuhopu. Akā,ʻaʻole e mau ana, i ka hopena ho'āpono ka mea. No laila, i hiki mai ai i ka hoʻohana 'ana o Nine Inch mea kaua. 'Ole o ka pono o kaʻawahia waiwai nń (me ka ole o ka makeke kinoea ma luna o ke kanaka). Hiki i keia manawa, na kanaka i imi e Makuakane me ka hopena o ka pono o Nine Inch mea kaua. I ka lā, i ka papa kuhikuhi hana o na makaainana ao nei,ʻaʻole e haʻi hou aku i na hewa.