'O ka hinu a me nā mea'aila

'O ka'aila he wai'aila a me nā momona i ho'oka'awale'ia ma ka'āpana o ka pūpū o ka lepo o ka honua. 'O ia kekahi o nā mineral nui loa no nā kānaka. 'O ka'aila he mea nui loa o nā holokū, nā anana a me nā ala. Loa'a i loko o ia ka oxygen, sulfur a me ka mea'enepona. Ka aila haku mele 'ana i loaʻa ma o ka tausani kekahi ke aloha waiwai, a hoʻohui pū ma kahi o ke kanaiwa pakeneka o ka kalapona, hydrogenʻumikumamālima pakeneka, elima pakeneka luaipele, naikokene a me kekahi pakeneka i ekolu pakeneka ka oxygen. Eia kekahi,'o ka'aila ka mea i hui pū'ia me ka mineral compounds. He'u'uku loa ka'aila o ka'aila,'a'ole'oi aku ma mua o ka hapa'umi o ho'okahi hapaha. 'O ka'aila he'ekolu'ano:

1.'olu'olu.

2. Ka palena.

3. Ui.

E puhi i ka'aila ma ka wela o 43.7-46.2 MJ / kg, kahi waiwai nui kona ma waena o nā mea'oko'a.

Hiki i ka papa hana o ka'aila ke kau i nā māhele māmā, e'ōhū i'elua haneri degrees Celsius. 'O lākou nā methane hydrocarbons,'o ia ho'i, alkanes. 'O nā mea o nā māhele māmā i loko o nā mea'aila i loa'a ma nā wahi like'ole, he mea'ē loa. 'O nā kinikalino, a'o nā hydrocarbons of type aromatic, that is, arenas, i ke'ano o ka'aila he mea nui loa.

ka pololei o ka loaʻawahia eiiiiiaiou komo i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka aila a me kaʻaila kā nā huahana i manaoia onaona hydrocarbons (arenes). Kapa'ia lākou he mau mea'awa'awa. 'O nā mea'oi loa o lākou a me nā wikiwiki nui, he benzene,'ekoluene a me xylene, no ka mea, he mau mea li'ili'i li'ili'i. 'O ka nui o nā'ano'ano like'ole e pili ana i nā mutagens ino a me nā kino. 'O ka pū'ulu'oi aku o ka ha'alulu kahi hui polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

'O ka'enehana'aila o ka'aila pū kekahi me kahi nui o ka hydrocarbons methane - nā mea i kapa'ia he paraffins. 'O kā lākou mau mea i loko o ia mea he'oi aku i ka'umikumamālima hapahā.

Wahi a ka waihona o nā hua paraffin, ua māhele'ia ka'aila i loko o nā hui:

1. Ka'aila o ka mea ha'aha'a paraffin. 'A'ole lākou i'oi aku i ka hapa ho'okahi a me ka hapalua o nā pā'ani i loko o ke mele.

2. ka'aila o ke'ano o ka paraffin. Aia kēia'aila i ka'eono paona o paraffin.

3. ka'aila poni paraffin. Maanei ua loa'a i ka paraffin he 6 mau pakeneka.

'O ka'aila he mau mea like me ka chrysene, phenanthrene, benzpyrene, pyrene, tetraphene. Loa'a i loko o nā'enehana o ka hydrocarbon - resins a me asphaltenes, he mea nui i ka hana o kēia mineral.

Mai ka? Aneie wahi o Hawaii nui aila eiiiiiaiou i luaipele i huiʻia. Wahi a ka waihona o kēia mau huahana, ua māhele'ia ka'aila i'ekolu mau pane:

1. Ka'aila ha'aha'a sulfur. Aia i loko o ka hapa hapalua o ka sulfur.

2. Ka'aila pūlehu. Maanei'a'ole i'oi aku ka helu o ka sulfur i'elua hapa.

3. Ka'aila nui sulfur. 'O kēia nā mea'aila o ka nui o ka sulfur.

'O nā waiwai o ka'aila,'o ia ka mana'o nui o ka ki'eki'e o kona kūlana, e komo pū me:

1. Ke kuhi. Me ka mahalo i kaʻaila ana i ka manao kona pa apŘ me ka mahalo i ke puhi ia i ka wai. I ka pa apŘ o ka aila nō kāu papa koa mai 0,8 e 0,9 g. / Cm3, aka, aia no i ke ano o kaʻaila, no ka paʻapū o ka a e hiki 0.98 g. / Cm3.

2. Pono. 'O ke'ano kūlana, ke'ano kinematic a me ka ikaika.

3. ka kaumaha kaulike. 'O kēia ka hō'ailona nui loa o ka maika'i o nā huahana. Ke hakakino kaupaona ana o ka hapanui o kaʻaila ka emi o 300 g. / Mol.

4. Na refractive inideka. He hō'ailona ko'iko'i kēia no nā huahana'aila,'o ia nā mea nui o nā mea like'ole.

5. ka hana kinona. 'O nā mea a pau loa he hapa li'ili'i o ka hana'ana o ka'aila, he mea nui loa ia no kona'ano.