Tsarist pūkaua Dukhonin: Kawaihae, ka make, a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Iloko o ke Kanawai Kauaʻulaʻula variously kapa extrajudicial make hoopai, e hoike ana i ka pana. Official ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka make hoailona iho e like "E pana aku!". Akā, he'ē aʻe malu keiki hookama nä hopuna e like me "E hoʻouna i ka hope aku." Ma ka haule ana o ka 1917 ua ka hopuna'ōlelo "E hoʻouna i loko o ka ke keʻena luna o General Dukhonin". E ka loaʻa mai ka mea i ka loa nui, o ka ke keʻena luna o a ka Bolsheviks hoouna kā lākou mau mōhai.

mōʻaukala kiʻi

pāʻani he kūlana loa hana i loko o ka turmoil o ka iwakalua kenekulia Lūkini mau Dukhonin. Ma November 1917, Dukhonin hoonoho Aha luna o ka Lūkini kaua. Na wahi aupuni, a pepehi aku la ia ia i ka wahi, ma ka manawa, ua hala. Lākou hou-loaʻa Bolshevik aupuni makemake e auhau ia ma luna o ka mau manaʻo nui o ka hana ana i ka maluhia me Kelemania, ma muli o kona kulana he keakea, a me ka hilahila capitulation aku ana no Rusia. Kēia hiki ole ke hoʻolimalima hale i General Dukhonin, kona Kawaihae hōʻike i kona kaua hikiwawe.

Hana Dukhonin Akuma ka o ka 1917 ma Mogilev kōmi 'ike ma ka moʻolelo Anati-kanaka a me ka counterrevolutionary. General hewa ia no ka hoolohe ana i na olelo hooholo o ka Bolshevik aupuni, i ka luna, e like me ka pono me ka poe koa, i hoohiki.

Ka mea e ma ka hana ana i kēia mau pāʻoihana, General Dukhonin hiki nae luku i ke alo, i kekahi manaʻo. General loaʻa wale ia iho ma ke alo o "ka poe kaua o ka pili aupuni adventurers" ka poe i lawe ka lanakila o ka'opi o ke aupuni, manao e luku i ka poe kaua koa, a plunge i ke aupuni i loko o anarchy Bolshevism. Nā papaha mau ua ilihune loa, akāʻo ia i hana ai a pau, ua hiki no ka mea i ho'ōla make. Nā hana koa a me ka,ʻAʻole eʻole ka make ana o General Dukhonin haawi i ka pono, e kahea aku ia ia i kekahi patriot oiaio o Rusia.

Kamalii mai, a Education

Nikolay Nikolaevich Duhonin i hānau i loko o Smolensk mokuna, December 13 (December 1, kahiko kaila) i ka 1876, i loko o ka ohana o na'lii. I ka 1894, ua pau kona mau haʻawina ma ka Vladimir koa kula i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o Kiev, a hele aku la i Moscow e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma ke kolu o ka Aleksandrovskoe kula. Ma hope o ua noho mai ka kulanui i ka 1896, Dukhonin lākou i heluʻia i loko o ka oihana hoʻonaʻauao kula i kekahi - ka General Staff Academy. I ka 1902, oia pau aʻo ma ka Academy, loaa i ke ano o ka poʻe kiaʻi, luna, a ua koke i hoʻohuiʻia i ka General Staff.

Koa 'oihana Dukhonin hoʻomohala loa hikiwawe loa. Kipaku makahiki lehulehu luna a me ka battalion, ma November 1904 lilo iho la oia i ka papa kiʻekiʻe hoʻi i ke kōkua o Staff Infantry Māhele. I ka 1906, ma Rotehama loaa i ke kolu o ka degere Papa Hanohano o St. Stanislaus a me St. Anne, a ua waeiaʻe papa kiʻekiʻe hoʻi i ke kōkua a pau i ka Kiev koa apana. Ma kona hiki 'ana ma Kiev, Dukhonin mare Kalikimaka Verner - nani a me ka hoʻonaʻauao aku i kaikamahine nana i ke kaikamahine o ka hanohano mai Kiev.

koke 'oihana

Ma ka haule ana o ka makahiki 1908 ma Rotehama hoomaka ae la e ao ana no kekahi mau sciences ma ka Kiev koa Kula. I ka 1911, ua hookoia i ke ano o ka colonel ma mua. Ma ka haule ana o ka makahiki 1912 Dukhonin hoi i ke keʻena luna, kahi āna i lilo i ka papa kiʻekiʻe hoʻi i ke kōkua.

Nikolai Nikolayevich, mai ka manawa mai o kona mau koa aʻo, i ka maikai pilina me General Alexeyev - luna o ka Apana ke keʻena luna. Alu like 'ana a me ka hui' ana me Alekseev i koe ma ka hoomanao o Nikolai Nikolaevich indelible mark. Alekseev, olelo mai o Dukhonin, kaulana i ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka professionalism o kona kookoo a me ka moʻomeheu.

I ke kauwela o 1913 Colonel Dukhonin i kaumaha aku ai i ka hele ana a hiki i kaʻoihana kaʻa o ka Austro-Hunakalia poʻe hao wale me he kilo. I ka manawa ia Europe ua hoʻomaka koke komo i ka First World War, a me Austria-Hungary haule mai me ka iniiaiie enemi o Rusia, keia holo ana ua oi ma mua o nui. Ana hoʻopau kona kii ana, Colonel loaa i ka Papa Hanohano o St. Vladimir o ka ha o ka degere, a laila mahuahua ma ka Kiev koa Circle - Luna Nui o ke akamai Māhele.

Ka First World War

I ka wā o ka First World War, Dukhonin i kauoha mai ai i ka papa kiʻekiʻe adjutant Oihana Quartermaster General Staff o ka Apana Army o ka Kiev koa apana. Army, i he lâlâ 'o ke kūkulu hema-hikina mai Front, i ka mahele o ka kaua o Galicia, i i paʻa mai August 5 a hiki i September 8, 1914. Ma Dukhonin hana me ke kāpiliʻana akamai. Me ka ia Colonel ke kuleana, oia Makuakane brilliantly. I loko o ka reconnaissance ma 1914 ma ka pā kaua o ko Przemysl o ko makou noho ana i ka meʻe o ka Papa o St. George i ka ha o ka degere.

Ka mea opiopio colonel hiki i noho i loko o ka ke keʻena luna, a ma ka 1915 ia Koi ikaika ma ka hoʻouna 'ia a hiki i ke alo. A i kohoia Dukhonin luna o ka 165 ko Infantry Regiment o Lutsk. Ia ma lalo o kana kauoha, ke regiment uhi i ka hee ana o ka 42nd Infantry Māhele i loko o nā kaua kokoke i ke kulanakauhale Mokreє (Ukrainian inoa). No ka 'oihana alakaʻi a me koa Dukhonin i hookoia i ka Papa Hanohano o St. George, ka manawa ke kolu o ka degere. Kēia ia nā kumu kāki ua he hanohano nui, no ka mea, i ka Papa Hanohano o ka lua o ke degere no ka manawa o ka First World War ua loaa eha wale.

Ma May 1916 Dukhonin lilo Quartermaster General Staff o ke Komohana Hema Front, a me ka pili hoʻi i ke kōkua i General Brusilov - Luna Nui o ka Front puali.

February kipi

Nā hanana o ka Feberuari,ʻOiʻenehana Nikolay Nikolaevich Duhonin reacted malau akula. He, i he sensible kanaka, i ike ole i ka hoolohe i ka mea hou aupuni a me ka hoʻonohonohoʻo Libena ma kaʻulaʻula armbands pointless a impractical i ka hua'ōlelo o nā koa 'ana. Mai 'oe i ka hana a lilo i ka' ē aʻe pūkaua (Miller a me Keller) Dukhoninʻae no ke kōkua 'ana me ke Aupuni Kuikawa, Positioning ia iho e like me ka hoopakele ana o ka aina, a i' elele o kekahi mau pono. Ma ka olelo a Kerensky, Dukhonin ua oluolu a me ka pono ke kanaka i ka mamao mai ka machinations pili aupuni. He ua, e like me Kerensky,ʻo ia ua kekahi o ka poe keiki na luna, ka poe i ma mai Petra Velikogo a me Suvorov no o ka lanakila, e, i waena o nā mea a pau, ke ano o ka mahalo i ka subordinates.

Ma May 1917, General Nikolai Dukhonin poai puni i ka ke keʻena luna o ke Komohana Hema Front. I kakahiaka Aukake o ka ia makahiki ana i lilo i lutanela-nui a me ka poʻe koʻikoʻi o nā limahana o ka Western Front. 10 September, ma hope o General Alexeyev haʻalele Dukhonin alakaʻi i ka Aha ke keʻena luna o Kerensky.

Eia mea, ua palapala mai Lutanela General Denikin ma Dukhonin "Kerensky, a loaʻa nā 'elele o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni aupuni a ka lehulehu i ka mea maikaʻi, ka mea, i ua e kali ana no pela lōʻihi. He ua he kanaka koa, a me ka 'oihana luna i hoole kekahi hoʻokaeʻili pili kalai aupuni. " Gen. Nikolai Dukhoninʻae i kekahi kūlana,ʻae nō hoʻi ka maopopo mua i kona mau manaʻo maikaʻi, a me ka ho'ōla i kona ola, e hoola ia i kona'āina hānau, wahi a Denikin.

Ka OctoberʻOiʻenehana

I kakahiaka October, General Dukhonin hoʻokani pololei i ke kūlana o ka "oaoieei-kuhikuhi", a i hana wale i ka hoomalu ana o ke Aupuni Kūikawā. By mea o Kerenskogo Nikolay Nikolaevich ia i unuhi kekahi mau ikaika koa naehana i loko o ka i kā mākou stress wahi. Hope, i ka Bolsheviks hakahaka razagitirovat kēia mau wahi a pau.

Ka wā ma Petrograd, hoomaka ae la October uprising, Gen. Nikolai Dukhonin hana ma Mogilev kūikawā pae no ka ōhumu o nā hanana ma ka lulu popilikia alo. Akā, pale aku i ka'opi o ka poe koa, a ma ia manawa i kona climax, ka mea, he mea hiki ole.

October 25, 1917 Dukhonin hoopii i ka poe koa, ho'āʻo ana e maopopo ia o ka mea hana i ka fatherland koi ia e hoʻokō 'ia ka pakiko, a me ka maluhia o ka naʻau, i ka ikaikaʻoihana ma luna o ka oihana keia oihana, a kōkua i ka noho aupuni ana. He hoouna aku i kekahi telegram no Petrograd koi i ka Bolsheviks koke ana i ko lakou mau hana, e haʻalele i mākaukau 'ana o ka mana a me ka hoolohe aku i ka Aupuni Kūikawā. I ole ia, i mai la ia, i ka poe koa e kākoʻo i kēia koi ma ka poe ikaika no lakou. I kekahi manawa i ka wa a ka poe koa i loa e hina a me na kēia kanaka Kelemānia ma ke West, lawe ka lanakila o keia, mea a pau aʻu i hiki ke hana, General, - hoʻouna 'na olelo hooweliweli e telegrams.

I ka po o November 26-27, e aʻo ana ma ka mea Kerensky i hoouna mai i ka "ikaika infantry paukū" Dukhonin pūkaua i manaoia e alo ia lakou "mau loea kapa kila hi." E like me ka hopena, i ka Bolshevik kaua koke mai, a hiki wawe ka lanakila i ka Winter Palace. Ma ke kakahiaka o ka 27th o Nikolai Nikolaevich au i hoʻouna aku iā ia i kekahi telegram e noi ana ia lakou e hooki aku i ko lakou ikaika hana, a me ka waiho ana i ke Aupuni Kūikawā. Ma hope o kekahi mau hola me ka uku hoʻoholo koa Komite, e lawe ana, e kōkua Moscow. I ole e hiki i berita me ka poe koa Komite kakahiaka Dukhonin i hōʻike 'ia ma ka telegraph October 29 ia A. Kaledin, a noi aku la ia ia e pili ana i ka manawa kūpono e hoouna aku i ke kapikala o ke Don Cossacks paukū e kinai i ka uprising ma Moscow, a hoomau iho la oia i ka hele ana ma luna o Petrograd. General Dukhonin pane i ole kali.

Ke kūlana o ka Aha he Alihikaua

A hiki aku i ka hele ana ma Petrograd pii ole mai, ma o Nowemapa 1, Kerensky i ka po Dukhonin i kauoha mai ai Aha luna, no ka mea, o ka mea e hele aku i loko o Petrograd. General e hoike ana i ka poʻe ma luna o kona hookohu ia, hoolale ia lakou e malama i ko lakou wahi. Nowemapa 1 Dukhonin loaa i ka palapala mai Kornilov, ma a Pohon G. Nui hoʻomanaʻo aʻela i ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka hana i haule iho ai i kona mau poohiwi, a ma ka pono no ka paʻa o kona manaʻo 'ana e hoʻonohonoho i ke kaua e kū'ē i ka hiki mai anarchy.

Gen. Nikolai Dukhonin hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu nui weliweli mākou e manaʻo mai i ka hope, aole i mua o ke alo. He nānāʻana iā ia i kona aie, e kākoʻo i ke Aupuni Kuikawa, e like me ka mea wale kupono mana. Makau i ka inoa maikaʻi e like me ka papa kuhikuhi culprit o ke Kanawai War, oia i kaupalena i loko o kona mau hana. Ke High, e kauoha aku i ia manaʻo kona e pili ana i ke Kanawai War, ka wā i puka mai i mea e hooki aku i ka poe koa, neʻe ma Petrograd. Kumu pili Dukhonin kū'ē i ka Bolshevik ke aupuni, akā, ma ka mea ana i ua wale.

Nov. 7 luna o ka poʻe koa aliʻi Dukhonin loaa kekahi mea mai ka 'Aha o People ka Commissars, e like me ka mea āna i hoopii ai i na alihi o kaʻenemi puali, a kaumaha aku ia lakou e hooki aku kaua, a noho iho la ma ka negotiatingʻaina. Ma keia hihia, i ka 'ike a pau, mai nā naʻe ka mea, he e hoolilo i ka Smolny. A hiki i ka Bolsheviks haawi aku i ka mea, ka mea, ua ku i ka mau manao. Ole, e like me ka mea e manao ia mea, i kumu e ike Dukhonin kona enemi, a no ia mea, he enemi o na kanaka.

Ike i ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ke kulana, 8 November tsarist mau Dukhonin a pau ka lā manao e pili ana ia. E like me ka hopena, ua hoʻoholo e pāʻani no ka manawa, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka mea ana i Radio manaʻo ma na rula, ua hoopuka ia i ke kauoha. Dukhonin telegraphed ka War Kuhina i ka nānaina o ka kūikawā manaʻo nui radiogram ia i hiki ole e hoʻoholo ma luna o kona maʻiʻo, no ka mea, 'aʻole i loaʻa i ka lā a me ka helu.

fateful kahea

Bolshevik nei General Dukhonin i hele mai e hoao. Night mai ka 8 a hiki i 9 November, o ka 'Aha o People ka Commissars i loko o ke kino o Lenin, Stalin a me Krylenko i kapaia o Duhonininu e möakäka hou kona kulana e pili ana i ka hooko kauoha. Ka pūkaua hoomaka ae la i kona pane ma ka olelo ana i na People ka Commissars noi paha ka Allies 'aelike i ka maluhia i mea kamaʻilio. He lailaʻia maila kona mau mea mahuʻi i ka Bolsheviks hiki ole 'ana negotiate me ka Allies, a nolaila, e pono ai i ka' elele o ka kikowaena aupuni. Commissars i i kākau manaʻo ma luna o nā māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana o General a wale ninau aku la au i ka haawi aku i ka definite pane ana i na kauoha, a hooko i ka mea i makaukau.

Gen. Nikolai Dukhonin hōʻole, e hooko i ka olelo o ka Bolsheviks. E like me ka hopena,ʻo ia i kī. Mai ka manawa mua, e puku i ka Aha he Alihikaua ua i kekahi,ʻo ia i koe i loko o kona kulana a hiki i ka huli i he moho kupono. Soon, i kona wahi i hele mai i ka hae Krylenko.

Ma hope o ka po o ka kelepona kamailio ana me na luna o ka Bolsheviks, General Nikolai Nikolaevich Dukhonin manao i ka People ka Commissars, i ua ole maopopo hoʻomaopopo manao e ho'āʻo e negotiate ma ke Alii, hāʻawi me ke kuleana koa mana.

Hooholo ma ka hui ana o ka truce

November 10 ka mea i hoike ia ma Mogilev Bolsheviks ae e hoopae ia e komo i loko o lākou iho truce me kaʻenemi,ʻaʻole hoʻolālā ma o ka apono ia ana o, e olelo oe. ʻO ke kūkā 'Ua' ae 'e komo koho kino, e hoʻomaka ana me ka mea mau Komite. A wale nō i loko o ka hōʻailona o ka Armistice OAXA aelike ka mea, ua i laweʻuwao i ke aupuni. Ka mea, ua ka mua manawa ma ka honua mōʻaukala, ka wā i kēia mea i hoʻohana i ka truce. Ke aʻo 'ana i keia, Dukhonin ua kāhāhā. He ike ia ma keia kulekele lanakila o ka anarchy a me ka huina'opi o statehood. i hoolohe ole ai i ke ano nui i ka olelo hooholo o SNK, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i ka mea ike i kekahi poe koa ma hope o kekahi.

November 13, me ka hou Aha alihikaua Krylenko hiki i loko o Dvinsk, kahi o ka poe koa i hoʻonoho hapalima o ka Hawaiian Front. I kekahi lā, i kāna 'elele komo naʻe me ka noho luna ana o Hawaii,' aʻe ke kuleana, e like me ka Ally o Rusia. November 15 Dukhonin pono nō ia ma mua o ka lanakila hope ma ka German ka mokunaʻo ia e hana nā mea a pau i Rusia hookoia kona pono i ka Allies.

Aka hoi, General Nikolay Nikolaevich Duhonin ike, e olelo oe lā i heluia. ia noi I ke kamailio ana me General Shcherbachov ka hope e e paa ia ma ka Aha he Alihikaua, ina me ia iho i kekahi mea hana. Ma muli o Shcherbachev waiho aku Dukhonin neʻe GHQ i Kiev. Ma ia manawa ua i loko o ka mana, ka Central Rada, a i ole ike i ka Soviet aupuni. Hookahi Nikolai Nikolaevich i aʻo aku Lt. Gen. Lukomsky.

Ma ka hopena, hoomaka ae la 18 November, e olelo oe? Aaiuo e haʻalele iā ia, akā, i ka luna noho iho la. E aʻo i loko o ka lua kupapaʻu e e kapa kila hua lole me na revolutionaries, ka mea ike i ka hopena o ka, e olelo oe hoʻoholo ma mua ia. I kekahi lā, i ka wa a na luna o ka mua battalions hele mai, e ku ana no ka pili, Dukhonin kena ae, e haʻalele i ke kulanakauhale ia. He i ole makemake fratricide. Ma ka po o November 20, ka luna hoouna aku, e Bykhov kā lākou nāʻelele ma ka mea, e hoʻokuʻu General Kornilov a me kona mau hoa hana. All hele pono, a me ia po Waiho hamama wale lakou i ke kulanakauhale. Ka loa ua General Nikolai Dukhonin aole lakou i manao i ka holo. He hoʻokomo akula i kona makemake e hopuia paha i pana aku ai, akā, i hanaʻia e hiki mai ana i kela aoao o ke ahiahi, i kaʻino Time].

I ka make ana o General Dukhonin

November 20 General Krylenko hiki ma Mogilev, e lawe ma luna o ka lāʻau kū o ka Aha luna Dukhonin. Nikolai Krylenko hoʻoholo ole, e kali i loko o ka ipu, e olelo oe hale, kahi ona e waiho ana ma kekahi manawa ke lilo i luahi o ke koa ka lynching. Moʻa ma sīwila kapa, hele aku la ia i ke koa e loaʻa-i-lima hoolilo i ka hihia i kona "hope", akā, i ka la mahope, hele aku la i ke kulanakauhale. A laila, ma Rotehama hele aku la i ka commandant o ka huakaʻi, e kakali Krilenko ia ia. Hapalua ka hola ma hope, i ka lono i Dukhonin e noho ana i loko o ka huakaʻi koke kuai a pau ma luna o ka wahi. e pili ana i kaʻa koke i ka nui o ke kaua i nā kānaka, i ka poe hiki ke hoomaalili i ka ardor o wale i ka helehelena o Krylenko. Akā,ʻaʻole no ka lōʻihi.

General Dukhonin, kiʻi i e ole oko maikai quality, hoʻolauna iā ia iho, a ho'āʻo i ka olelo a me kona hope, akā, ia ia i lohe. Krylenko a pau i ka noonoo ana i hoʻomōhala i ka unruly kanaka, ka poe i makemake e hoopai Dukhonin. Kekahi luina i loaa i loko o ke kaʻa, a unceremoniously, kipaku Krylenko, UOAN e kaula kāohi ma kaʻaoʻao. A hiki aku i ke kulana o loa mai o ka hooponopono, Dukhonin hele mai i ka poe kanaka, i ka i ana, "E makemake e ike General Dukhonin? I Like ma ke alo o oe. Aʻu i hele aku ai i ... ". General e ke hoʻokō 'ia ia i haawiia mai. He Ua ku ia ma ke kua me ka'Elau, a hemo aku la lakou i ka hale. Brutally weluwelu ia ma ka mau kino, na luina hele aku la i ke kulanakauhale, e pepehi i kana wahine. I ka wa a ka poe kanaka wāwahi i loko o kekahi keʻena mau, kana wahine ua,ʻaʻole ma kona home. Natalia ua i loko o ka ekalesia, ma kahi a ke loaʻa ka hoa. E olelo ana pehea i make ai ka luna koa Dukhonin loira Natalia peʻe ma ka hale.

Ma hope, AI Denikin, ka mea i ole he peahi o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni kuko Dukhonin, akā, ua ia aie i kona ola, i mai la ia ma Rotehama ua he pono ke kanaka, ka mea i ike i ka pā o ke koa o ka aie i loko o ka maka o kaʻenemi. "Akā, i waena o kēia mauʻokoʻa a pau o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni Nikolai hopelessly pioloke" - ia summed i Denikin.

By November 21 ke kulana ua normalized ma Mogilev. Krylenko ua hiki ke hooki i ka lynchings, a hoʻouka mālama 'ia hoʻi i nā meaʻano nui. Ma kana mau kauoha i waiho Dukhonin kino i loko o ka pahu, a lawe i ke koa hale. Ma ke kakahiaka ma laila ma lalo o koa hele Natalia. I ka 'elele o ka hou Aha luna i ia i ka pahu, a lawe mai condolences mai Krylenko alo aku. General ia ia iho iʻaʻole iʻikeʻia ma luna o ka wahine kāne make i ka maka. Aia i kekahi mana e like me a Dukhonin kino i kūʻaiʻia i kāna wahine i loko o kipi luina, haawi ma Kiev, a kanu iho la i kekahi a me kūloko cemeteries. O ia ka leo o kona moʻolelo pau General Dukhonin. I ka hale kupapaʻu o Nikolai Nikolaevich makahiki 1934 o ia ma Lukyanovka ilina i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o Kiev.

Ka mea, koe wale no ka hui ana ma 21 Nowemapa i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o Brest-Litovsk, ka Bolsheviks hoomaka ke kūkā 'ana ma ka hopena o ka Brest maluhia, i hiki ole ke ho'ākāka' ia e like me ka hilahila. Hope Loipālākiō, akā, loa kekahi kaʻao ka keʻakeʻa nei ma General Dukhonin maka i kāohi eliminated.

ka hopena

General Dukhonin, kona Kawaihae i ke kumuhana o ko makou noho ana, kekahi o ka loa lono kaumaha huahelu o ka Lūkini turmoil o ka iwakalua kenekulia. Ua hōʻike mai ana i hiki ole ia mea ia ia i hoopakele aeʻoiaʻiʻo o ka'āina - pono a me ka onipaa. Ka hopuna'ōlelo, "aku ai i ka ke keʻena luna o General Dukhonin" pili me ka make hilahila i ka lima o ka ooloku Mob hoomaopopoia ka Avengers. Akā, e oe hoʻowahāwahāʻia ia iho Dukhonin i manao ai, e hele i kona hele hope?