Oxides, paʻakai, kumu, nāʻakika. Waiwai oxides, kumu, nāʻakika, paʻakai

Hoikehonua, Nine Inch 'epekema mea he ākeaʻano o nā mahinaʻai, a me kela mea keia mea o lakou, ma ka hou ana i kaʻimi naʻauao? Aieao i, o ka nui he mea hiki nui, he mea hiki. Ka mea e hoʻopā aku, na mea a pau a puni - nā huahana o Nine Inch? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Na ka papa kuhikuhiE pauku - mea he'okanikaʻole a me ke aloha kemika. mea i ka papa kuhikuhiE papa o ka hui haawiia i like'okanikaʻole, a me ka waiwai a lakou i noonoo.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE waeʻano o'okanikaʻole hui

I ka poe i maliuia mai ai i ka kēia:

1. Oxides.
2. Salt.
3. Base.
4. ʻakika.

Kēlā me kēia no ka papa ua poe ma keʻano nui o'okanikaʻole i huiʻia, a mai ka waiwaiʻaneʻane i loko o kekahi 'ole hoʻokele waiwai a me ka hanalima hana o ke kanaka. All nui waiwai ano o kēia hui, i ka ano a me ka noho aʻo ma ke kula kemika hana ana oia OAXA ma ka papa 8-11.

Aia ka he mau papaʻaina o oxides, paʻakai, kumu, nāʻakika, i nā examples o kela a me keia o na waiwai a me kā lākou mau noho ana o ka aggregation, i ka ano. A hoʻi hōʻike i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka hōʻike no Nine Inch waiwai. Eia naʻe, ua e noonoo i kela mea keia mea o na papa kaawale, a ma ka hou au mamuli.

A pae o ka hui - oxides

Oxides - he papa o'okanikaʻole hui iloko olaila a mau oihana mua (aeaie), kekahi o i mea mau O (oxygen) mai ka haʻahaʻa'okesaside moku'āina -2, e ku ana ma ka lua o ka wahi i loko o ka empirical haʻilula hui. Laʻana: N ₂ O _5, CaO, a no laila, ma luna o.

i hoʻolaha nā oxides like penei.

I. Nesoleobrazuyuschie - mea,ʻaʻole hiki ke ho okumu i paʻakai.

II. Salt-ho okumu i - i hiki ke ho okumu i paʻakai (me nā kumu, amphoteric i huiʻia me kekahi i kekahi nāʻakika).

1. ʻakika - ka wā i loko o ka wai, e lilo nāʻakika. Nonmetals pinepine i hana 'ole ke hooheheeia me ke kiʻekiʻe CO ('okesaside).
2. Key - palapala kumu i ka wai komo. I hana metala hehee ai.
3. Amphoteric - e hoike anaʻakika-kumu papalua ano, a me ka nānā 'ana i ka naoh ana. I hana hoʻololi mea hiki ke hooheheeia.
4. Hui - pinepine hoʻohuli i ka paʻakai, a hana nā kumumea i loko o kekahi mau'okesaside Hawaii.

Higher'okesaside - mea he'okesaside, kahi o ka ho okumu i lālā mea i loko o ka i kā mākou'okesaside moku'āina. Eia kekahi laʻana: Te ^_+6. No ka tellurium i kā mākou'okesaside moku'āina +6, ka mea, 'o ia hoʻi TeO ₃ - kiekie ae'okesaside no keia hehee ai. Ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu o nā kumumea no kēlā me kēia pae i kakauinoaia mau empirical haʻilula e hoike ana i ka luna'okesaside no nā kumu i loko o ka pae, akā, wale i ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroup. No ka laʻana, he mua pūʻulu o ka oihana mua (mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia) mea he haʻilula o ka palapala R ₂ O, i Hōʻike i nā kumu a pau o ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroup o keia pae makemake i ka haʻilula mea kiekie'okesaside. Eia kekahi laʻana: Rb ₂ O, cs ₂ O, a no laila, ma luna o.

ua loaa i ka like hydroxide At kiekie ae'okesaside mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai (mekala 'åkilikai,ʻakika a amphoteric hydroxide).

ano oxides

Oxides hiki nei i loko o kekahi moku'āina o aggregation ma maʻamau ana. Ka hapa nui o ia mea i loko o ka paa mea pōaka a he lepo lā palapala (CaO, SiO ₂₎ kekahi CO (ʻakika oxides) i loaʻa i loko o ka palapala o ke kinowai (HI ₂ O ₇₎ a me ka kinoea (NO, NO _2). Keia mea aie a hiki i ka puka olu oia i aniani 'ole. Nolaila, i ka unuhi i ka hoolapalapa kumu a me ka mahele heheʻe i ka mea nui e lauwili i waena o kekahi mau 'elele mai -272 ⁰ C i 70-80 ⁰ C (a me kekahi manawa kiekie). Ke solubility i loko o ka wai loli aʻe.

1. Wailana - walaʻauʻana metala oxides, ikeia me kona'ākilikai,'ākilikai ka honua, a me nā mea a pau me kaʻakika'ē aʻe ma mua o silikone'okesaside (IV).
2. Insoluble - amphoteric oxides, a pau'ē aʻe walaʻauʻana a me ka SiO _2.

He aha oxides pane koke?

Oxides, paʻakai, kumu, nāʻakika ho'āʻo like waiwai. General waiwai o aneane pau oxides (koe nesoleobrazuyuschih) - kēia hiki i ka hopena o kekahi hana kūleʻa, e lilo like paʻakai. Eia naʻe, no kēlā me kēia pae o oxides typical lākou i ho'ākāka 'Nine Inch ano hōʻikeʻana waiwai.

Nā waiwai o kaʻokoʻa nā pūʻulu oxides

XIX. Oxides - manamananui	ʻakika oxides - CO	Pālua (amphoteric)'okesaside - Ao	Nā oxides mai e hana i paʻakai
1. Reactions me ka wai: ho okumu ana o alkalis (oxides o ka mekala 'åkilikai a me kona'ākilikai honua i eliiaʻi) FR 2 O + ka wai = 2FrOH 2. Reactions me kaʻakika: ho okumu ana o paʻakai a me ka wai ʻakika + Me + N O = H 2 O + ka paʻakai 3. AiON me ka CO, i ke kahua o ka paʻakai, a me ka wai likiuma'okesaside + naikokene'okesaside (V) = 2LiNO 3 4. Na reactions kūpono ana ma na kumu mua hoʻololi CO Me + N O + C = Me + CO 0	1. mea kemikala wai:ʻakika ho okumu (SiO 2 koe) CO + ka wai =ʻakika 2. Reactions a me ko lākou mau kumu: CO 2 + 2CsOH = cs 2 CO 3 + H 2 O 3. Reactions me ka walaʻauʻana oxides: paakai ho okumu P 2 O 5 + 3MnO = HI 3 (PO 3) 2 4. Reactions OVR: CO 2 + 2Ca = C + 2CaO,	Ho'āʻo pālua waiwai pāʻani aku ma luna o ke kumu o kaʻakika-waihona ipu iaoia (me nāʻakika, alkalis, walaʻauʻana oxides a me kaʻakika oxides). No ka wai 'Aʻole i hele mai i loko o ka leo. 1. Me kaʻakika: ho okumu ana o paʻakai a me ka wai Ao +ʻakika = paakai + H 2 O 2. kumu (mekala 'åkilikai): ho okumu ana o hydroxo Al 2 O 3 + LiOH + ka wai = Li [Al (OH) 4] 3. AiON me kaʻakika oxides: e hoomakaukau ai o ka paʻakai FeO + ¶ 2 = FeSO 3 4. AiON me HI: ho okumu o ka paʻakai kuʻi nukeliu MnO + Rb 2 O = Rb 2 papalua paakai MnO 2 5. Reactions kuʻi nukeliu me alkalis a me ka mekala 'åkilikai metala carbonates like paʻakai ho okumu Al 2 O 3 + 2LiOH = 2LiAlO 2 + H 2 O	Hana aole nāʻakika, aole hoi alkalis. Ho'āʻo kekahi waiwai haka.

Kēlā me kēia luna'okesaside i hanaʻia e like me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a nonmetal, ua hoʻopau i loko o ka wai, e haawi mai i ka ikaikaʻakika paha mekala 'åkilikai.

Ke aloha nāʻakika a me'okanikaʻole

I ka panina kani (nānā 'ana i Ed kulana - electrolytic dissociation - Svante Arrheniusʻakika) - keia hui i loko o ka koʻana koko meakino e dissociate i ka H ⁺ cations a me anionsʻakika residues An ^-. I kēia lā, akā naʻe, akahele aʻoʻakika, a ma lalo o anhydrous rula, no laila, ua nui no hoi kekahi mau theories like i hydroxides.

Empirical haʻilula oxides, kumu, nāʻakika, paʻakai hou wale o nā hōʻailona like hehee wale, a indexes hōʻike o ko lākou helu i loko o ka waiwai. No ka laʻana,'okanikaʻole nāʻakika kaheaia ma ka haʻilula H ^+ʻakika koena ^n-. Ke aloha 'ona i okoaʻimi naʻauao kŰia. Ma waho empirical, hiki ke palapala ia ia piha, a Punk mall haʻilula, a e noonoo ole wale i ka haku mele 'ana a me ka nui o na nā lātoma, akā, i ka mea o ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o nā'ātoma, i ko lakou pili ana i kekahi i kekahi, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE ooieoeiiaeuiiai pūʻulu no carboxylic nāʻakika -COOH.

Ma nā mea a pau inorganics nāʻakika e māheleʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu:

• anoxic - HBr, HCN, HCL a me na mea e ae;
• oxygen ma (oxo nāʻakika) - HClO ₃ a me nā mea a pau ma laila i ka oxygen.

I'okanikaʻole nāʻakika hoʻolaha ma ke kumupaʻa (ka pilina paʻa 'ole i ka pilina paʻa - a pau, koe carbonic a me ka sulphurous, e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie a lolelua ka - a sulphurous lanahu). Ma ka mana o nāʻakika ikaika i e: sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, perchloric, a me na mea e ae, e like me nāwaliwali: hydrogen sulfide, ka hypochlorous a me na mea e ae.

OʻAʻole ia heʻano o ke kaumaha ana i ke aloha kemika. ʻO nāʻakika i i ke aloha i loko o ke ano maoli, e carboxylic nāʻakika. Lākou, he pono ole hiʻona - i ka alo o ka ooieoeiiaeuiiai pae COOH. No ka laʻana, HCOOH (formic), _CH3 COOH (aceticʻakika), C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COOH (stearicʻakika) a me na mea e ae.

Aia nō i ka helu o nāʻakika, i kālele pakahi aku la ia manao ia e noonoo pono i kēia mea i loko o ke kula kemika papa.

1. Salt.
2. Nitric.
3. Phosphoric.
4. Hydrobromic.
5. Lanahu.
6. Hydroiodic.
7. Sulfuric.
8. Aceticʻakika a ethane.
9. Butane a me ka aila.
10. Benzoic.

10 mau nāʻakika i kumu kemika 'ona e like papa ma ke kula polilei, a me ka mau, ma ka hana a me ka syntheses.

Waiwai o'okanikaʻole nāʻakika

I ka papa kuhikuhiE physical waiwai pono e wahi mua a poʻokela he okoa moku'āina o aggregation. Aia hoʻi, aia nō i ka helu o nāʻakika me ka palapala o nā pōaka a me ka pauka, (boric, phosphoric) ma lalo oʻike mau ana. Ke uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o ka maikaʻi-ikeia'okanikaʻole nāʻakika mea he loli okoa. Paila a me ka hauneneʻe mahana hoi ĸokoĸa ana nä pane.

ʻakika hiki i loa'ā, no ka mea, i kekahi koa e luku ke aloha'aʻaʻa a me ka ili. No ka mea ka loaʻaʻana o nāʻakika i hoʻohana nā hoailona:

• meto alani (i loko o ka mau 'ia -' alani ma kaʻakika -ʻulaʻula)
• Litmus (i loko o'ākilikai - lila ma kaʻakika - ulaula) a me na mea e ae.

Ka mea nui wale Nine Inch waiwai loaʻa i ka hiki e pāʻani aku me na poe noonoo ole a me ka luna 'i huiʻia.

Ke Nine Inch waiwai o'okanikaʻole nāʻakika

He aha E hoʻolauna	Laʻana o ka naoh
1. Me ka noonoo ole-waiwai ke hooheheeia. Precondition:'ōlinolino pono ku EHRNM i ka hydrogen, no laila, e like me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, hydrogen ma hope o ku ana, i ole hiki hoi e pau ka mea, mai kaʻakika. Ke naoh ua mau hana i loko o ka palapala o ka hydrogen kinoea a me ka paʻakai.	HCL + AL = Aluminum koloriside + H 2
2. kumu. Ka hopena o ka naoh i paakai a me ka wai. Oia reactions o ka ikaika nāʻakika me alkalis i kapaia neutralization reactions.	Kekahiʻakika (ikaika) = + wailana kumu paakai a me ka wai
3. amphoteric hydroxides. Subtotal: paakai a me ka wai.	2 + 2HNO beryllium hydroxide = e (NO 2) 2 (awelika paʻakai) + 2H 2 O
4. Me walaʻauʻana oxides. Subtotal: wai, ka paakai.	2HCL + FeO = hao koloriside (II) + H 2 O
5. amphoteric oxides. Total ai: paakai a me ka wai.	2HI + ZnO = ZnI 2 + H 2 O
6. paʻakai i hana nawaliwali nāʻakika. Total ai: paakai, a me ka nawaliwaliʻakika.	2HBr + MgCO 3 = makanekiuma bromide + H 2 O + CO 2

I ka interacting me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia pane koke like ole a pau nāʻakika. Nine Inch (papa 9) i loko o ke kula kŰia loa pāpaʻu study o ia reactions, nae, a ma ia ka pae manaoia kekahi waiwai o ka kia nitric a me sulfuricʻakika, ma ka naoh me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Hydroxides: mekala 'åkilikai, a me ka insoluble amphoteric kumu

Oxides, paʻakai, kumu, nāʻakika - a pau o kēia mau waiwai a papa i ka hoʻomaopopo like Nine Inch ano o ke aniani puka olu oia i 'ole ua wehewehe, a me ka manao lokahi keiki o na nā'ātoma i loko o nā nā lātoma. Naʻe, ina ka mea, ua hiki ke haawi aku i ka loa ilepili ka wehewehena no ka'okesaside, alaila, o kaʻakika a me ka waihona ipu, e hana ia ka paʻakikī.

E like me nāʻakika, kumu ma ka kumumanaʻo o Ed mau waiwai hiki ke disintegrating i loko o ka koʻana koko pāʻoihana me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia cations Me ^{N +,} a anions gidroksogrupp OH ^-.

Puunaueia ma ka waihona ipu waeʻano like penei:

• Wailana ole mekala 'åkilikai (ikaika kumu nā hoailona hoʻololi waihoʻoluʻu). I hana metala I, II pūʻulu. Eia kekahi laʻana: KOH, NaOH, LiOH (a laila e kākau wale ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu oihana mua);
• Poorly wailana ole insoluble (meakino ikaika, mai ole hoʻololi i keʻano o nā hoailona). Laʻana: makanekiuma hydroxide, hao (II), (III), a me kekahi poe e ae.
• Hakakino (nawaliwali kumu i loko o ka koʻana koko meakino reversibly dissociate i loko o Ion lātoma). Laʻana: N ₂ H _4, amines, ammonia.
• Amphoteric hydroxides (pālua hōʻike nō ia o ka waihona ipu-ʻakika waiwai). Laʻana: Aluminum hydroxide, beryllium, kiniki, a no laila, ma luna o.

Kēlā me kēia pūʻulu i aʻo i loko o ka papa kula o ke kemika i loko o ka "kumu". Kemika Class 8-9 komo ai piha study o iki wailana i huiʻia a me nā alkalies.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano hiʻona o nā kumu

All mekala 'åkilikai a wailana hui i loaʻa ma ka' ano i loko o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa mea pōaka moku'āina. Ka mahele heheʻe i ka mahana o ko lākou IeAUPIIe, IAa IO haʻahaʻa, a poorly wailana hydroxides decompose ka wā 'enaʻena. Waihoʻoluʻu kekahi mau kai. Inā mekala 'åkilikai keʻokeʻo nā pōaka o ka poorly wailana a me ka hakakino kumu paha ia o ka loa okoa'ōniʻoniʻo. Ke solubility o ka loa i huiʻia o keia ano hiki ke ike ia ma ka papaʻaina, a makana i ka haʻilula oxides, kumu, nāʻakika, paʻakai, kā lākou solubility ua hōʻike.

Alkalis ke hoʻololi i ka waihoʻoluʻu o nā hoailona like penei: phenolphthalein - ulaula, metoʻalani - yellow. Keia ua i hōʻoiaʻiʻo aku ma ke alo gidroksogrupp noa i ka pāʻoihana. He nolaila poorly wailana kumu ia reactions mai e haawi aku.

Ke Nine Inch waiwai o kēlā me kēia pae o kekahi mau kumu.

Nine Inch mall
alkalis	iki wailana kumu	amphoteric hydroxides
I. reacted me ka CO (huina -hydrochloric a me ka wai): 2LiOH + ¶ 3 = Li 2 ¶ 4 + ka wai II. Reacted me kaʻakika (paakai a me ka wai): ʻike mau neutralization naoh (nānā i nāʻakika) III. Pāʻani aku me Ao, e hana hydroxo paakai a me ka wai: 2NaOH + Me + N O = Na 2 Me + N O 2 + H 2 O, a me Na 2 [Me + n. (OH) 4] IV. Pāʻani aku me ka amphoteric hydroxides e lilo paʻakai gidroksokompleksnyh: ʻO ia like me ka AD, akā, me ka wai V. reacted me ka wailana paʻakai, e hana insoluble hydroxides a me ka paʻakai. 3CsOH + hao koloriside (III) = Fe (OH) 3 + 3CsCl VI. Pāʻani aku me ka kiniki a me ka Aluminum i loko o ka koʻana koko pāʻoihana e hana paʻakai a me hydrogen: 2RbOH + 2Al + wai =? Eiiieaena me hydroxide ion 2Rb [Al (OH) 4] + 3H 2	I. I ka hahana loa degradability: = Insoluble hydroxide'okesaside + ka wai II. Reactions me kaʻakika (huina: paakai a me ka wai): Fe (OH) 2 + 2HBr = FeBr 2 + ka wai III. Pāʻani aku me ka CO. Me + N (OH) N + G = CO + H 2 O	I. Ua pane koke me nāʻakika e hana paʻakai a me ka wai: Hydroxide, keleawe (II) + 2HBr = CuBr 2 + ka wai II. Ua reacts me alkalis: huina - Salt a me ka wai (ano: kuʻi nukeliu) Zn (OH) 2 + 2CsOH = G + 2H 2 O III. Pane koke me hydroxides ikaika: hopena - paʻakai, ina ka naoh ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka koʻana koko pāʻoihana: Cr (OH) 3 + 3RbOH = Rb 3 [Cr (OH) 6]

'O kēia ka hapanui o ka Nine Inch waiwai o ia' ia kumu. Kemika kumu mea puni, a nonoi aku nei me ka mau kānāwai o'okanikaʻole i huiʻia.

Class'okanikaʻole paʻakai. Mea Maluna, physical waiwai

Ma muli o ke kulana Ed,'okanikaʻole paʻakai i ke i oleloia i huiʻia ma ke koʻana koko pāʻoihana e dissociate metala cations Me ^{+ N} anions a anions An ^n-. No laila, e hiki hoi i noonoo ai i ka paakai. Hoʻoholo 'o Nine hoʻolako i kekahi, akā, i kēia mea i ka loa pololei.

Ma keia hihia, e like me kā lākou Nine Inch ano, ua māheleʻia aʻela nā mea a pau i loko o paʻakai:

• ʻakika (ka cations oia hoi o ka hydrogen). Eia kekahi laʻana: NaHSO _4.
  
• Key (loaʻa me hapa o ka gidroksogrupp). Eia kekahi laʻana: MgOHNO _3, FeOHCL _2.
• Ka (haku wale no ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia cation a me kaʻakika koena). Eia kekahi laʻana: NaCL, CaSO _4.
• Pālua (nā nāʻokoʻa metala cation). Eia kekahi laʻana: NaAl (¶ I _{4) 3.}
• Complex (hydroxo, Aqua eiiieaenu a me na mea e ae). Laʻana: K ₂ [Fe (CN) _4].

Haʻilula paʻakai noonoo lākou Nine Inch ano, e like me walaʻau e pili ana i ka qualitative a laupaʻi haku mele 'ana o ka lātoma.

Oxides, paʻakai, kumu, nāʻakika i okoa akamai e solubility, i hiki ke wehe i loko o ka lakou mau papa.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka moku'āina o aggregation o ka paʻakai, he mea pono e malama i ko lakou monotony. Lakou nei wale i loko o ka paa, mea pōaka a me he lepo lā palapala. Ke ano huahelu Ua like. Nā pāʻoihana o ka luna 'paʻakai pele i kukui paʻa kūhohonu loa waihoʻoluʻu.

Nine AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN papa paʻakai meakino

Ua like Nine Inch waiwai o ka waihona ipu,ʻakika paʻakai. Oxides, e like me mākou i kamaʻilio nui ia, i kekahi mau mea okoa, mai ia ma luna o kēia ololi.

All hiki ke hōʻike '4 walaʻauʻanaʻano o nā hana kūleʻa no meakino paʻakai.

I. hana kūleʻa me nāʻakika (ikaika wale nō i loko o hua'ōlelo o Ed) e hana i kekahi paakai, a me ka nawaliwaliʻakika.

KCNS + HCL = KCL + HCNS

II. Reactions me hydroxides me ka helehelena o ka wailana paʻakai, a insoluble mau kumu:

CuSO ₄ + 2LiOH = 2LiSO _{wailana paʻakai 4} + cu (OH) _{2 insoluble kumu}

III. AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me nā wailana ka paʻakai, e hana i kekahi insoluble a me ka wailana paʻakai:

PbCL ₂ + Na ₂ S = PBS + 2NaCL

IV. Reactions me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, alo i loko o ka lima hema EHRNM i lilo 'i ka paakai. Ma keia hihia i ka hoʻopā ai metala pono ole pane koke i ano o na kumu o ka reacting me ka wai:

Mg + 2AgCL = MgCL ₂ + 2Ag

Mau mea i ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano o nā hana kūleʻa mea i ano o ka maʻamau paʻakai. Haʻilula eiiieaena paʻakai, walaʻauʻana, aʻoi a me ka papalua kuka kamailio iki no ka lakou iho e pili ana i ka specificity hōʻike Nine Inch waiwai.

Haʻilula oxides, kumu, nāʻakika, paʻakai noonoo i ka Nine Inch ano o nā 'elele o kēia mau papa o'okanikaʻole i huiʻia, a eia hoi, e haawi aku i ka manaʻo o ka inoa i nā puke a me kona physical waiwai. No laila, i ko lakou mau palapala e uku pakahi noonoo. A nuiʻano o ka hui nui e kaumaha ana mai i kekahi mea kupaianaha 'epekema - kemika. Oxides, nāʻakika, paʻakai - mea wale kekahi hapa o ka nui 'ano.