Bertrand Model hoʻokumu paʻaʻana a me Features

Competition o ka hookumu ana o ke-market kŘkohu. Ua mea ma luna o ua hoʻokumu i kēia kumu o ka ai-kapaia equilibrium kumukuai i satisfies nā nā mea kūʻai mai a me nā kānaka kūʻai mai. Bertrand kükohu iienuaaaony keia kumu kŰia o ka hoʻokele waiwai kuai. Ua Ua ua kālaiʻia i loko o 1883 ma ka loiloi 'ia o ka puke "makemakika loina o ka pähola' ana o ka waiwai." Ka hope kākau ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka Cournot kŘkohu. Bertrand au iʻae aku i ka hopena o nā kānakaʻepekema. Ka hōʻike,ʻo ia ua kālaiʻia i ka ÷, akā, ka mea, ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma mathematically Frensis Edzhuort wale i ka MH 1889.

nā mea mahuʻi

Bertrand kükohu iienuaaaony i ke kahua o ka oligopoly. ma laila nō ma ka liʻiliʻiʻelua poʻe i loko o ke kuai i paka homogeneous huahana. Ka mea hiki ole Makeke-hana. Ua kūpaʻa mau hoʻokūkū me kekahi i kekahi ma ka hoonoho iho la lakou i ke kala no lākou nā huahana. Mai nā huahana i homogeneous, ke koi no ka ho'ēmi waiwai koke lawe aku. Inā nā paʻaʻole i ka ia maoli, ka mea, ua maheleia i mau like. Bertrand kükohu mea i pono wale no o ka kahua o ka duopoly, akā, i ka wa Manufacturers ma ke kuai i na mea he nui. Naʻe, ka ki mea mahuʻi o ka homogeneity o ko lākou mau huahana. Ua mea i nui i ka 'enehana poʻe i oleʻokoʻa. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i kā lākou mau marginal a me ka awelika koina i'ālike, a ua competitively ikamu. E hoomahuahua oe i? Iecaianoaaiiuo onipaa no ke endlessly. Ka mea, ua maopopo i ka mea e hana ai i loa e like me ke kumu kūʻai ma luna o ke kuai uhi i ko lakou mau koina. Inā ia mea emi mai, i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie aʻole ole e hoohalike. No kekahi, e hana ma ka pohō.

Bertrand Model hoʻokumu paʻaʻana a me Features

Akā, i mea no ka papa kōnane hoʻonohonoho ma a ina o ka poe e koho? Pēlā ka manaʻo i nā mea a pau Manufacturers e pono ai ina e hoonoho kela mea keia mea o ia kiʻekiʻe kumukūʻai. Eia naʻe, Bertrand kükohu hōʻike i loko o ke kulana home 'ole kahi e onipaa no e ole ke kōkua' ana me kekahi i kekahi, ka mea e ole hiki mai. Hoʻok & kuai mea like i marginal waiwai e lilo aku, i kulike ai me ka Nash equilibrium. Akā, no ke aha la o keia ahaʻia nei? No, ma keia hihia, i kekahi ke ole e i ka waiwai?

Manao i ka poe e kuhikuhi i ke kumu kuai i ka mea oi aku ma mua o kona marginal kāki, a me ka lua -ʻaʻohe. Ia mea,ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke kilokilo mea e hiki mai ana ma keia hihia. A pau nā kānaka kūʻai mai e hōʻalo ai i ka huina hoonui o ka lua o ka kupaa. Bertrand kükohu, nā kūlana o ka poe hana pela i na la mahope, e e hiki ke hoonui i? Iecaianoaaiiuo loa.

Ina i nā paʻaʻole i ka ia kumukuai, i mea kiʻekiʻe ma luna o lākou marginal koina. Kēia mea he nui loa ka poe kulana home 'ole. Kēlā me kēia no ka poe e imi e lawe mai ia i ka uku, e lawe maluna iho o ke kuai. No laila, ka mea e e hiki ke hoomahuahua i kona waiwai aneane papalua. No ka pilina paʻa equilibrium i loko o ke kulana home 'ole ma nā onipaa no i kekahi mau kumukūʻai i ka mea oi ma mua o marginal kāki. A pau nā kānaka kūʻai mai e hele ma i kahi o ka waiwai ho'ēmi. No laila, ka mea wale nō e hiki equilibrium mea he kulana home 'ole ma nā onipaa no i kala i mea e like ai i ka marginal kāki.

Cournot kükohu

Ka mea kākau o ka "makemakika loina o ka pähola 'ana o ka waiwai," i manaoio aku i ke kumu kuai i mau oi aku ma mua o ka marginal lilo o ua hanaʻia ka waiwai, no ka mea, na onipaa no lakou iho koho i ka nui o ko lākou heʻe koko. Bertrand kükohu e hōʻike mai i ka mea mea ole. Eia naʻe, a pau nā mea mahuʻi i ka mea hoʻohana i ua kālaiʻia Cournot. I waena o lākou:

• Ma ka makeke no ka oi ma mua o kekahi kupaa. Eia naʻe,ʻo nā huahana i ka mea, paka mea homogeneous.
• Onipaa no e hiki ole paha e ole makemake no ke kōkua '.
• Ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana o kela a me keia o na poe ma ke kahe ana o ka laulā o ka hopena ma luna o ka hoʻokumu ma ke kuai maoli o nā huahana.
• Manufacturers hana rationally a me ka manaʻo strategically, e imi ana e hoʻonui loa i ko lakou mau waiwai.

Hoʻohālikelike Ke Ana ho'ohālike

Bertrand Competition mea e loa kń i ke kumu kuai, Cournot - e hoʻonui loa auaiaea. Akā, i kükohu Ua oi pololei? Bertrand mai la oia i na olelo o ka duopoly onipaa no, e ke pio, e kau kumukūʻai ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou mau marginal lilo. No laila, i loko o ka hopena, a pau e e hoemi i ka hemolele Competition. Eia naʻe, ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka mea, huli mai ia i nā mea a pau nāʻoihana ai oluolu e hoʻololi i ka buke o ka pukana, i? Aaei e Bertrand. Ma keia hihia, maikaʻi wehewehe i ke kulana Cournot kŘkohu. nā hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kekahi mau hihia. Ma ke kahua mua, ua kūpaʻa mau koho ka auoiaea puke, ka lua - paʻi ma Bertrand ÷, hoonoho iho la kumukūʻai. Kaawale, ua pono noonoo i ka hihia ma ka helu ana o ua kūpaʻa mau i loko o ka makeke mālama i ka infinity. A laila, i ka Cournot kükohu hōʻike i na kala e like i ka marginal koina. Pela, i loko o kēia mau ana, a pau ke hoʻohana i kulike ai me na hopena a o Bertrand.

noʻonoʻo loi

Bertrand kükohu hoʻohana nā mea mahuʻi i pau i mamao loa mai ke ola maoli no. No ka laʻana, ka mea, ua oaeuiinoe ia shoppers kamaʻilioʻana, e kuai i ka makepono huahana. Eia naʻe, ma ka ike maopopo i ke kuai mea ole-kuai Competition. i differentiated nā huahana,ʻaʻole homogeneous. Aia Ua hoi he amo koina. 'Aʻohe makemake e hele palua i loa, e kuai i ka waiwai ho'ēmi ma ka 1%, ina oia e pana aku au i ma luna o kēia mea oi aku 1% o ke kumukuai. Maopopo ia, a me nā nā hoʻohua. No laila, i loko o ka makemake i ke ola, Bertrand kükohu pinepine 'Aʻole e holopono ana.

Kekahi mea nui koena unuhi mea i ole poʻe i loko o ka hana pono ole, e hoomahuahua i? Iecaianoaaiiuo nona iho loa. Ua kaulana hou Edgeworth. Prices ma ka maoli ola mai i hoʻopili like i ka marginal kāki nā hoʻohua. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka nui, e hoike ana i ke koho ana o kou akamai mea,ʻaʻole no ka mea, e like me ka Nash equilibrium.

ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa

Bertrand kükohu hōʻike i oligopoly He palapala ke kahua. Inā ua kūpaʻa mau hiki ole ka manao a me ka hōʻole, e kōkua 'ana i kā lākou mau hana, e kūʻai lilo aku la lakou i ko lakou mau waiwai ma kala like i marginal koina. No kekahi e lilo, akā,ʻaʻole e loaa loaʻa kālā. Maikaʻi kulana home 'ole nana e like me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Mau onipaa no ka hana like huahana, he mama nui e ae. He mea hiki oi pono i nā mea a pau. Ma keia hihia, ke kuai kumukuai ua kau like i ka monopoly. Kēlā me kēia no ka onipaa no ka hana waiwai i loko o ka laulā o kona hiʻona. I ka pomaikai o ka maoli ola onipaa no ke loaa wale nō ma ka 'ike loea hou.