Palena waiwai fluidity. Pehea e hooholo i ka hua stress

Hua wahi ua kapaia ke anakahi uila e like me ka nui o ke koena elongation ma hope ana o ka haawe. Hoʻoholo 'ana i kēia mea mea pono e koho i na mea hiki ke hooheheeia hoʻohana' ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie. Ināʻaʻole ia i loko o ka nui o ka noʻonoʻo aiao, ua hiki ke alakai i ka nui kūpono 'ana i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka deformation o ka mea i koho pono. He nui ke lawe i loko, no ka hua wahi i loko o ka hana o nā kila hale.

physical hōʻikeʻano

haawi aku palena i nā hoailona o ka ikaika. Ka mea, e macroplastic deformation me kŘpa a haʻahaʻa a. Kāohi, keia aiao hiki e na poe like me ka ano o ka mea, o, he anakahi uila a hoʻopili like ai i ka haahaa nui o ka hua plateau i loko o ka pakuhi (kiʻikuhi) mea aku. ʻO ia ke ke poe me haʻilula: σ _T = P _T / F _0, kahi P _T o ka hua wahi haawe ana, a me F _{0 o} ka loiloi mua keʻa-mahele wahi o ka lapaau ana hāpana. PT nā pūʻulu ka ai-kapaia palena ma waena o ka laholio-ea deformation cii a me ka laholio mea. ʻO kekahi hōʻemi iki mahuahua ma ka anakahi uila (ka luna FET) e i ka nui deformation. Palena metala pele ua ana ana ma ka kg / mm o ² a me N / ka m ^2. Ka nui o keia aiao ua 'ole e likeʻole kumumea like me thermal lapaʻau, ka hāpana mānoanoa, i ke alo o ka alloying oihana mua a me impurities,' ano o ka microstructure a me ka aniani puka olu oia mā a me nā 'ē aʻe. Hua loli aʻe me ka nui loa me ka wela. i ke kumu o ka mea hiki aiee o keia aiao noonoo.

haawi aku paipu

Ka loa ahuwale o ka hopena o ka haawi nui i loko o ka hana o ka kiʻekiʻe puʻe hookiokio aku nenoai. Ma ia mau manao, pono e hoʻohana 'kūikawā kila, i ka mea he pono nui hua stress a me ka palena iki nahā i waena o nā nā hoailona aiaoʻikepili a me tensile ikaika. Ke kali oi aku o ke kila, no laila, maoli ai, pono ia i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka Papa kuhikuhi o na allowable waiwai o ka pae'ōnaehana anakahi uila. Kēia mea i ka pololei hopena ma luna o ka waiwai o ka ikaika o ke kila, a pela, me ka pono 'ole. Aie i ka mea i ka aiao loina pōpilikia allowable stress'ōnaehana i ka pololei hopena ma luna o ka makemake paia mānoanoa waiwai ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nāʻohe, ia mea nui i ka pololei e huli i ka i kā mākou ano ikaika o ke kila, e e hoʻohana' ia ma o ka hana o kaʻohe. Kekahi o ka loa pono ka wehewehena o nā mea kiko'î o kēia mau kiʻina hana mea e hoʻomaka noiʻi ma ka tensile specimen. Ma na hihia a pau ia mea e pono ke lawe i ka mooolelo o ka likeʻole i loko o ke anakahi Hawaiʻi, ma o ka kekahi lima, a me ka allowable stress aiee - ma ka 'ē aʻe.

Eia kekahi, i kekahi e ike i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hua wahi ua mau kau i ka hopena o ka piha ana reusable. Akā, i ka allowable stress'ōnaehana i loko o ka uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa lawe ma ke kumu o na hooponopono ana a me ka hopena o oaoieei-hoakaka, e like me ka pono i hilinai ma ka pilikino hana o ka Hookah. I ka papa kuhikuhiE pipeline nenoai, a pau maʻamau compendium i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o SNP II-45-75. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka mea hoʻonoho maluhia ololi -ʻano eiiieaena a me ka mea nui he mea hiki pilikia. Ka pololei ka wehewehena o keia aiao mea loa e kaukaʻi ma ka pololei o ka pōpilikia anakahi uila aiee o ka haawe ana, e like me ka hua ikaika o ka mea.

Ka wā koho'īpale paipu nenoai mea i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kēia anakahi. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i kēia mau mea 'ana e hele mai ma ka hui' ana me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia waihona ipu şarkı, a, me ka, e komo i loko o electrochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana, he kūlana mea e pono ai i ke ano o ka pipeline.

tensile lako

Ke tensile ikaika e hoʻoholo i ka waiwai ma i ke anakahi uila e noho kŰlń a hoole, ma naʻe o ka elongation. Ia mea, i kēia aiao kīnā i ka pilikia wahi wā o ka 'oni iki mai ka laholio i ea māhele o ka mea deformation. Ua huli mai ia i ka hua wahi hiki ke nānā 'ia e hoao koʻokoʻo.

i ka ho omaulia o PT

Ke ia'ku mea hua ikaika o ka stress ma i hoʻomaka e hoʻomōhala ea deformation. E ka nana i ana i keia waiwai he pōpilikia. Ma ia mea i mālama 'ia i ka paukūʻolokaʻa Eia kekahi laʻana, ho oholo i ka waiwai o ka mea maʻamau stress i loko o ka mahele kea i ka manawa o ka irreversible deformation. Ke ano ki ina hana i loko o ka ho okolohua me ka torsion omo specimens mea i maopopo ai i ka hua ikaika ma ka ako. No ka hapanui o mea o ka lākiō o ka hoʻoholo 'ana i ka haʻilula σ _T = τ _ke √3. Ma kekahi manawa i ana hōʻai'ē o ka paukūʻolokaʻa hāpana i loko o ka pakuhi ke kaumaha ma muli o ka maʻamau aʻo nui o ka elongation hiki aku ai a hiki i ka loaʻa mai o laila-kapa hua stress o ka niho, a laila he nihinihi anakahi uila e like ma mua o ka ho okumu ana o ke ea deformation.

No hoi, hou ulu o keia ei a hiki i ka kekahi waiwai ia lŘlŘ ma ka ikaika anakahi uila, a ua kapaia physical TP. Inā ka pele āpana (papamoe pauku kiʻi) i ka nui loa, ua kapaʻia maikaʻi loa-ea e like me ka mea. Inā ka pakuhi i ole pale, nā Eia kekahi laʻana kapaia e hoopaakiki. Ma keia hihia, he mea hiki ole i ke koho 'ia i ka kiko'ī cia ma a ea deformation ia lŘlŘ.

He aha ka ka hua ikaika?

E ka ike i ke ano o ke koho. Ma na wahi a ka stress kiʻikuhi ua ole i olelo ia kahua e pono e hooholo i ka conditional TP. Penei, ua nui o ke anakahi uila ma a he pili koena deformation like i 0.2 pakeneka. No ka ho omaulia i ke kiʻikuhi ma ka hoomaopopo ana anakahi uila (axis) ε mea pono e hookaulua like a like me ka 0.2. Mai keia wahi, lawe pololei laina laua i ka loiloi mua pauku. E like me ka hopena, ke kuʻina wahi o ka laina pololei a me ka pakuhi Ho'ākāka 'o ka waiwai o ka hooiaio stress no ka mau mea. No hoi, ua koho ua kapaia oaoieei-Fri. Eia kekahi, kaawale kaʻawale hua ikaika ma lalo o torsion a anuenue.

Ka mahele heheʻe i ka pele i kela

Kēia aiao e hoʻoholo i ka hiki ana i hoʻoheheʻeʻia metala, e hoʻopiha mai i ka laina shape. Ka mahele heheʻe i ka pele uku no ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia oka a pau a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia i kona manawa i loko o ka metallurgical hana - castability. I mea, ia mea i ka reciprocal o ka hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity). Ka International System o Units (Si) expresses loli pele ma ka Pa ^-1 * mau ^-1.

hope loa Tensile

E ka nana i keia ua pehea nānā 'ana i nā' ano o ka me mechanical waiwai. Ikaika pili i ka hiki ana o ka mea ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu a me loko o kekahi ike 'ole me ka fracturing. Mechanical waiwai pele nānā 'ia ma ke kumu o kaʻike mau nńnń sprains. No ka ho'āʻo ma hoʻohana maʻamau Eia kekahi laʻana. Hōʻike manaʻo i hoʻolako pono me ka mea i mooolelo o ka kiʻikuhi. E māhuahua wahie, ma ka oi o na kumu lula 'ea deformation i loko o ka huahana. Ka hua ikaika a me ka tensile ikaika ma kaʻoluʻolu o hoʻopili like i ka lani kiekie loa haawe, māhele ma mua o ka piha loa ana o ka hāpana. Ma ka lula ea Ke deformation o kekahi mau kumuhana e kālele ana ma luna o kekahi wahi ma kahi o ka he kūloko hou o ke kea pauku. Ua ua i kapaʻia ka'ā'ī. Ka hooulu ana a mauʻaoʻao i loko o ka mea ua hana ke kiʻekiʻe nuʻa o dislocations, a malaila e ai-kapaia germinal discontinuity. No ka mea, o ko lākou mau enlargements i loko o ka hāpana ka ili. Merging pu, ka mea hana i na mawae a nae transversely i ka iho (axis) o ka hohola ana. A i ka mea pilikia loa i ka hāpana ua pau luku.

He aha ka ke DC no ka nohona kiwikā o?

Mau huahana nō he integral hapa o ka ikaika pōhaku puna, destined kamaʻilioʻana i ka oukou pale ana i tensile koa. Ana hoʻohana kila laau ki, akā, ma laila nō 'ia. Mau huahana pono hana pu me ka hū o ka pōhaku puna ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka hoʻouka ole, koe nae keia e kukulu, mau nō a he ductile waiwai. A no hoi, e halawai i na olelo o ka industrialization o kēia mauʻano o ka hana ana. Ke ÿano waiwai o ke kila ia i loko o ka hana o ka nohona kiwikā, hoʻouka kekahi e like GOST a me oaoieei ana. GOST 5781-61 i nā eha papa o kēia mau huahana. Ka mea mua ekolu i manaoia no kaʻike mau manao, e like me Free o ka hoʻopilikia kaola i loko o prestressed nenoai. Tensile hua ikaika kilo ke kaumaha ma muli o ka huina hoonui papa ke hiki 6000 kg / ^cm2. Pela, ma keia mua papa aiao ke kaha 500 kg / knm ^2, o ka lua - 3000 kg / knm ^2, he kolu 4000 kg / knm ^2, a me ka ha - 6000 kg / knm ^2.

Hoʻohua mai ka ikaika o ke kila

No ka'ōwili ma ka walaʻauʻana AEI GOST 1050-88 PT ke koho kēia mau loina: A hehi ihola 20 - 25 kgf / mm o ^2, ka hoailona 30 - 30 kgf / mm o ^2, ka hoailona 45 - 36 kgf / mm o ^2. Eia naʻe, no ka mea, o ka ia kila, ua hanaʻia ma ka ae ma mua o ka consumer a me ka Hookah, ka hua stress ke i kekahi mau Hawaiʻi (ka mea ia GOST). Pela, ke kila papa ' 30 E i FR i nui mai ka 30 a hiki i 41 kgf / mm o ² a me ka hoailona ia 45 - ma ka laulā 38-50 kgf / mm o ^2.

ka hopena

Ma ke hoʻololi i nā kila kanu'ōiwi (hale, na alahaka, a pela aku) hua ikaika ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me he anakahi o ka ikaika hae i ka hana helu ana haawe Hawaiʻi niioaaonoaaiii hoakaka ia maluhia ololi. Akā, no ka wahi ma lalo o ka puʻuwai, o ka nui o ana e haawe he pōpilikia ma luna o ke kumu o ka Ut, like hoʻi me ka tensile ikaika, a me ka hoakaka hana ana.