XIX. 'Ike e pili ana i ka' ole o ka'Ātoma: nā 'ano a me ka' o ka haʻilula

Atom - o ka uuku huna o ka Nine Inch waiwai, i mea hiki ke malama i kona waiwai. Ka hua'ōlelo "'Ātoma" ua loko mai o ka olelo Helene, o «atomos», a 'o ia hoʻi "undivided". . Ke kaumaha ma muli i ka nui o a me ka ano o ka (particles) mea i loko o ka'Ātoma, ua hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka Nine Inch hehee ai.

Pokole e pili ana i ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma

Pehea la e hiki ai oe pokole helu i ke kumu o ka 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o ka'Ātoma? An'Ātoma mea he huna me ka nucleus e ikaika i hoopiiia. A puni keia kāna mau 'ōlelo ua manaʻo negatively hoopiiia ao o electrons. Kēlā me kēia'Ātoma i loko o kona maʻamau moku'āina'ākilikai. Ka nui o na (particles) e loa e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ka nui o ka huina'ine ao e poai puni i ka Kora naʻEsau.

Ke Kernel hoʻi, ma ka huli, kekahi oia o liʻiliʻi (particles) - protons a me neutrons. Protons i ikaika i hoopiiia. Neutrons mai e lawe i kekahi kauoha. Naʻe, i ka protons a me neutrons pu e hui i loko o ka hookahi waeʻano, a uaʻikeʻia me nucleons. . Inā 'oe Pono kumu o ka' ike e pili ana i ka'ātoma 'ole pokole, ua' ike paha e kaupalena 'ia ka helu' ikepili.

Ka mua 'ike e pili ana i ka'Ātoma

Ma kahi o ka ia, i ka mea hiki ke haku o ka liʻiliʻi (particles), mahuʻi mua ma ke kahiko o Helene. Lakou i manaoio aku ai i nā mea a pau i nei ua haku o nā'ātoma. Eia naʻe, e like me ka manao i hoʻokahi wale nō philosophical ma ka ano a me ka ole hiki ke 'ano ua scientifically.

Ka mua kumu o ka 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o ka'Ātoma ua he English nä känaka 'epekema Dzhon HaleakaLā. Ua hooponopono iho i na kanaka noiʻi i ka imi i mau Nine Inch oihana mua ke komo i loko o kekahi ka lākiō., A me kahi kēlā na hui malu pu ana, e ia i ka hou waiwai. No ka laʻana, ewalu māhele o oxygen hehee wale paha i ka carbonicʻakika kinoea. Ka eha mau māhele o ka o oxygen - kalapona monoxide.

I ka 1803, HaleakaLā loaa ka ai-i kapaia kānāwai o mau huliāmahi kēia i loko o kemika. . Ma keʻano o kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe ana (mai laila, hiki ole ke wehe ole'Ātoma ma lalo o ka laila microscopes) Daltons manao i ka pili kaumaha o nā'ātoma.

puni noiʻi Rutherford

Ua aneane he kenekulia hope, ke kumu o ka 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o nā'ātoma i hoopaa e kekahi English chemist - Ernest Rutherford. Ke nä känaka 'epekema i manaoia he kumu hoʻohālike o ka huina'ine iwi o ka mea uuku (particles).

I ia manawa, Rutherford i kapaia "planetary kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma" i kekahi o ka mea nui a me ke kapuai i hiki ke hana kemika. XIX. 'Ike e pili ana i ka'ātoma' ole hoike mai ia ia mea i 'ano like me ka poe lń: a puni ka nucleus ma ka pono-i ho'ākāka' orbits revolve electrons (particles), e like me hana i ka Honua ma ka.

Electronic pōkā pū nā'ātoma a me nā'ātoma o Nine Inch oihana mua o ka haʻilula

Huina'ine iwi o kēlā me kēia'Ātoma kekahi e like me na electrons i mau protons i loko o kona nucleus. Ua nolaila mea he'ākilikai'Ātoma. I ka 1913, kekahi nä känaka 'epekema loaa i ke kumu o ka' ike e pili ana i ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma. Niels Bohr ka haʻilula ua like me ka kekahi i ua Rutherford. E like me ka manaʻo, me ka electrons puni ka nucleus, i ua aia i loko o ka waena. Bohr Hoʻololi 'Rutherford ka kumumanaʻo, i ke aloha i loko o kona kūʻiʻo.

Oia laila, i ka haʻilula o kekahi Nine Inch waiwai i i. No ka laʻana, ka mea kiʻikuhi 'ole o ka naikokene'Ātoma ua denoted like 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^3, he' ole kaheaia ma ka haʻilula o ka paʻakai'Ātoma ² 2s 1s ² 2p ⁶ 3s ^1. Ma kēia mau nā papakuhikuhi hiki ke ike, i ka nui o ka electrons neʻe ana ma orbitals kēlā o ka ua Nine Inch.

Schrödinger kükohu

Akā, laila, i kēia'ātoma kükohu mea OOAOAaXUEIE. XIX. 'Ike e pili ana i ka' ole o ka'Ātoma, i ike i ka 'epekema i keia la, ma na mea he nui i ka mahalo i loaʻa mai i ke aloha i ka noiʻi o ka'Aukekulia physicist Schroedinger.

He manao i ka hou kumu hoʻohālike o kona 'ole - o ka nalu. Ma ia manawa,ʻepekema i hoao i ua hāʻawi mai huina'ine me ole wale i keʻano o ka huna, akā, inā paʻa i ka ÿike o nä hawewe.

Naʻe, i ka Schrödinger kükohu a me Rutherford ka mea, he mau ai. Ka mea, e like ma ka pähola 'ana electrons nei ma kekahi pae.

no hoi ia pae i kapaia uila papa. Me ke kōkua o ka pae helu hiki ke wehewehe aku ma ka huina'ine ikehu. Ke kiekie ae o ka ahu iho la, i ka nui ikehu ka mea, inā paʻa. All pae i manaoia e ia, mai ka lalo mai, no laila, i kaʻilikai helu hoʻopili like i kona ikehu. Kēlā me kēia no nā papa ma ka huina'ine iwi o ka'Ātoma i kona mau iiaciiie-pae. Ke'ī mai i ka pae mua e lilo kekahi sublayer, ka lua - elua, i ke kolu o ka - (., E luna haʻilula lolouila naikokene a me ka paʻakai) ekolu, a no laila, ma luna o.

O liʻiliʻi (particles)

Ma keia wahi, o ka papa, i nanaia e uuku (particles) ma mua o ka huina'ine, proton a me ka neutron. Ua ua ike i ka proton ua i mai o quarks. Aia nō i liʻiliʻi (particles) o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa - e like me neutrinos, i ka nui o ka haneri manawa uuku ma mua o ka quark, a me ka ieeeea manawa uuku ma mua o ka proton.

Neutrino - he huna ai uuku ia ia septillionov 10 mau manawa emi o, no ka laʻana, Tyrannosaurus. Tyrannosaurus iho i na manawa he uuku ma mua o ka holoʻokoʻa observable ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

XIX. 'Ike e pili ana i ka' ole o ka'Ātoma: ka radioactivity

Uaʻike mauʻia ia i kekahi o ka Nine Inch naoh hiki ole e huli i kekahi hehee ai i loko o kekahi. Akā, i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka pāhawewe ia ka hana i spontaneously.

Radioactivity o ka hiki ana o ka'ātoma nuclei e hoʻololi i loko o nā nuclei - oi? Oiy. I ka poʻe loaa kumu o ka 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o nā'ātoma, isotopes, i kekahi mau mea i hiki ia i keʻano o ka moe o medieval alchemists.

Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o isotopes kinoea ma radioactive pāhawewe. No ka mea manawa mua ia o ka kŰia i loaa e Becquerel. I ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano o ka pāhawewe - o ka Alpha ka palaho. I ka loaʻa o ka ea puka o Alpha (particles). Aia Ua hoi he Hoʻokolohua palaho, ma i ka kāna mau 'ōlelo ua kipaku ia mai ka'Ātoma, niioaaonoaaiii, Hoʻokolohua huna.

Natural a me kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni isotopes

Ma keia manawa ua ike no ma kahi o 40 maoli isotopes. Ka hapa nui o ia ke aupuni 'o ekolu waeʻano: uranium-radium, thorium a me ka actinium. A pau o kēia mau isotopes hiki ke loaʻa ma ka ano - i ka pōhaku, lepo, ea. Akā, kaawale mai ia lakou, ka mea, ua kekahiʻike e pili ana i ke tausani mahi isotopes i hua mai la i ka nukelea reactors. . He nui o kēia mau isotopes hoʻohana ma ka lapaau, o ka oi aku i loko o kaʻike,.

Huliāmahi kēia i loko o ka'Ātoma

Inā mākou i noonoo ai i'Ātoma, i ka nui o ka a e e like me ka nui o ka hoʻonohonoho 'haʻuki kahua pâʻani nei, a laila, e hiki visually kiʻi i nā kēia mau huliāmahi. Nā electrons o ka'Ātoma ma luna o ia he "kahua pâʻani nei" e ke kai piha i ka luna o ka awai nei. Kēlā me kēia no ia e i ka nui uuku ma mua o ka pinhead. A laila, i ka Kernel e ke kai piha ma ka waena konu o ka mahinaai, a me kona nui e ole e nui ma mua o ka nui o ka pea.

I kekahi manawa kanaka noi i ka ninau, ma ka mea nana'Ātoma. I ka mea,ʻo ia literally, aole e nana ana ma kekahi ala -ʻaʻole no nā kumu i 'epekema underutilized maikai microscopes. Ke Ana o ka'Ātoma i loko o ia mau wahi, kahi ka manaʻo o "ʻike pono" wale hakuʻole.

Nā'ātoma i uuku loa Ana. Akā, pehea uuku ma ka ike maopopo i kēia mau Ana? Ka mea mea i loa liʻiliʻi, māhunehune hiki i ke kanaka maka hua o ka paakai kekahi ma kahi o hoʻokahi quintillion nā'ātoma.

Inā mākou i manao he'Ātoma o ka nui i makemake pono i loko o ka lima kanaka, a laila, e hiki mai ana ia ia, e huai ae nā mea hoʻomaʻi 300-mika lōʻihi. Nā koʻohune makemake i ka lōʻihi o ka 3 ei, a me ka mānoanoa o kekahi kanaka lauoho i lilo like me 150 ei. Ma ka supine kulana, oia ua hiki ke hele aku ma kēlāʻaoʻao o ka honua i ka lewa. A ina ua ano ua pololei ia, i ke kanaka lauoho ma ka lōʻihi ke hiki i ka mahina. Eia na mea paakiki a me ka hana hoihoi'Ātoma, i haʻawina i nā kānakaʻepekema hoʻomau i ka hana a hiki i kēia lā.