Pakiko-propelled mea kaua pa alima "Carnation": kiʻi a me ka hoakaka

I ka ho'omaka'ana o nā makahiki 1970, ua'ike'ia kekahi mau hana ho'okani ki'i me nā pua "pua" ma ka Soviet Union: "Carnation", "Acacia", "Tulip", "Hyacinth" a me "Peony". Ua ho'okumu'ia ka "Carnation" i ka mea nāna i ho'olālā e luku a luku i nā pū'ali koa o ka'enemi, ka pū'ali koa a me ka moemoe. Me ia, he e hooholo ia ua hoakaka ia ma luna o minefields , a ma kekahi mau nā pilikia. He wikiwiki loa kēia mau ho'onohonoho a hiki ke ho'ohana.

He aha ka mea nānā

'O ka hua'ōlelo "howitzer" i hele mai mai ka'ōlelo Germany mai. I ka unuhi'ana,'o kēia ke'ano o kahi mea kaua i mana'o'ia no ka ho'olei'ana i nā pōhaku. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka mea kaua apana, i ka howitzer - koa koʻi no ka hoʻolele i aina pale ma ka huina o ka 70 degere. Inā wehe'oe i ka wehewehe'ōlelo wehewehe, e wehewehe'ia ka mana'o o kēia hua'ōlelo ma nā'ano like'ole, akā,'a'ole e loli ka mana'o nui.

'O ka mea like'ole ka pū ho'okahi, akā me ka lō'ihi o ka lō'ihi o ka bale. 'O ka holo wikiwiki o ka pahu hana i ka ho'omaka'ana o ka ne'e'ana he mea emi loa ia i ka wikiwiki o ke kahawai. 'O nā paia o ka pahu o nā mea ho'onaninani ke ho'ohālike'ia. Inā like ka lō'ihi o kēia mau pu'elua, a laila'ano'ē loa ko lākou kaumaha. 'O ka pū ka mea kaumaha.

'O ka ho'olālā'opiho pono'ī "Carnation" kahi pūnaewele ki'i, i ho'ohana mau'ia e nā pū'ali koa o nā'āina'ē.

Creation a me ka ulu ana o ka mua ka hoʻoponopono-propelled pū, a he puʻu ma ka Soviet Union

I nā manawa a pau o nā kaua a me nā kaua, ua makemake'ia kekahi'ano e hiki ai ke hele pū me ka hō'eu'eu i nā pū'ali a kāko'o iā lākou i ke ahi. He mau'ano like'ole nā mea'oihana Artillery. Akā,'a'ole'o ka lohi.

Ma ka ho'omaka'ana o ke kenekulia 20, ua'ae'ia mākou i ka'ike o nā mea ho'olālā e hana i nā pū puhi pono'ī. 'O VD Mendeleev i ka makahiki 1916 i hā'awi'ia i ka'aha o ka pū'ali i kona ulu'ana - he mea kaumaha ma luna o nā mele "Brozehod." He mau pale kaua a me kāna pūkuniahi. I loko o kēlā makahiki, ua ho'onohonoho'o Colonel Artillery Gulkevich i kekahi papahana o ka pū puhi pu'upu'u. Ua kūkulu'ia ma ka Obukhov Steel Plant. Ua ho'ohana'ia'o ia me ka pū 3-inch a me 2 mau pūkani a me nā mea kaua. I ka makahiki a'e, ua ho'okumu'o N. N. Lebedenko i ke ka'a kaua ma nā huila'elua. I ka makahiki 1920, ua ho'oku'u'ia e nā mea hana papahana Lūkini ma Nizhny Novgorod kahi hui lehulehu. Ua lawe lākou i ka mana'o o ka hana'ana mai Farani mai, ma hope o ke a'o'ia'ana o ka moku kai pio o Renault.

I ka makahiki 1920, ua ho'opili maika'i'ia ka ho'onui'ana i nā mīhini. Ua ho'olaha'ia kahi'olu'olu no ka noi maika'i loa no ka ho'olālā a me ke kūkulu'ana i nā ka'a i kāko'o'ia. I ka makahiki 1922, ua loa'a ka makana mua'o "Motorship AM". Me ka nui o 10 mau toni, hiki ke ka'a ka ka'a ma luna o ka wai. Ma loko o kēia pu'upu'u he 76 mau pūkuniahi kona.

'O ka hana'ana o ka Commission of Special Artillery Experiments he mea nui i ke kūkulu'ana i nā'ano mea kaua hou. Ma lalo o ke alaka'i o ka Mō'ī Nui o ka Russian Army VM Trofimov, ua a'o ka komite i nā pilikia o ka ballistics a me nā'ano hou o nā mea kaua.

I ka makahiki 1922-23. Ua haku'ia kekahi pu'upu'u self-propelled koa ma ka pana'o Krasny. I kēlā manawa,'a'ole kahi maika'i o ka'āina,'a'ole i'ae'ia ka basehana ahumahi a me ka waiwai waiwai no ka ho'okumu'ana o kēia mau mea. I ka hala'ana o nā makahiki he 20 a me nā makahiki 30, ua hana nā hale hana i ka hana'ana i nā'ano mea kaua hou: Krasny Putilovets, Kalinin № 8, "Pā'ani Pō'ani" № 7, Kharkov locomotive hale, "Bolshevik" - a me nā mea ho'olālā.

I ka ho'omaka'ana o ke Kaua Nui'o Patriotic,'a'ole i nānā nui'ia nā mea ho'okani pila puana pono'ī a ho'i hou i kēia hopena ma hope o ka lanakila.

Ke hana'ana i kahi ho'onohonoho 2C1

E pili ana ACS "Carnation" Ua ee aku ma hope o ka resignation o Khrushchev July 4, 1967. 'O kēia ke kumu o ka ho'okomo'ana o nā mea hana kāmera Soviet ma hope o ke komohana. Ma hope o ke Kaua Nui Patriotic,'a'ohe pūnaewele mana like'ole i ka Soviet Army. 'O ka ho'okumu'ia'ana o ka mea nāna e hā'awi ka mea nāna i hā'awi i ka papa hana i hana'ia ma ka lā'au Uralmash. 'O FV Petrov kahi mea mālama i ka papahana. A ma hope o nā ka'a kaua ka halehana ho'okele pua'a Kharkov a me ka mea ho'opuka pono'o A.F. Belousov pane. Ua ho'owākilo nā kaulike i nā'ano'ike loea o nā artoderms i ho'oku'u'ia i nā makahiki i hala aku nei. A i loko o ka pō pōkole, ua ho'okumu'ia ka'ōnaehana "Carnation" - ke kau'ana,'o ka ki'i i hō'ike'ia ma lalo nei.

Tower a me nā ka'a

Ua lawe ka TRT LB ma luna o nā chassis ma'amau i ka ho'okomo. No ka ho'onui loa'ana, ua ho'onui pū'ia nā chassis me kekahi'ōmole.

Ua ho'okumu'ia'o ACS 2c1 "Carnation" i kahi no ka mea ho'okele a loa'a iā ia nā'ano:'elua mau paio, ka mana a me ke kawe'ana.

Ua loa'a i kahi mea ho'okele ka'awale kahi kikowaena, a ua sila i nā pāpa'i mai nā pahu'ē a'e, ma loko o 2c1 "Carnation".

Ma ka'ao'ao mua o ka hale kia'i i ka hema, he pū puhi, ma ka'ākau - he pū puhi, ma hope o ka mea kaua ka luna o ke kau'ana.

Ma hope o ka hull, ua ho'okumu'ia nā wahi lawai'a kūikawā. No ka ho'oikaika i ka ho'ouka'ana o ka mea ho'onui, ma ka hale kia'i i ho'okumu'ia no ka ho'ouna'ana i nā pūpū a me nā cartridges. Me ke kōkua'ana o kahi māla uila a'oi lima paha, ua wehe ka hale kia'i i 360 mau ki'i.

Nā Caterpillars

'O SAU "Carnation" kahi manawa kūpono e hele ai i nā wahi pa'akikī. No nā cathepe kēia. Ua hana'ia lākou me ka'ala a me ke kila. 'O ka laulā ma ka'ōnaehana kumu he 400 mm. Aia kahi hiki ke pani iā lākou me nā caterpili 670-mm. 'O kēia ka ho'onui'ana i ka mana o 2c1 "Carnation". 'O ka halihali pa'a'ana o nā mīkini hāwele) ua ho'olako'ia me ka ho'oku'u'ia ho'okahi me nā pahu hopu. Eia hou, ua ho'okomo'ia nā mea ho'ohuhi hydraulic ma nā huila mua a'ehiku. Aia nā wili huila ma mua o ke ka'a kaua, ua pāpale lākou i nā lei ali'i, hiki ke pani'ia i ka wā i ho'ohana'ia. Ho'okomo'ia ka paakiki o nā alapili ma o kahi mechanical i loko o ka pahu. Ho'okomo'ia'o SAU "Carnation" i ka hiki ke holo i ka wai, palekana i nā pilikia, a hiki i ka 300 m ka laulā.'A'ole pono ke ki'eki'e o ka nalu ma mua o 150 mm, a'o ka pono i kēia manawa'a'ole pono e pi'i aku i ka 0.6 m ka lua. Ho'okomo'ia ka mana o ka mīkini e ka lumi o loko o loko. Ho'okumu'ia ia ma ka uila'ana i'elua diski ma waena o ke apo me waho me kahi pūpū a me ka hub. 'O ka wikiwiki o ka holo'ana o ACS 2c1 "Carnation"'a'ole i'oi aku i ka 4.5 mau mile ma ka hora. I ka holo'ana i ka wai,'a'ole i'oi aku ka nui o nā pā i'oi aku ma mua o 30.

Ka hale a me loko

'O ka "Carnation" he pōhaku ho'oikaika. Hana'ia ia i nā kila'oi he 20 mm. 'O ia'ano palekana e hiki ai ke ho'opa'a i ka ka'a a me nā luina mai nā mea li'ili'i o ka hā'ule, ka hapa, a me nā mines. Ke kīko'o nei ke kī'aha i kahi pāpale me ke kahawaena o 7.62 mm, i ho'oku'u'ia mai kahi mamao mai 300 m mai ka pahu.

Kaomi wai tank 2c1 "Carnation" - eia nā pahu'eono, ua pili pū'ia,'ekolu ma kēlā'ao'ao kēia'ao'ao. 'O ka nui o nā puke he 550 lita. Ua lawa kēia no ka mamao o 500 km ma ke alaloa.

Ua hana'ia ke ka'a no ka pū puhi self-propelled e ka Yaroslavl Motor Plant. 'O ka'eha makeelino'ehā'ehā a me ke'ano V, aia i mua. 'O kona mana he 240 horsepower.

Ho'ouka'ia'o SAU "Carnation" i kahi pahu pahu me 11 mau hele mua a me 2 hope.

Hiki ke ho'oku'i'ia nā ho'olālā e ka mea ho'ona'auao 2c1 i ka lewa me ke kōkua o ka mokulele AN-12, IL-76, AN-124.

Nā Pūpū no ka'Ana

I kēia manawa, nui nā'ano'ōpū, hiki ke ho'ohana i ka ho'okomo'ana i "Carnation".

Ho'onohonoho pono'ia nā pūnaewele: 35 nā'āpana ki'eki'e-explosive a 5 ka lō'ihi. Aia nā'auamo a pau ma nā paia o ka hulu a me ka hale kia'i.

E ho'oku'i nui kākou i nā pūpū i kūpono no ka ho'ohana'ana ma ACS 2c1 "Carnation".

1.'O nā pūpū ho'olālā nui. Ua ha'aha'a'o Armor. Akā ua ho'ohana pinepine'ia lākou no ka mea ua nui ka pō'ino. Inā komo ka pahu i loko o ka pū, e ho'opau. 'O kēia ka hopena i nā poho nui. Inā'a'ohe komo i loko o ke kā'ei,'a'ole hiki ke hana'ino. No ka ho'omalu'ana i nā pale'oihana i'ole e'ae iā'oe e hou i ka'ili o waho o ka pahu.

2. Nūnū ma'amau. E maika'i e komo i ke kapa kila ma muli o ke kūkulu'ana o ka ikehu waiwai, e like me ka puhi'ana i loko o a ma o. 'O ka komo'ana o armor i ka pa'akiki o ka mamao. Hiki ke ho'ohana'ia nā'āpana'ike ma'amau i mau pale pale.

3. Nā pūpū kukui. Ho'olālā'ia no ka mālamalama o kahi'āpana ai'ole no ka hana hou'ana i nā hō'ailona ma ka pouli (pō) o ka lā. Ke ho'ohana'ia i ka hā'ule'ana me ke kōkua o ka mana āpau a mea hana paha. Ho'opili'ia nā parachutes e wāwahi i ko lākou ne'e.

4. Nūnū pōpilikia. Ho'ohana'ia lākou e ho'omaopopo i ka heluna kanaka i loko o nā'āina i noho'ia ai'ole ma nā wahi kūpono hiki i kahi.

5. Ho'omalu i nā leka uila. Ka hopena i ka pale pale pale air i ka'enemi. Ho'opilikia lākou i nā'enela lele.

6. Na mea'aupuni hao. Ho'olālā'ia lākou i ka make'ana i ka'enemi me nā po'ona a me nā kinikona. Hiki i nā'ōpū ke haehae me ka leo nui. Ho'opili'ia ia ma ka paila kupa o ka mea hana. Ma hope o ka pa'i'ana i ka pahu hopu, ho'omālamalama'ia ke ao'ele'ele.

7. Nā pūpū kuni. 'O ka makapō a ho'okomo i ka mea'onihi. E noi'ia e ho'ohana i ka wā i ka lā ma hope o nā ao, me ka makani'u'uku. E ho'onui'ia ka hopena o ka uahi.

8. Nā pūpū me nā'ano kūpono kūikawā. 'A'ole i'ae'ia ka noi o lākou e ka Convention'o Hague no ka nui o nā'eha i hana'ia. Aia i loko o ka pakuhi nā pua me nā'ōlelo.

No ka hana'ana i ka pahū'ana me nā pōmoku, kahi i ho'okū'ia ma kahi kokoke i ka mīkini, he puka nui hope loa a me kahi mea halihali no ka hānai'ana i loko o ke ke'ena.

Pehea ke koho

Pehea e hana ai i kahi hui self-propelled e ho'ohana ana i ka mea D-30, i ho'omaka e lawelawe nei me nā'āina he nui a puni ka honua. Pakiko-propelled mea kaua mea hoʻonoho 2S1 "Carnation" koi i ka? Aeiino? A me ka pau 'ana o D-30. No laila ua ho'ololi'ia ka D-32 (2A31), e pili pono ana i nā koi hou. 122-mm ka'ike o ka "Carnation" i ka mālamalama i ke kime KB a me ka mea ho'olālā AF Belousov. 'O nā'oko'a ko'iko'i o ka mea mua ma mua o ka hiki'ana mai o kahi kīhā a me kahi ejector. Ma ke kumu, ua ho'ohana'ia 36 mau pipi. 'O ka lō'ihi o ka'ōpili a pau he 4270 mm,'o ka lō'ihi o ke ke'ena ho'ouka he 594 mm. Loa'a ka nui o 955 kilokika ka pahu hui piha. I kēia manawa, ua ho'olako'ia kēlā mau lako i nā'oihana hana ki'i hou a pau. 'O ka'oki'ana o ka pūnaewele holoholo e alaka'i i ka'oia'i'o'a'ole hiki i nā limahana ke ho'omau i ka hana me ka hana'ole o nā makuka gas.

Hiki ke alaka'i pono'ia ka pahu pī'ākā mai ka -3 a +70 likelika. Ho'olaha'ia ke kuhikuhi'ana ma ka pahu hopu mai nā'ike o PG-2 a me OP 5-37. Aia ka pū i kahi puka kūkū. Ho'opa'i hou'ia'o ia ma o kahi mechanic semi-automate. Ho'onui'ia ka'ōhumu pani holo'oko'a he 35.65 kg.

Ka lōʻihi o leho BP-1 kanu hoi e pana aku me ka kūikawā kauoha F-8. Hiki i ke kikowaena ke pi'i i 2 km. Ho'omaka ka puka i kahi wēlau o 740 mau mika ma kēlā me kēlā me kēia.

Inā ho'oku'u'ia ke kala kumu kū'ai, hiki ke kaha ki'i he 15.3 km. Ke ho'ouka'ana i kahi projectile'āpana-rocket, pi'i i ka 21.9 km. 'O ka mamao palena i hiki ke ho'ouna'ia i kahi pūnaewele he 4.07 km.

"'A'ole e pili ana ka" Carnation "i ke'ano o ka hana ahi. Ke pa'i "mai ka lepo" hiki i ke pū ke hana i 4-5 mau hā'ina ma kēlā me kēia minuke. Inā lawe'ia ke ahi ma ka hā'awi'ana o nā pūpū ma luna o ka moku, a laila he 1-2 mau kukui i kēlā me kēia minuke.

Nā'ike'ike'ike'ike'ike

• 'O nā po'e holo o ka ka'a - 4 mau kānaka.
• 'O ka nui o ka pū'ali koa he 15,700 kg.
• Nā Palena: lō'ihi - 7,265 m, ke ākea - 2,85 m, ke ki'eki'e - 2,285 m.
• Armor - kila 2 knm.
• 'O ka pū ka mea ho'onani me kahi 122 mm D-32.
• 'O ka pahu hopena -'oi aku ka lō'ihi he 40.
• Ka nui o ke ahi - 4-5 mau hā'ina ma kēlā me kēia minuke ('oi aku).
• 'O ke'ano o ke ahi he 4.07-15 km.
• 'O ka māmā'oi o ka holo'ana ma ke alaloa he 60 mauki / h.
• 'O ka wikiwiki o ka holo'ana ma ka wai he 4.5 km / h.
• 'O ka mamao ma ho'okahi ke kūle'a lele he max. 500 km.
• Hiki iā'oe ke lanakila i nā pilikia: ke ki'eki'e o ka paia o ka 0.7 m, ke kikowaena o 2.75 m.

'O ka ho'onohonoho o nā'āpana o kēia mau mea:

BDIN-3 pūnaewele nānā, PG-1'ike, PG-2 pūnaewele mana ahi, PP81MN pōnele nānā, TVN-M2 mea'ike hihiu pōuliu, kekini diesel YaMZ-238N-1.

Nā'Ana Hō'ano Hou

Ua ho'ohana'ia ka mīkini e nā'āina Palani a pau o Warsaw. Aia a hiki i kēia manawa, ho'ohana'ia ka'oihana "Carnation" e nā'āina like'ole o ka honua. Ho'olako'ia nā ho'ololi hou o kēia manawa i ka alaka'i alaka'i o "Kitolov-2". Ua ho'olālā nui'ia no nā pū puhi propelled i ka Instrument Design Bureau ma Tula. Hiki i nā iwi like'ole ke ho'opili i kekahi mau pū'ali pūnaewele pa'a a ho'opa'a'ia. Ua lawe'ia'o "Kitolov-2" i ka makahiki 2002. 'O ka nui o ka projectile he 28 kg, lō'ihi - 1190 mm.

I kēia manawa, ua ho'omau ka hana o ka serial o ka propel propel 2C1 me ka pahu 122-mm.

Ua ho'okō'ia ka ho'ololi hou'ana i ka makahiki 2003. Ma ke kūlanakauhale'o Perm ma ka Motovilkhinskiye Zavody mea kanu, ua loa'a iā ia kahi mea hou ma kahi'ano alaka'i alaka'i a me ka pūnaewele ahi. Ma hope o kēlā, ua koho'ia ka ACS i kahi inoa hou - 2C1M1.

'O ka ho'onohonoho "Carnation" aia ma ia mau'āina:

• Azerbaijan - 62 mau'āpana.
• Algeria - 145 mau'āpana.
• 'Amenia - 10 mau'āpana.
• Belarus - 246 mau'āpana.
• Bulgaria - 306 mau'āpana.
• Bosnia a me Herzegovina - 5 mau'āpana.
• Hungary - 153 mau'āpana.
• Georgia - 12 mau'āpana.
• Aupuni Lepupalika Kupa o Congo - he mau'āpana he 12.
• Kazakhstan - 10 mau'āpana.
• Polani - 533 mau'āpana.
• Lāhui o Serbia - 75 mau'āpana.
• 'O Lūkini - 2000 mau'āpana.
• Romania - 6 mau apana.
• Syria - 400 mau apana.
• 'O Slovakia - 49 mau'āpana.
• 'O Ukraine - 580 mau'āpana.
• A ma Angola, Iraq, Yemen, Libya, ka Czech Czech a me'Aitiopia.

Ho'opili'ia e Howitzer ka mea nāna e ho'olālā i ka hanana a me ka hanana. Ua loa'a i ka Polani a me Bulgaria ka kuleana e ho'olako mai.

Ma ka pū'ali Lūkini, ua kālepa kēia mau mea ho'ona'auao. Ho'okomo'ia lākou i ka hana pā'ani o nā pupuhi bifgades a me ke kahawai. 152-mm nā mea ho'onui maika'i loa.

A hiki i ka malama'o'Aukake 2014, ua hana'ia ka pū'ali mele 2c1 "Carnation" i kahi hale hana ma Kharkov.

Ma hope o ka ulia i loko o Ukraine ua alakai ai i ka oihana koa confrontation, ka mea nana o ka mea kanu, ka Lūkini Oleg Deripaska, ua banned? Iecaianoaaiiie o kēia mea kaua. Eia hou,'a'ole i ho'omo'e'ia ka palapala noi no ka hana'ana i nā hau hau a me nā trakō kālai'ia.

"'Ana" kahi hō'ike

Hiki ke'ike'ia nā kope o kēlā me kēia kope o ka "Carnivore" ma nā hale hō'ike'ike like'ole o ke ao holo'oko'a. Ma Russia, ua ho'okomo'ia kēia mau ka'a kaua ma ke'ano o nā hō'ike'ike a me nā papa ho'omana'o i nā wahi he'umikumamālua.

Ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Technology Vadim Zadorozhnogo (Moscow Māhele '), i loko o ka Memorial luna' "kīpoʻohiwi e Louka" (Bryansk), Krasnoarmeysk kokoke Moscow Māhele 'Research Institute "Geodesy", i loko o ke kapikala o A ia la aku Park, ma ka Suvorov koa School (Moscow), i loko o St. Petersburg, Yalutorovsk a me nā kūlanakauhale'ē a'e.

Ma Belarus, "Carnation" aia i loko o ka Hale Hō'ike'ike'Āpana Honua'o Gomel a ma ka mo'olelo o nā mo'olelo a me nā mo'omeheu "Stalin's Line".

Ma Polani, ua ho'okumu'ia kēia mau hi'ohi'ona i loko o nā hale kū'ai'elima mau koa, ma ka US -'ekolu, ma ka Czech Czech - ma ho'okahi.

I loko o Iukina, he mau pūloi 6 i hō'ike'ia ma nā kūlanakauhale like'ole o ka'āina.

Ka palekana mai "Carnation"

No ka hoomalu ia e pili i ka pōhaku puna hale, o ka mānoanoa o ka pā mea i emi o 50-70 knm. Ka hale ālai 'no ke kahua, he maikaʻi no e pili ana i ka malumalu. Inā 'oe makemake e hoomalu ia lakou iho i loko o ka hoʻokiwikā' ia, ia mea maikaʻi, e hoʻohana i ke kahiko pōkā pahū o na hale kamala, no ka catacombs a me ka hale ilalo me ka maikai hohonu. Loa ka mea o ka pololei LIKE.

Howitzers a me ka pū leho i ka waiwai o ka ikaika ka ua nui ma ka olelo o ko lākou neʻe. Nolaila, aole lakou mea i hoʻohana 'ia no ka luku ana i ka poe liilii, pale. Ka pono ka mea, hiki ke wale ina hana na leho kukuna homing i hoʻohana. Ma keia e pili ana, ka mea, ua? Aeiiaiaoaony e neʻe p ÷ haku i ka Manao iho la ia olelo ana o ke ahi, mahuahua ka mamao ma waena o ka i komo o nā panalāʻau, a me ka mämä holo o ka neʻeʻana.