'O Mints o Rusia

'O nā'enehana he'oihana'ano'ano like'ole,'o ka'oihana'oihana nui'o ia ka ukana kālā, ka hana'ana i nā kauoha, nā mekala a me nā hō'ailona'ē a'e. Ke ho'i nei ka mo'aukala o nā'oihana i ka wā i hala aku nei, i ka manawa i puka mai ai nā pūnaewele mua. I kēia lā ka mineta, ua kiʻekiʻe-ʻenehanaʻano poʻe e paka malihini ma ka noi o ka State Bank. Hana nā mea hana a pau i kahi'ano ma'amau i ho'onohonoho pono'ia.

Nā'ano o nā mints a me kahi mo'olelo o ka mō'aukala

Hiki i nā minis ke ho'olaha i ka lehulehu, e ho'okō i nā kauoha a ke Central Bank. Aia kekahi mau'oihana kūikawā like'ole i ho'olako i ka ho'olaha'ana o nā kauoha a me nā mekala, nā hua'ai a me nā palapala pākini. No kēlā me kēia'ano o ka'oihana, ke kuhi nei i kona kānana kūikawā, i ho'ohana'ia i nā'āpana kālā a pau, he mea ma'amau. 'O ke'ano o nā'āpana o ka moku'āina a me ka moku'āina e ho'oholo pono'ia me ke kōkua o ka hō'ino. No ka manawa mua i kapa'ia ai kēia māhele o ka hana i ka 5th century BC. Ua'ike'ia nā minuke mua ma Athens. Mai ka kenekulia 2 BC, ua ho'ololi'ia ka hana mai ka luakini o Theusa a hiki i ka luakini o Juno. Kela manawa, ma hope o 115 makahiki mai ka hanau ana mai o Kristo pahale au ua ma ke kahua pâʻani Roma. Ma hope o ka'ike'ana o ka hana'ana ma Rome, Lyon, Constantinople, Sicily a me'Aquile, ua ho'olaha aku lākou ma ka honua a pau.

'O nā kahua mua ma Russia: nā mana'o o nā mea kākau mo'olelo

He pilikia loa e no'ono'o i ke'ano o ka mint i ka wā i hala. 'A'ole i hana'ia ke ki'i i kēlā manawa,'a'ole i mālama'ia nā ki'i. Loa'a wale nā koho a me nā koho. 'O nā mea kūpono e hō'ike'ia ana ua ho'oili'ia nā'oihana i nā po'e pilikino, a nānā'ia ke'ano o kā lākou mau hana. Ua ho'oku'u'ia nā po'e mint mena mai ka'auhau a me nā kuleana. Ua loa'a iā lākou nā kuleana e like me ka pāpā'ana i ka ho'opi'i'ana no nā hana a pau, koe wale nō ka pepehi kanaka, ka hao wale a me ka hana'ino. Hō'ike nā mo'olelo mō'aukala i ka hana mua loa o nā mīkini ma ka'āina o Russia i kēia manawa i nā kūlanakauhale Helene i ka manawa'o Theodosius a me Gorgippia, i kēia lā i kapa'ia'o Anapa. Ua'ike'ia nā'ano o kēia hana ma Derbent a me Tmutarakan.

'O ka lelani mua ma ka moku'āina o Moscow: ka mana'o a me ke koho

Ua ho'omaka'ia ka ho'olālā ho'onohonoho'ana ma Moscou, e like me nā koho'ana a me nā ha'awina, i ka wā o Ivan Donskoy (1362-1389 gg.). 'A'ole i loa'a kekahi'ike e pili ana i kēia'iliahi a me kona wahi'a'ole i loko o nā ha'i mo'olelo,'o ka'oia'i'o o kona ho'onohonoho'ana, ua ho'okumu'ia, mai ka hō'ulu'ulu'ana i nā moni o ia manawa. Ua kāhiko'ia ke kālā Moscow mua loa me nā palapala Lūkini a me Arabic, a ua ho'opa'a'ia nā pa'ahao'oihana pa'a i ho'ohui'ia.

Nā mana'o mai ka mo'olelo

'O nā mikioni o Rusia, kahi i ho'opa'a'ia ai kahi e ho'opa'a'ia nei, e ho'okumu'ia ana i nā 14-15 mau kenekulia. I kēlā manawa, ua alaka'i'ia ka'āina e John III. 'A'ole mālama'ia ke kalaina ma Moscow wale nō, akā, ma nā kūlanakauhale e like me Pskov, Novgorod a me Tver. I ka manawa mai ka 16 a hiki i nā kenekulia 17, ua hā'awi'ia ke kālā i nā minceysters. Ua ma'alahi kēia hana ma'amau ma'Eulopa. Eia kekahi mau'ōlelo i ka makahiki 15,'a'ole wale nā moku'āina i ho'ohana'ia ma Moscou, akā,'o nā hale kū'ai kālā ho'i o nā ali'i pākahi o ka'ohana Kalita. Ka mua kākau "Ka Emperor" iwilei hele mai ma hope o kekahi o ka mua koi pohō a mihi Elena Glinsky i loko o ka manawa mai ka 1535 e 1538. Aia ka ho'olaule'a ma Varvarka Street. 'O kēia hanana ka ho'omaka'ana o ka ho'ohui'ia'ana o ka pūnaewele kālā Russian. 'O nā mīkini li'ili'i o Rūsia i nā makahiki he nui i hala i hala aku nei ua kau'ia ke kaulike ma ka paona a me ka ho'opa'a inoa'ana o kahi peni kālā i waho, a ua kūpono e hō'ailona ma nā moku a pau o ka moku Lūkini. Ua lawe'ia me ka lima lima ka mea hana, a'o ka mea hana e hana'ia, he leki kālā. Ho'omaka mua'ia ka leka i nā'ano nui like, a laila kaomi'ia. A laila ua ho'omaka ka puke e kiola ana i nā ki'i a me nā kākau'ana ma nā mea ula.

Ke kelepona o ka ho'okele waiwai kālā

I ka makahiki 1595, ua ho'okumu'ia ka 'Oihana ma lalo o ka inoa o ka Polokalamu Monetary. Ua mālama ka hui i ka mālama'ana i ke kālā no ka moku'āina. Ua lilo kēia kuhi i ke kumu no ka ho'okumu o ka pūnaewele kālā. 'O nā pā hale a pau, i ka manawa i hana ai ma ka'āina o ka'āina, loa'a nā inoa kūikawā, a he mea pono lākou e maka i kā lākou huahana.

• 'O ke alo o Moscow ka "M" a i'ole "MO".
• 'O ka'aha Novgorod - "V. KA ".
• 'O ka Pskov ka pā - "PS".

'O nā'āpana o Rūsia ma 15-20 mau kenekulia

Ua ma'alahi ka pane i ka nīnau no ka ho'oholo'ana i ka maki i ka ma'alahi o ka ho'okele'ana i ka lei ali'i. Hiki iā'oe ke ha'i aku i nā'oihana e pili nei i ka waihona kālā:

• Ka Hale Kūla'ula, a me Kaina. Aia ma kahi kokoke i ka Wallaygorod Wall. Ma luna o ka'ā'ī a ho'ololi i nā'āpana, ua ho'okomo'ia nā hō'ailona "KD", "MMD", "MM". Ua ho'ohana'ia ka hana mai 1697 a hiki i 1979. Ua lawe'ia ka pā kālā, ke kālā, a me ke kālā kālā keleawe mai nā'ano'āina me nā'ano like'ole. 'O nā kālā a me nā kālā kūikawā. Ua lawe ka Mint i ka ho'oku'u'ana i kālā no nā moku Baltic a me Prussia.
• 'O Kadashenvsky pā ma Kadashev Sloboda. Ua kapa'ia'o ia'o Khamovny, Zamoskvoretsky, Naval a me Admiralty. Ma ka'ākuhi a me ka hope, ua hō'ailona'ia nā hō'ailona "MM" a me "MD", "MDZ" a me "UN", "M" a me "Moscow", "ka pā kālā kālā." Ua hana'ia ka hana mai 1701 a 1736. E paa ana ia pukana o ke gula, keleawe a me ke kala apana o okoa denominations. Lepeta i hoopuka ia ma ka hana kūikawā? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka oihana mai 1704.
• 'O ka hale'ehā Quay i ke Kremlin. Ma nā'āpana ua hō'emi'ia nā hō'ailona like "ND" a me "NDZ", "NDM". Ua hana'o ia mai ka makahiki 1699 a hiki i ka makahiki 1727, e ho'opuka ana i nā'āpana o nā hui apau.
• 'O ka St. Petersburg, a me Imperial paha, ua ho'okumu'ia ka mint ma ka'āina o ka Peter and Paul Fortress i ka makahiki 1724. 'O nā hō'ailona ma nā'āpana he SPB a me SPM, SP a CM. Ua hana'o ia a hiki wale i ka ho'opuka'ia'ana o ke kālā e ke aupuni kālai'āina. Ua komo'o ia i ka mahele hou i nā kala keleawe.
• Ua lawe'o Yekaterinburg i nā'āpana me nā inoa "EM" a me "Yekaterinburg". Ua hana'o ia i ka wā mai 1727 a hiki i 1876. Ua ho'onui'ia ka ho'opuka'ana o nā'āpana ma o ka hana'ana i nā ma'amu no nā'enemi'ē a'e.

He mea maika'i ke kuhikuhi'ana i nā'oihana like me ka Imperial Mint a me Anninsky (AM), Kolyvan (KM a me Kolyvan keleawe) a me Suzunsky (SM) Sestrovetsky (SM) a me Kolpinsky (KM) Taurian ("TM") a me Tiflis, Warsaw ("VM", "MW") a me Helsingfors.

Nā pa'ahana i ho'ohana'ole i ko lākou hō'ailona

Hā'awi'ia ka mikini i ka ho'oholo i kahi a me ka manawa i ho'opuka'ia ai ke kālā no kekahi o nā'ano. Eia na'e, i loko o ka mo'olelo o Rūkia, ua māhele like'ia nā hale i'ole i ho'ohana pono i kā lākou iho pono'ī, akā, ua ho'opili'ia kekahi mau mea'ē a'e ma nā'āpana kālā. 'O kēia ka pā hale o ka Bank a me ka lā'au Rosencrantz, ka pā hale o Parisa a me Strasbourg, Birmingham a me Izhorsky, ka pākaua Brussels a me ka Avesta. Eia kekahi,'o kekahi mau mīkini, e like me Krasny a me Petersburg, hiki iā lākou ke ho'ohana i ka inoa o Kadashenvsky a me ka Naberezhnyi Copper Court a me nā hui like'ole i kā lākou hana, a he mea pa'akikī loa ka hana a nā mea kākau mo'olelo.

'O ke kālā'ana ma ka RSFSR a me ka USSR

Ma ka RSFSR, e ho'oholo i kahi mint i loa'a kālā, kōkua i nā inoa:

• "AG" -'o ia nā'ataka o Hartmann,'o ia ka manawa i ho'onohonoho hou'ia ai ke po'o o ka ho'ohui kālā'ana a hiki i ka makahiki 1923.
• "PL" - nā hua mua o Latyshev, ke ali'i mai ka makahiki 1924.
• "TR" - nā hua palapala o Thomas Ross, ke po'o o ka hō'ai'ē kālā o ka hale'o London.

'O ka hō'ailona o ka mīkina i ka manawa o ka USSR ma'elua'ano:

• "LMD" ai ole "L" - ka mīkini Leningrad.
• "MMD" ai'ole "M" - ka Mint Moscow.

'O ia'ano hō'ailona hana a hana'ia e like me ke'ano o ka hō'ailona o ke kālā no kahi hana. Hiki ke loa'a i ka hō'ailona ke'ano o nā leka, a hiki ke hō'ike'ia ma ka helu ho'okahi, ka hō'ailona a hō'ailona paha.

'O Lūkini hou

I kēia manawa'o Rusia, hiki ke'ike'ia nā inoa ma ka'āpana kālā: "MMD" a me "SPMD" - e'ōlelo nei no ka ho'oku'u'ia ma Moscow a me St. Petersburg Mint. Mai ka makahiki 1991 ma ke kālā ua'ae'ia e ho'okomo i nā hō'ailona e like me "M", "L", "MMD" a me "LMD". Mai ka makahiki 1997 -'o "M", "SP" a me "MMD", "SPMD". Ua ho'ohana'ia nā hō'ailona hope'elua i ke kālā ma ke'ano o kahi monogram. 'O nā kinikini o Rusia, mai ka makahiki 1997, ua ho'ohanohano'ia me nā kaha inoa "M", "SP", "MMD" a me "SPMD" ma ke'ano ki'i ho'okahi. Ma nā'āpana li'ili'i me nā inoa o ka 1, 5, 10 a me 50 kopecks kahi hō'ailona e'ike'ia ma ka'ao'ao'ākau ma lalo o ka māi'u'u. Loa'a nā hō'ailona "M" a me "S-P" ma nā'āpana me ka helu kūpono o 1, 2 a me 5 mau'ūlā ma lalo o ka'ākau'ākau o ka'aeto. Hiki ke'ike'ia ka monogram "SPMD" i nā banknotes makahiki o Rusia me ka waiwai kūpono o 10 mau'ūlā. Aia ma kahi'āpana, ma lalo o ke kahakaha'ana "10 rubles".

Pehea e hana'ia ai ke kālā i 2015

Mai ka makahiki 1992 ua ho'opuka ke Bank Central o Rūia i nā'āpana ho'omana'o no nā'ano waiwai nui a me ka waiwai'ole. Eia kekahi,'o ka ho'opuka'ia'ana o nā'āpana kālā kālā, i ho'opau'ia i nā mea waiwai nui, kahi i mālama'ia. No laila, e like me ka mea ma mua, ma luna o kēlā a me kēia mea e ho'okomo'ia ka mīkini. Ho'opi'ia ka hana hana kālā ma loko o ke kumumana'o o ka'oihana ho'opuka nui a ua ho'olālā'ia no ka makahiki a pau. 'O ke kumumana'o no ka ho'opuka'ia'ana o nā'āpana e'āpono'ia e ke alaka'i'ana o ke Central Bank a kau'ia ma luna o ka pūnaewele official o kēia hope. Kēlā me kēia ÿauhau dala puka mai kekahi Moscow paha ma St. Petersburg ka mineta. Hō'ike kēia i ka huli'ana no ka pane i ka nīnau o ka pehea e ho'oholo ai i ka mint. Ua ho'onani'ia nā'āpana me nā hō'ailona kūikawā, i kēia lā i ka lā 4.'A'ole kahi kuleana o ke kikowaena o ka'āina e māhele i ka moni kālā ma waena o nā kānaka. 'O Sribbank ka mea hā'awi nui. Ua kū'ai mua'ia nā'āpana ma ka nalu mua e nā mea loea, a ma hope aku kū'ai aku iā lākou i ka uku kumukū'ai.

Nā Papahana Aupuni no 2015

E like me ka papa hana ho'olālā, i ka makahiki 2015,'elua mau'ano banknotes ha'uki e hō'ailona. I loko o ka makahiki, e ho'omana'o'ia ana nā'āpana dālā e ho'omana'o ai i nā'āpana waiwai nui a me nā'āpana he'umikumamālua. Ma kēia mua aku, pono e ho'omau i ka ho'oku'u'ana o ka pūnaewele i ho'omaka mua'ia: "nā kūlanakauhale o ka hanohano koa" a me ka "po'e ko'iko'i o Russia". Ka loa pipiʻi dala i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke aupuni nā lā hoʻi i ka makahiki 1999, a mai ka palena iki waiwai o 5 keneta. 'A'ole'ike'ia kāna kumukū'ai ma'amau, akā, ua'oi aku ka nui o ka nui o 100,000 rubles ma nā hale kū'ai. Ho'ohilahi nui'ia kēlā'ano o ke kālā e nā helu.