Uila ke kālaikūlohea: e manaʻo ai, ka hoao ana, pa alima

Uila ke kālaikūlohea - ka kekahi me i ke ehuehu ma kela mea keia mea o mākou. Ma kēia 'atikala e nānā mākou i ke kumu o manaÿo pili me ia.

He aha ka uila? No ka mea uninitiated kanaka ua pili me ka uila a me ka ikehu lako TV a me ka holoi mīkini. He ike ana i ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka pila nui uila. He aha aʻe hiki ia hai? About mākou kaukaʻi ma ka uila e e hoʻomanaʻo mana laina. Kekahi ke kuhikuhi aku i kekahi mau 'ē aʻe examples.

Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka uila, he nui 'ē aʻe, emi ahuwale, akā, maʻamau oʻike manaʻo. Me ka a pau o ia mākou mai i ke kālaikūlohea. Uila (hana, wehewehe a me nā papakuhikuhi) mākou hoʻomaka e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma ke kula. A me ke aʻo i ka hailona o ka hoihoi 'mea. Ua huli mai, i ka pepehi ana naʻau, holo 'âlapa, e hiamoe ana keiki, a lana iʻa - a pau paha uila ikehu.

Electrons a me protons

Mākou hoakaka i ke kumu o manaÿo. Mai ka viewpoint o ke nä känaka 'epekema, uila ke kālaikūlohea pili me ka neʻeʻana o nā electrons a me nā kauoha (particles) i loko o kekahi mau waiwai. No laila, i ka 'epekema ka naʻauao o ke ano o ka kŰia o ka ukupanee i mai hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka iliwai o ka ike e pili ana i nā'ātoma a me kā lākou mau constituent subatomic (particles). Ke ki nei a hiki i keia naʻauao ka moku electrons. Nā'ātoma o kekahi waiwai ec i kekahi a oi electrons neʻe ana ma kekahi orbits puni ka Kora naʻEsau, e like me ka Honua orbits a puni ka la. Nō kāu, i ka helu ana o electrons i loko o ka'Ātoma mea like me ka helu ana o protons i loko o ka nucleus. Eia naʻe, hiki ke noʻonoʻo protons, i nunui kaumaha ia ma mua o electrons me inā waiho aku ma ka waena konu o ka'Ātoma. He loa Nohie kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma Ua lawa e wehewehe i nā kumu o ke ana o naʻike manaʻo like uila ke kālaikūlohea.

He aha aʻe 'oe pono e ike? Nā electrons a me protons i ka ia nui loa uila malama (akā, o ke alo o ka hoailona), no laila, i ka mea, i o Laielohelohe i kekahi i kekahi. kauoha o ka proton mea maikaʻi, a me ka huina'ine - io. Atom ka huina'ine mea oi aku ia mamua a emi ma mua o mau, kapa ion. Inā ka'Ātoma mea,ʻaʻole lawa, ka mea, ua kapaʻia he maikaʻi ion. Inā e loaʻa i koe o lakou, ka mea, ua kapaʻia he io ion.

I ka electrons haʻalele i ka'Ātoma e loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau maikaʻi kauoha. Huina'ine devoid o kona ku pono ana i - he proton paha e neʻe aku i kekahi'Ātoma, a hoi mai i ka mua.

No ke aha la electrons koe ka'Ātoma?

Kēia mea ma muli o ia mau kumu. Ka loa, he pono ole o ka mea i lalo o ka impulse o ka malamalama a me kekahi mawaho huina'ine i loko o ka'Ātoma neʻe huina'ine hiki ke kipaku mai kona ka Astronomical. Heat kumu na nā'ātoma e oscillate wikiwiki. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka electrons hiki ke kinoea mai kona'Ātoma. Ma Nine Inch reactions, ka mea, hoi neʻe mai'Ātoma e'Ātoma.

A kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi o ka pilina o Nine Inch a me ka uila aayoaeuiinoe o na nāʻiʻo haawi mai iā mākou. Lākou mau olona, aelike ka wā ka uila neaiae, mai ka'emi ko kahua. Uila au i stimulates ka Nine Inch reactions. Ka mea i alakai i ka ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o Muscle. pinepine mawaho pou no lepa i hoʻohana 'ia artificially hoʻoulu Muscle hope.

conductivity

Ma kekahi mau waiwai electrons ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mawaho uila kahua neʻe aku i oi ka 'elele i mua o ka' ē aʻe. Ka mea, e olelo aku i ka mea i maikai conductivity. Ka mea, i kapaʻia conductors. Mau nā loa i eliiaʻi, wela kinoea a me kekahi kinowai. Air, laholio a me ka aila, a me ka polyethylene aniani mai i hoʻomaka uila. Ka mea, i kapaʻia insulators, a ua hoʻohana no ka'īpale ka maikai conductors. Maikaʻi insulators (loa,ʻaʻole e mālama nei i kaʻikena) hakuʻole. Ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu, electrons hiki ke wehe 'ia mai kekahi'Ātoma. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO, naʻe, i kēia mau ana i ai paʻakikī i ka hana ana mai o ka mea hiki wahi o ka hoomaopopo, e like me ka waiwai hiki ke noʻonoʻo like 'ole-lawelawe.

Noho ike me ka 'epekema e like me ke kālaikūlohea (pauku "uila"), ke aʻo nei makou aia no he kūikawā pūʻulu o ka waiwai. It semiconductors. Ka mea, e hoi kekahi kumu me ka dielectric, a me kekahi - like conductors. Mau nā, ma ka nui, nā: germanium, silikone, a me ke keleawe'okesaside. Manawa i kona waiwai a semiconductors loaa nui ai. No ka laʻana, ka mea i lilo he uila kiwikā: e like paikikala Turo kiwikā o ia mau hiʻohiʻona nō i ka 'āhewa' ana hoʻoneʻe i loko o kekahi ao ao wale. Ia mau manaʻo i kapaia rectifiers. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o'āhihi Radio pa alima, a ua nui ka mana mea kanu, e hoohuli AC i DC.

Heat mea he chaoticʻano o ka neʻeʻana mai o nā lātoma a me nā'ātoma a me ka wela - ana o ka nui o ka neʻeʻana (ma ka hapanui ke hooheheeia ma lalo o ka neʻeʻana o ka huina'ine mahana i looser). Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka ia'ku i noa neʻe o electrons emi me ka hōʻemiʻana ana wela. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka conductivity o ka metala, piʻi pū.

superconductivity

Ma kekahi mau waiwai i loa haʻahaʻa mahana, ia'ku e kahe ana o ka electrons loa ke kino a me na electrons hoʻomaka e neʻe ka mea mau loa. O kŰia ua kapaia superconductivity. Ma ke ana wela i kekahi mau degere ma luna loa 'Aʻohe (- 273 ° C) ka mea, ua malama i ke hooheheeia e like me ke tina, ke kēpau pōkā, Aluminum, a me ka niobium.

Van De Graaff mīkini hana wāwahie

Ka maʻamau ka loaʻa o keʻano o ka ho okolohua me ka uila. Aia mozhestvo nā mīkini uila? Ueony, kekahi o a mākou makemake i ka elaborate. The van De Graaff accelerator ua hoʻohana 'ia e loaaʻi superhigh anakahi uila. Inā he mea i loaʻa i ka oi o ke 'oluʻolu Ion, e hoʻokomo i loko o ka ipu, a laila, ma luna o ka loko ili o ka hope, e lilo electrons, a ma luna o ka mawaho - ka hookahi dala o ka maikaʻi Ion. Inā e hoʻopā aku i ka pahale ili o ka i hoopiiia e hoopii mai ai, a laila ia e kekahi, a pau i ka noa electrons. Ma ka mawaho o ka maikaʻi 'āhewa' ana i koe.

Ma ka van De Graaff maikaʻi Ion, mai ke kumu i pili i ka mea hoʻoili kāʻei holo ana i loko o ka'ōlinolino poepoe. Leki i pili i ka pā ili o ka poepoe ma ke alakaʻi mele i loko o ka palapala o ka lapa. Nā electrons kahe mai ka pahale ili o ka poepoe. Ma kaʻaoʻao ma waho ona ikea maikaʻi Ion. Ke hookoia hiki ke hoʻokāʻoi 'ma ka hoʻohana' ana i nā nā mīkini uila.

uila au i

Ma ke kula ke kālaikūlohea papa ia ka loaʻa o ia i kekahi mea me ka pila nuiʻikena. He aha ka mea? Ka uila pono no i ka mea noi ana i ka pila 'āhewa' ana. I ka wa a ka uila kukui pili ana i ka o na pu ki, ua huli ia, he pele ma ka uea, mai kekahi laau o ka pu ki aloha a hiki i ka ipukukui, laila, ma kona lauoho, ma o na la ia e glow, a huli hoʻi i ka lua o ka uea i ka 'ē aʻe kaupoku o ka pu ki. Inā 'oe e huli i ke kuapo, e wehe i ka huakai kaapuni - he kalepa ae la lakou mahana a me ka malamalama hele mai.

Ke noi o electrons

O kēia i loko o ka hapanui o na hihia o ka kauoha ka noi o na electrons ma ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ana me ke alakaʻi mele. All conductors a me kekahi'ē aʻe 'ona mau i hoʻomaka ai i kekahi mau moʻolelo kaulele lākou mau ana, a ina ka he' aʻole i kahe. Nā electrons i loko o ka waiwai hiki e kŘpa a noa, a me ka ikaika palapala hoopaa. Good conductors i noa electrons hiki ke neʻe. Akā, me ka ilihune conductors paha insulators, o ka hapa nui o kēia mau (particles) ua lawa ka paa i pili i nā nā'ātoma i ua ālai 'i ko lakou ana.

I kekahi manawa, ma kona ano maoli paha artificially hana i loko o ke alakaʻi mele noi o electrons i loko o ka kekahi ao ao. Kēia pele ua kapaʻia a me ka pila nui kŰia. Ua Ua ana i loko o amperes (A). O kēia nā moku halihali mokulele i kekahi malama like Ion (i loko o kinoea a me kākoʻo pāʻoihana) a me ka "puka" (ka nele ana o electrons i loko o kekahi mauʻano o semiconductors. Recent hele like ikaika i hoopiiia nā moku halihali mokulele o ka uilaʻikena. E puʻe anei na electrons e hoʻoneʻe i loko o kekahi olelo a me kekahi, koi 'ia i ka poe ikaika no lakou. Ma ke ano maoli, kona kahi i e: waiū i ka lń,ʻume mākenēki 'ole a me ka Nine Inch reactions kekahi o ia e hoʻohana i ka paka uila pono ana no keia mea i: .. mīkini hana wāwahie hoʻohanaʻume mākenēki loa, a hehee ai (o na pu ki), i ka hope o ka i mea ku pono i ka Nine Inch reactions, He mau manaʻo, e pili ana i ka electromotive ikaika (EMF) kumu electrons e hoʻoneʻe i kekahi ala e hiki aku ma ke kaula, ka nui o ka emf ua anaia mai ka manawa i loko o volts (V), kēia mau mea i ka walaʻauʻana naehana o ka mana ana.

I ka nui o ka EMF a me kaʻikena e interconnected like puʻe, a kahe ana i loko o ka wai. Wai paipu i mau piha i ka wai ma lalo o ka kekahi puʻe, akā, i hoʻomaka ai ka wai e kahe ana wehe wale i ka wa o ka nohona kiwikā o ua.

Like me, ka pou kaapuni i e pili ana i kekahi kumu o ka electromotive ikaika, akā, i ka he i loko ona, aole ia e kahe like loa i ole ia e hookupaaia ala ma i electrons hiki ke neʻe. Ka mea hiki ia, no ka laʻana, he uila kukui a holo wahine holoi, ke kuapo 'aneʻi Radio ke kūlana o ka manu'ū, "i produces"ʻikena.

Ka lākiō ma waena o kaʻikena a me ka anakahi uila

E like me ke anakahi uila, piʻi pū, a me kaʻikena ka ulu ana i loko o ka huakai kaapuni. Këia ke kālaikūlohea holo ana, ua ike i ka mea, i mai o kekahi mau kekahi mau pauku pou i puhi ai: IeAUPIIe, IAa IO OIeEOEIeAeEIIe kaula a me ka hoʻomākaukauʻia - consumer o ka uila. Ka mea, i nā mea a pau pili pu, i ia'ku i ka uila pono, a (holoholo ana wela a eia i) 'aʻole e hoʻololi i ole me ka manawa, akā, no kela a me keia o ia mea okoa no kēia mau eiiiiiaiou. No ia mea, ina o ka ia anakahi uila ua pili i ke kukui, a me ka hao, ke kahe ana o electrons ma kela a me keia o na mea e e okoa no o ko lākou okoa e kū'ē'ē mai. Nolaila, o ka he e kahe ana ma kekahi mau kaapuni hapa me ka nānā 'ole wale anakahi uila, akā, i ka ia'ku o conductors a me na manao ona.

Ohm ka kanawai

Ka uila ia'ku ua anaia mai ka manawa i loko o ohms (ohm) i loko o ka 'epekema e like me ke kālaikūlohea. Uila (haʻilula wehewehena hoʻokolohua) - palahalaha kumuhana. ʻAʻole mākou e hōʻike luna 'nā papakuhikuhi. No ka mea mua mau makamaka, a me ke kumuhana e maona ai i ua olelo mai ma luna. Eia naʻe, he haʻilula ia mea waiwai, e lawe mai. He He Snap. No kekahi alakaʻi mele a me ka'ōnaehana pūnaewele o conductors a me nā mea i pili ma waena o ke anakahi uila, he a me ka ia'ku ua haawiia e: anakahi uila =ʻikena m ea. Kēia mea he kaha makemakikaʻa o Ohm ka kānāwai, i oleloia ma ka hanohano o Georg Ohm (1787-1854 GG.), Ka mea o ka mea mua, e hookupaa aku i ka pilina ma waena o kēia mau ekolu kiko'î.

Uila ke kālaikūlohea - he loa hana hoihoi lālā o ka 'epekema. Mākou ua noonoo wale i ke kumu o manaÿo pili me ia. Oe i ka uila i, ka mea, pehea ua hana. Mākou manaʻolana i kēia 'ike mea pono ia oe.