Biospheric keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ka naikokene kalapona ma ke ano maoli

A Nine Inch hehee ai me ka'ātoma helu ehiku ua denoted e N (Nitrogenium). Kona inoa - "Zot" - mai ka olelo Helene, 'o ia hoʻi "lifeless". Kēia kau, kekahi pähola 'o kona kumu, i manaoia ma ka 1787 Antuanom Lavuaze makahiki, kahi o ka māhele ma mua o "phlogisticated", "hao" a me ka lewa "mefitichesky". Ua i laila i kekahi pūʻulu o Faraniʻepekema, ma a Lavoisier ua 'Imi hoʻomau ana, hana i loko o ka ulu ana o Nine Inch nomenclature kumu. E like laila, ka mea i ike naikokene waiwai 'Aʻole i kākoʻo i kekahi'ā a me ka hanu.

E like me kekahi mana i ka hua'ōlelo "naikokene" i invented e Lavoisier a me kona mau nā hoapili. Ua lŘlŘ oi ma ka alchemical moʻokalaleo ma ka wanaao o ka Middle Ages e wehewehe i ka ai-kapaia "iniiaiie metala mea", a me ka ia i wahi no aole oi, aole hoi e emi mai, a me ka waiwai "Alapa a Omega" o nā mea a pau.

I ano, ka naikokene i e ike me he mea waiwai o ka haʻilula N2, ia mea lawa inert kinoea mea me ka ono, waihoʻoluʻu a me ka ala. Ekolu hapaha o ka honua i ka lewa ninoieo o ka naikokene. Kēia hehee ai Radio He kūlana loa nui i loko o ke ola o ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Ma o ka haku mele 'ana o nā polokina, kona pakeneka o 16-18% ma ke kaupaonaʻana. Ua mea i kekahi hapa o ka 'ole o nukelea nāʻakika, nucleoproteins,'amino nāʻakika, chlorophyll, hemoglobin. I ola keena ma ka helu o ka naikokene nā'ātoma mea ma kahi o 2%, a me ka nui hapa iki o keia ke keʻena piʻina i 2,5%. Hehee ai N nā lālaniʻehā ma ka nui a hiki i ka walaʻauʻana oihana mua o ke aloha kemika - hydrogen, kalapona a me ka oxygen.

Holo nōhie ka naikokene kalapona ma ka 'ano ma muli o ka Nine Inch reactions i loko o ka lewa. Iwaena o lakou i Kīwala'ō ma lalo'okesaside. I kekahi paa ke ano o ka naikokene hana kūleʻa lawe Nine Inch reactions i loko o ka biosphere. Main N2 i maoli - e Aloha i ka lewa. A paani na mea kanu a Mānoa nui ka, ma ka mea, e hoʻomaka i ka naikokene kalapona ma ke ano. Nā flora o ko mākou Honua oihana like me ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. E like me ka mea i hoʻohana nitrates mea i loko o ka lepo. Ke kumu o maoli nitrate naikokene mea aspirated a me ka 'amoniuma paʻakai. Keʻano papa hana hoʻololi 'ana i kekahi mea waiwai ma ka palapala i loaʻa no ka kaʻaluna ma ka mea kanu, kapa naikokene fixation.

Aia i mau ka ponaʻana naikokene percolationʻano papa hana. Ma keʻano mua, he kekahi helu i ka uila hookuuia o ka naikokene oxides. Nāu kekahi i loko o ka wai, ka mea hoʻonāukiuki i keʻano o nitricʻakika, a haawi ala i ka ano o ka lepo nitrates. Ma ka lua o kaʻano, he mea ho okumu o ka ammonia. Kona hoʻokō 'koʻohune i loko o nitrates, ka mea, e ana aia i loko o ke kumu nodules o tuberous mea kanu. More, ua kapaʻia kēiaʻano papa hana nitrification.

Make kanu hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka'amoniuma i huiʻia. Ma luna o ia hana koʻohune, e hoano hou ana ia lakou i loko o nitrate naikokene a me ka hoi ana i ka lewa. Fixation, nitrification a me denitrification o ka naikokene - eiiiiiaiou o ka luna 'ʻano papa hana, e hali ana i ka naikokene kalapona ma ke ano. E hoohauhee ana i kēia kaʻina mea i loaʻa o ka wehe aʻe ma waena o ka naikokene fixation a me ka denitrification.

Naikokene fixation ia lŘlŘ ka wā kanu metabolize naikokene i huiʻia mai ka lewa, i loko o kēia kaʻina 'ole he nui koʻohune a me cyanobacteria. Nā huahana o ka hoʻopunipuni naikokene ka ammonia, nitrates paha nitrites.

Ka naikokene kalapona ma ka ano a me ka hoʻololi i ka mea e hiki mai ana ka anu u hāpai mai nitrification o fixation. Ano, i ka ammonia hele i loko o nitrates a me nitrites. Ma denitrification welau naikokene pōʻaiapuni kalapona ma ke ano maoli, na nitrates decompose i ka naikokene. ʻeleu komo i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka lawe Pseudomonas, Bacillus koʻohune a me nā microorganisms.

Ma denitrification kānāwai mau kula waena. Ka loa nui o ia - nitrous'okesaside, he kinoea hoʻomehana honua ka hale lio.

Hoʻonui i ka theme, ia mea kumukuai hoʻomaopopo i ka manaʻo o ka manaÿo kaʻaluna a me ka mineralization. Kaʻaluna mea he kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi o'okanikaʻole naikokene i loko o kona aloha ano. Ma lalo o mineralization mea i manaoia ke aloha naikokene hui e hoohuli'okanikaʻole. Hakaka kaʻaluna a me ka mineralization mea ano nui palapala huli ana waiwai a ia lŘlŘ iloko o ka naikokene kalapona ma ke ano.

loa ana i lawe mai ka hōʻike o ka olelo ma keia mea me ka hoʻohana 'papa a me nńnń.