Halo o mua hoaka o ka iʻa. Oihana halo o mua hoaka

I ka papa hana o ka ha ana ma ia mea o ka mau ano: ea a me ka wai. Mau oko ao kū aʻela, a hemolele i loko o ka papa o ka evolution, ma lalo o ka aoao o kela mawaho aʻe. Inā ka iʻa i wale i ka wai 'ano o ka hanu' ana, ka mea i hana i kēia kaʻina hana me ke kōkua o ka ili a me ka halo o mua. I ka iʻa, ua lawe mai ka lewa-hanu 'ano o ke kaʻina hoʻohana nadzhabernyh kino,' auʻau bladder, na naau oʻu, a ma ka ili. Ke kumu nui nā loko o ka hanu, o ka papa, i ka halo o mua, a me ke koena - kākoʻo. Eia naʻe, mai i mau kākoʻo a me nā kino, hana i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe, a me ka pinepine ka mea,ʻo ka mea nui.

Ha iʻa? Ueo

Cartilaginous a me ka pokou iʻa i kaʻokoʻa 'ole o ka halo o mua uhi. Ke'ī mai, ka mea mua i i pohā halo o mua oä, i hoakaka mawaho wehe halo o mua hoʻokaʻawale puka. e uhi kēia mau pā pōhaku me ka halo o mua petals paa ana i ka huli, he pukapuka o na moku koko. Kēia 'ole o ka halo o mua poi i pono ia manaʻo ma na kukuna a me ka mano.

I ka Ia manawa, i ka ikepiliʻano o pokou septum hoemi i hoʻokali kūpono ', like me ka halo o mua poi i lawe lima iho. Halo o mua hoaka o ia hana i ka hana o ke kākoʻo, a me ka mea i halo o mua filaments.

halo o mua kuleana pili i. halo o kona mau hoaka

Ka loa nui hana o ka halo o mea, o ka papa, ke kinoea pānaʻi. Me kā lākou kōkua ke kemu o oxygen, mai ka wai, a no ka mea, o carbon dioxide ua hoʻokuʻuʻia (ke kalapona'okikene lua). Akā, kakaikahi ka poe i ike i kekahi kōkua i ka halo o mua o ka iʻa e kaʻana i ka wai a me ka Saline mea. Ke'ī mai, ma hope o ka aaioee i loko o ka papa ua loko urea, ammonia, ka paakai, ua panai ia lŘlŘ ma waena o ka wai a me ka iʻa kino, a me ka pau keia pili i ka paʻakai Ion.

Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka evolution a me ka hooponopono hou ana i na subgroups o ka iʻa halo o mua i hoʻomākaukauʻia ua hoi hoʻololi. No laila, ma ka nana aku e like kulana pokou iʻa halo o mua, i ka cartilaginous ka mea, he poe papa, a i cyclostomes sac hana i ka halo o mua. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ole o ka naehana'ōnaehana a me ka' ole mea okoa, e like me ka hana ana o ka halo o mua e pio mai o ka iʻa.

'ole

Ka halo o mua i aia ma nāʻaoʻao o ka lakou mau cavities o pokou iʻa, a hoomaluia e ka uhi. Kēlā me kēia halo o mua ninoieo o elima mau hoaka. Lau halo o mua hoaka i maopopo i hanaʻia, a me kekahi - rudimentary. Mai ka waho branchial e pio hou convex aoao o na arcs ma ka halo o mua filaments hohola aku, i ka nānā 'ana cartilaginous kukuna. Halo o mua hoaka malama me ke kākoʻo no ka piʻiʻana lobes i malama ia ma luna o kona kumu kona kumu, a me ka noa kihi diverge, maloko, a mawaho, ma ka huʻi huina. Ma ka halo o mua filaments lakou ia lakou iho e ai-kapaia kiʻekiʻe papa a i hoonohonoho transversely lobe (a petals, e like me ka mea i kapaʻia). Ma ka halo o mua mai i ka nui helu o petals, kekahi mau iʻa hiki e mai ka 14 a hiki i 35 no millimeter, ma ke kiekie o ka ole oi aku 200 microns. Ka mea, e ai uuku ka nui i kā lākou laula, 'aʻole i hiki i ka 20 m.

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka halo o mua hoaka

Halo o mua piʻo vertebrates hana i ka hana o ka Kānanaʻano papa hana ka hoʻohana 'ana halo o mua rakers hoʻonoho ma luna o ka piʻo o i maka i ka moʻolelo lua o ka iʻa. Kēia i mea e hiki ai i ka holo koke i ka wehe i loko o ka waha i ka mea i loko o ka wai kolamu, a me keʻano o nutritious microorganisms.

Ke kaumaha ma muli mea i hanai i ka iʻa halo o mua rakers no hoi mutate; ka mea, i ka nānā 'ana nā iwi papa. No laila, inā i ka iʻa - he Moana, a laila ka mea, ua ka stamens, a i ke aupuni 'emi paha e e lalo a me ka iʻa e hānai wale nō ma luna o plankton e ola ana i loko o ka wai kolamu, halo o mua rakers kiʻekiʻe a me ke aupuni' waena. Kēlā mau iʻa i nā omnivores, stamens i ka awelika manao ma waena o Moana a me planktivorous.

Ke circulatory nenoaiu o ka pulmonary holo

Halo o mua o ka iʻa, ua olinolino a pink ke kala ku i ke dala nui o ke koko waiwai me ka oxygen. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka pili holo kaʻina. Ke koko, i mea e pono e hoʻowaiwai i ka oxygen ma (venous), ohi mai ka holoʻokoʻa kino o ka iʻa, a me ka abdominal aorta komo i ka halo o mua hoaka. Abdominal aorta bifurcates i loko o nā bronchial artery, i ukali ia e arterial branchial e pio mai, a, ma ka huli, puunaueia i ka helu nui o ka hoe arteries Hoamakeikekula halo o mua filaments, hoʻonohonoho ma ka pā kae o cartilaginous kukuna. Akā, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole ke kali. Puapua arteries lakou ia lakou iho e māheleʻia i loko o ka nui helu o capillaries, hoʻi i wahīʻia i ka ao hei o ka pahale loko, a ma waho petals. Ke anawaena o ka capillaries ai uuku ia mea, ua like no ka nui o ka erythrocyte hāpai i oxygen i ke koko. Ke'ī mai, i ka halo o mua hoaka hana i ka hana o ka kākoʻo no nā stamens, ina kinoea pānaʻi.

Ma ka 'ē aʻe lima a pau na petals marginal arterioles merge i loko o ka hookahi ipu, e kahe ana i loko o na aa koko, e hali ana i ke koko, a ma ka huli ae i loko o ka bronchial, a laila, i loko o ka dorsal aorta.

Inā he nui piha kūkākūkā o ka halo o mua hoaka o ka iʻa, a, e hoʻomaka i ka histological ao, ia mea pono e noiʻi i ka lonikū pauku. No laila,ʻaʻole wale nō e e hiki stamens a me petals, akā, i naehana pā i ka mea he'ākeʻakeʻa mai ma waena o ka koʻana koko meakino a me ke koko.

i hoalaala ia kēia mau loko me ka hookahi ahu iho la ka epithelium, a ma loko - capillaries Kākoʻo Pilar aeee (i maopopo nä haumäna). Ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai o na capillaries a me ka ÷ naehana hanu aeee mea mahalo kūlana i na ona o ka mea mawaho kaiapuni. Inā he mea i huikala oʻawahia 'ona i loko o ka wai, i kēia mau pā pōhaku hu nui ae la, delamination i, a me ka mea, ai hanaʻia naʻe. He fraught me ka mea hopena, e like me ka pilikia kaʻina hana o ke kinoea, e loaa hou i loko o ke koko, i ultimately hiki aku ai i hypoxia.

Kinoea, e loaa hou i ka iʻa

Makaukau o ka iʻa OE oxygen ma ia lŘlŘ ma ke kinoea mail. O ka papa kuhikuhi ano o ke koko me ka o oxygen enrichment mea he ikaika aku pele o ka wai i loko o ka halo o mua, a me keia pono i ka halo o mua e pio, a me ka a pau i hoʻomākaukauʻia hoopaa mai ai i kona 'ole, a laila, i ka hana o ka halo o mua hoaka i ka iʻa ua ole compromised. Eiei? Ili pono hoi kōkua ma muli o kona ano hoopono no ka pono oxygenation o hemoglobin.

No ka manaʻo o ka OE kinoea, e loaa hou i loko o ke koko capillaries iʻa e neʻe aku i loko o ke ku pono ana i ala e hiki aku ana o ka pele o ke koko i loko o ka halo o mua, Kēia hiʻona ka poʻea pau iʻaneʻane piha pōʻalo o o oxygen, mai ka wai a me ka hoʻolako koko ia. Kekahi kanaka e ana i ke koko o oxygen lehulehu me ka pili ana i ka haku mele 'ana i loko o ka wai, he 80%. ka wai kahe ma ka halo o mea ma muli o ka pumping ia ma ka halo o mua lua, i ka papa kuhikuhiE kuleana pili i ua hana ma ka neʻeʻana o nā mouthparts, a me ka halo o mua uhi.

He aha e hoʻoholo i ka uku o ka hanu o ka iʻa?

Aie i ka mea ano hiʻona e hoʻomaulia ka hanu nā uku o ka iʻa e hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka neʻeʻana o ka halo o mua uhi. I ka lehulehu o ka o oxygen i loko o ka wai, a me ka carbon dioxide i ka maʻiʻo ma ke koko loli i ke alapine (frequency) o ka hanu o ka iʻa. A, i kēia mau wai holoholona nui susceptible i haʻahaʻa nā hoʻohui like o ka oxygen, ka mea i oi aku ka nui o ke kalapona'okikene lua i loko o ke koko. Ke naehana alapine (frequency) Ua hoi loli ana e ka wai mahana, pH, a me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe.

Nā iʻa i ka kekahi hana e extract haole mea, mai ka ili o ka halo o mua hoaka a me kā lākou mau cavities. Ua hiki ua kapaia cough. Operculums i uhi kekahi manawa, a me ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka nana e hoole wai wehe Joshua a pau aia ma ka halo o mua, holoi iho la i ka waiʻikena. Keia hoike ana o ka iʻa loa pinepine ia lŘlŘ ina ua ua hoʻohaumiaʻia i ka wai me kaʻawahia waiwai a me ke kula.

Additional hiʻona o ka halo o

Ma waho o ka walaʻauʻana, naehana hanu, halo o hana osmoregulation a me excretory hana. Fish i ammoniotelicheskimi meaola, ma ka mea, e like nā holoholona i noho i loko o ka wai. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka hopena huina hoonui o ka hoʻopöʻino' ia o ka naikokene-i loaʻa ka kino ka ammonia. Ua mea ma ka halo o ia ihola ke kumu mai, mai ke kino o ka iʻa i loko o ka palapala o ka'amoniuma Ion, pela hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke kino. Ma waho aʻeo ia o oxygen, ma kā lākou mau halo o mua i loko o ke koko e like me ka hopena o OE maholahune, paʻakai kanawai, haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha i huiʻia me pono me ka nui nui o'okanikaʻole Ion i loko o ka wai kolamu. Ma waho halo o mua, ua lawe mai omo o kēia mau waiwai ma ka mea o kūikawā hale.

Kēia nā hana i ho'ākāka 'koloriside keena hana osmoregulation kuleana pili i. Ka mea, e hiki ke neʻe Ion a me ka paʻakai koloriside, oiai e neʻe ana ma ke ala e hiki aku e ku pono ana i ka nui maholahuneʻano piʻina.

Honua o ka chlorine Ion hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka iʻa kaianoho koholā. Pela, ua hoolilo freshwater iʻa monovalent koloriside Ion, mai ka wai i loko o ke keena o ke koko, ke kūapoʻana ka mea i lilo i ka hopena o ka hana o ka excretory nenoaiu o ka iʻa. Akā, ma ka meaola iʻa kaʻina ua lawe mai i loko o ke ku ala: ke koho loko mai o ke koko i loko o ke kaiapuni.

Inā ka wai lehulehu, a mahuahua nui me ka nui loa nā palapala Nine Inch hehee wale, laila, ke kākoʻo papa osmoregulyatsionnaya halo o mua i ke compromised. E like me ka hopena, i ke koko komo ole i ka helu o ka waiwai i pono e, a me ka mea nui aku i kia, a hiki he kūlana maikaʻiʻole i keʻano o nā holoholona. Kēia specificity i ole mau io. No laila, e ike ana i kēia hiʻona o ka halo o mua, ua hiki ke kaua aku lakou i na mai he nui o ka iʻa, e pākōlea ai 'a me vaccines' ana i loko o ka wai.

Skin ka hanu o kekahi iʻa

Loa nā iʻa i ka hiki i ka ili hanu. A like ka loa i ka i ka mea, ua ulu - ka mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o na mea he nui aʻe: i kēia makahiki, a me ka? Aneie aku ana, a he nui na mea e ae. Penei, ina o ka iʻa, ke noho nei i loko o ka upena ka wai kahe, i ka pakeneka o cutaneous ka hanu nā mea liʻiliʻi, a dala i wale 10,2%, akā, i ka embryo naehana kuleana pili i ka hana wale nō ma kaʻili, a me ka mea'ōnaehana mānowai koko nenoaia cholic kieke.

Colonic hanu

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'āina loli aʻe ala o ka ha iʻa. Penei, Tropical catfish a me ka loach iʻa 'Imi hanu me ke kōkua o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi. Ka wā kino ea loaʻa loaʻa mua ma ke anuanu pukapuka o na moku koko i loko o ke koko. Kēia papa hana, hoomaka ae la e hoʻomōhala i ia manawa i ka hana i ho'ākāka 'olelo o ka kaianoho koholā. I ka wai i loko o kā lākou mau Reservoir ma ka pili me ka kiʻekiʻe mahana, i ka haʻahaʻa o oxygen lehulehu, a ua hoomainoino ia e ka nele o ka pele a me ka turbidity. E like me ka hopena o evolutionary loli ka iʻa loko iʻa e like me aʻo e ola, ka hoʻohana 'ana i oxygen mai o ka lewa.

An hou hana o ka mâkia bladder

'Auʻau' bladder ua papahana no hydrostatic hooponopono. 'O kēia ka papa kuhikuhiE kuleana pili i. Naʻe, i loko o kekahi mau laha 'o ka iʻa mâkia bladder aole ia e pono no ka hanu. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka? Aieeeua no ka lewa.

kukulu ano o ka mâkia bladder

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka anatomical 'ole o ka' auʻau bladder o kela ano keia ano o ka iʻa e māheleʻia i loko o:

• physostomous;
• zakrytopuzyrnyh.

Ka mua pūʻulu o ka oi aku ka nui a me ka mea o ka iniiaiie, ana o ka pūʻulu zakrytopuzyrnyh iʻa ka loa haʻahaʻa. Ua nā, kukū ai, o Waiākea,'iʻa, stickleback a me kekahi poe e ae i physostomous ia, ma muli o ka inoa, ua wehe ka mâkia bladder, e kamaʻilio me ka papa kuhikuhiE intestinal pele, oiai zakrytopuzyrnyh, pakahi, -. No.

Carp no hoi i kekahi mau '' ole o ka 'auʻau bladder. Ua Ua maheleia i loko o ke alo a me ka hope keʻena a i pili pōkole a me ka ololi Kanal. Anterior keena paia bladder komo o nā pūpū, paia waho a me Kalaiaina, oiai ka iwaho mea,ʻaʻole i loko o ka hope keena.

Vystlan swimbladder kekahi lalani o ka squamous epithelium, ma hope a ma laila mea he helu o ka moe kolohe connective, Muscle a me vascular'aʻaʻa, ahu iho. Swimbladder loaʻa auaneʻiʻoukou wale nō i ia pearlescent noʻonoʻo, a ua hoʻolako 'ia e ke kūikawā anuanu connective'aʻaʻa me he fibrous' ole. I mea e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka ikaika o ka Oe ma waho o nā keʻena elua i uhi ia me ka laholio serousʻili lahilahi.

Kimi hui,

A uuku helu o Tropical iʻa nui i kekahi mau 'hui, me ka Kimi a me ka nadzhaberny. A hiki i keia? Ueony no makropody, gourami, cockerels a me snakehead. Ho okumu hiki ke malama i loli ma ka pharynx, i ia iho i loko o nadzhaberny hui, a bulges halo o mua lua (ai-kapa Kimi kino). Lākou ka papa kuhikuhiE manao - ka manawa kūpono o ka loaa ana o oxygen, mai ka lewa.