Amphioxus Circulatory'ōnaehana: mall hiʻona

Ma ka one seabed hiki aku ai demersal Aloha Hawaii, keʻokeʻo a me ka holika-i nā pōpō paha iki pinkish translucent holoholona i kapaia o Amphioxus. Lākou nui like 'ole - mai ka 5 a hiki i 8 knm kino ua flattened laterally, ka mua hope o kona obliquely oki, a me ia mea i kona waha, ka honua e tentacles .. I ka hope loa o ke kino i ke kino o ka meaʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau pahi - lancet. Oia seemingly inconspicuous holoholona me nā'anatomia a me ka zoology këia seriously no kekahi kumu: Amphioxus loaʻa i ka loulou ma waena o ka nui huiʻelua o nā holoholona - invertebrates a me chordates.

Ma keia 'atikala kakou e hoakaka aku i ka ' ole o Amphioxus me pokou iʻa, e like me hāʻawi i pane mai no ka ninau kēia: He aha ka ka circulatory'ōnaehana ma Amphioxus? Russian biologist A. O. Kovalevsky i ka 1860 hoao iho la ia i ka holoholona i mea like i vertebrates, ka malama ana i na hoailona o ka invertebrate meaola.

holo

E noonoo i ka 'ole o ka circulatory nenoaiu o Amphioxus. Red wai, me ka ole pigment, kolo ana ma ka abdominal aorta, i ua mau pulsating contractions aie myoepithelial, ahu iho coelom lua. A laila, i ke koko a me ka oi ana o ke kalapona'okikene lua i loaʻa i loko o ke poo o ka Amphioxus. Ke branchial moku kinoea mail ia lŘlŘ. Artery pele i loko o ka posterior pharynx hoʻokaʻawaleʻia, ma ka akau a me ka hema apana o ka dorsal aorta. Amphioxus kino mua ona kuleana, i hōʻike 'ia me ke koko, mai ka carotid artery exiting mai ka aorta. I loko o liʻiliʻi arterioles oxygen ma-waiwai koko kahe ana i nā mea a pau nā loko o ka holoholona. Ke venous hapa o ka'ōnaehana hoʻomaka mea ulana pukapuka intestinal venules me carbon dioxide. O kēia mau mea, i ke koko komo ke aa koko podkishechnuyu.

Aia ua hana i ka nū'ōnaehana o ke akepaʻa. Anatomically, ka mea, ua aia ma lalo o ka intestinal Tube Amphioxus, decomposing i loko o ka pukapuka o venules, a i ka wili i ka pa o ka digestive nenoaiu. Kona kuleana pili i ka mea i hoolilo i ka maloko toxins, mai ke koko me ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o ke kalapona'okikene lua hou i loko o ka venous sinus. O na aoao elua o Amphioxus kino ua hoouna mai i ka cardinal (aka jugular) aa koko, laila Cuvier ducts.

Cuvier ducts

Mau aa koko vertebrates mua segregate lancelet, a hana ma ka huina o ka cardinal moku. Paha iʻula wai e hele mai ana, mai ka alo a me ka hope welau o ka holoholona ka kino. Cuvier ducts 'ana kahe i loko o ka sinus venosus, a ua manaoia i ka hoʻomaka o ka abdominal aorta. Mau moku i maopopo i hoike ia ma embryonic vertebrates, a me ka lāʻau kū-embryonic wā hoʻomaopop 'ana i cyclostomes (lamprey a me ka hagfish), e like me ka pono me ka iʻa a me ka amphibians. Ka nui like o ka circulatory'ōnaehana o Amphioxus a me cyclostomes, eia nae ka hope 'ōili mai o ka naau maoli, oia hoi o ka atrial a me ka ventricular.

sinus venosus

He ka iniiaiie hapa o ka abdominal aorta, a me Amphioxus ka'ōnaehana mea he paʻa hoa kanaka. Ke'ī mai, me ka 'ole o ka circulatory'ōnaehana Amphioxus proves i kona koko holo ua paa. Ma mammals, manu, a me nā vertebrates, keia hapa o ka mana pili i ka atrium akau. Mai ka mea, i ka venous loli komo ka ventricle, a loko o ka pulmonary artery. No laila, hoʻomaka ka pulmonary holo i loko o meaola me ka eha-o ke keʻena o ka naau. Ma Amphioxus, e like me nā lunamakaainana nalowale golovohordovyh naau a me ka venous sinus hōʻike unpaired moku i loko i ka venous loli mai, mai ka hepatic aa koko. Alaila kii aku i loko o ka abdominal aorta. Inā 'oe no ka' ole o ka circulatory oihana o Amphioxus a me pokou ia, oe, e huli i ka loli, ua kuhikuhi ka abdominal aorta, i ua Hoʻololi 'ia i loko o ka elua-o ke keʻena o ka naau. Eia hou, i mahuahua ka naehana ili halo o mua o ka pokou ia aie i ka ai manamana ai capillary aʻeo ka hoʻolele 'kā lākou halo o mua arteries.

Puka nenoai hepatic outgrowth

Amphioxus circulatory'ōnaehana, e like me nā vertebrates, anatomically pili me ka digestive nā loko. Digestive a pau vertebrate holoholona i morphologically nā, a me nā huahana o dissimilation: monakō koko,'amino nāʻakika - e hele mai i loko o kona capillaries. Hoomau ana i ka noiʻi i ka 'ole o ka circulatory oihana o Amphioxus, ohui ana a pau o ka wai, mai ka holoholona i ka digestive i hoʻomākaukauʻia i loko o ka hepatic outgrowth. Like me, ke akepaa o ka iʻa, amphibians a me nā vertebrates, Amphioxus keia kino hanaʻia ai ka hana o ka detoxification, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke koko e hele mai ana, mai ka naʻau liʻiliʻi, mai ka palaho huahana - metabolites. Ua laila, komo ka sinus venosus. Pākuʻi i i ke akepaʻa outgrowth o ke koko i loaʻa podkishechnoy aa koko.

Ventral a dorsal aorta

He He papa kuhikuhiE arterial moku. Inā 'oe no ka' ole o ka circulatory oihana o Amphioxus, oe e ike i kaʻaoʻao o ia ma lalo o ka'ā'ī o nā holoholona o ka abdominal aorta, mai a hohola aku symmetrically hui kaulua artery. Ka mea, ka lala mai i ka i pohā halo o mua cavities. Ke dorsal aorta ua hana i ka hope hope o ka pharynx like me ka hopena o ka hoʻokuʻi pū nadzhabernyh arteries. Anatomically, ia mea he chord a kŰlń ao a hiki i ka hope pau ana o ke kino Amphioxus, ai manamana ai ma luna o ka arteries e hānai i ka na nā loko o ka holoholona. Ma Amphioxus metabolites i loaʻa i loko o ke koko ua wae 'ma kūikawā paipu kapa protenefridiyami. Mai ka abdominal aorta i ke kino lua - he a pau - pono arterial moku. He manamana ai i loko o capillary glomeruli. Ma kā lākou mau pā, i ka wai koko kānana, a toxins i loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ano ma ka protenefridii loaa, laila, ma ka mezonefralny leki uea, a hou aku i loko o ka cloaca.

Ke circulatory nenoaiu o Amphioxus a me ka pokou ia

E noonoo i na mea like a me nä mea i loko o ka 'ole o ka mea'ōnaehana mānowai koko'ōnaehana superclass pokou iʻa, a Golovohordovye' ano i ka i ka mea a pau lancelet. Nā pūʻulu o nā holoholona i ka ia holo. Akā, i ka naau o ka Amphioxus mea,ʻaʻole i loaʻa, i ka papa i ma ka aoao o ka abdominal aorta, a ua hoemiia me ka lawe ana halo o mua arteries, a me ke koko pele. Ka iʻa i ka naau, ia mea e like ma ka cyclostomes, elua-keʻena (atrium a me ka ventricle).

I ka ho okumu ana o keia kino aie i ka oi hana pūnao. Heart iʻa kahi kokoke i ka isthmus arcs ma lalo o ka iwi ā lalo. E like me mākou i ike mai na luna kūʻiʻo, me ka 'ole o ka circulatory oihana o Amphioxus, kaulike i ka amo ana o o oxygen a me ka mahuaola, ka mea, i kekahi mai ia o pokou iʻa.

Hiʻona o ke koko lako i ka halo o mua i hoʻomākaukauʻia

Inā 'oe no ka' ole o ka circulatory oihana o Amphioxus, hoohalike ia me ka pokou ia, oe, e loaʻa nä mea i hoopa aku i ke koko lako i ka halo o mua i hoʻomākaukauʻia. Ma kaʻaoʻao haahaa o ka pharynx ke aupuni 'abdominal aorta. Mai ka mea, i kēlā me kēia paʻa o ka halo o mua hoaka ai he pono arteries, a lawe venous koko. Hoemi i ka helu ana o i pohā ma ka halo o mua (lancelet 150 hui, a me ka iʻa 4 hui) ua wehewehe ia e mahuahua pūnao a me ka ulu i loko o ka iauae ieiuaae o ka capillary pukapuka ma ka 'elele pokou iʻa. Lancelet hiki ke paʻa kūhohonu i kona koko i oxygen ma ka branchial artery'ōnaehana ole wale, akā, i pololei kinoea maholahune ma ka ili superficial ipu koko.

carotid artery

Inā i ke koko'ōnaehana o Amphioxus a me pokou ia oe e hoohalike ai, oe e loaʻa oko ao ma luna o na moku, i kapa carotid arteries. Ka mea, e arterialʻulaʻula wai a hiki i ka mua pau ana o ka holoholona o ka kino. Ma pokou iʻa 4 hui o ka halo o mua arteries kahe i loko o ka dorsal aorta, i hoʻokaʻawale na aa o i i carotid artery. Ma Amphioxus i ka helu o ka halo o mua moku koko mea 'ē aʻe. Ka mea hoolako i ka lolo me ka oxygen, i mea ka palena manawa no ka neural Tube, a differentiated i oihana. He hoʻi iā ka reflex hana o ka holoholona. E hoomanao e lolo neurons me ka o oxygen a me ka mahuaola ia lŘlŘ no i ai manamana ai o ka carotid arteries i loko o ka capillary nenoaiu. E like me ka mea, ua hele mai nā huahana - metabolites e paa ana ma na aa koko i loko o ka venous sinus.

Kēia 'atikala i? Anoee ka circulatory'ōnaehana a me nā hiʻona Amphioxus holo ma ka golovohordovyh.