Bosnian ulia o 1908-1909. a me kona mau hopena

Ma October 1908, Austria-Hungary hoohuiia i ke kokoke Bosnia a me Herzegovina, i mea no ke aha la Europe ua ma luna o ke kapa o ke kaua nui. No kekahi mau mahina, ka Old World i kali me ka'ōpeʻapeʻa hanu interchange. A pau ma muli o ka hoao ana o diplomats a me nā loea kālai'āina, e pale aku i ka catastrophe. Kēia mau hanana la ia mea e like me ka Bosnian ulia. E like me ka hopena, i ka mana nui nele i ka aelike, a me ke kue i Keʻei. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike manawa i ka mea o ka Balkans i ka pahū wahi oʻEulopa. I keia la, i ka Bosnian ulia ua ike like me ka prelude i ka First World War.

elue

Ma hope o ka pau 'ana o Lūkini-Turkish kaua o 1877 - 1878 makahiki. Pelelina ua hana hoʻokipa ka lahui e hālāwai kūkā ai, a kauoha aku hoʻopaʻa i ka hou hoʻopololei o kaua i loko o ka Balkans. E like me ka 25th 'atikala o ke kuikahi, kakau inoa i loko o ka paukü o Hawaii, Bosnia, a i no mua i ka Ottoman aupuni a pau, e ku e Austria-Hungary. Naʻe, i kona ho'āʻoʻia ka'aheʻelele mai Serbia keia olelo hooholo. Keia aupuni i pono, ua hookuu mai Turkish rula, a me kona aupuni ua makau iho la ia i ka paha o ka Habsburg aupuni a pau e alakai i ka mea i ka Austrians e ho'ōla hopu Belgrade.

Mau hopohopo no i kona mau lepo. no ka lōʻihi manawa ua kūkulu aʻe nei nā Habsburgs i ke kiʻi Waihona Noʻeau Slavic aina (Slavs hoike no ka 60% o ka heluna kanaka o Austria-Hungary). Manawa a hiki i keia i ka mea i ka moana i Emperor ma Vienna i ole e hui ma lalo o kona hoailonamoi o Germany (Prussia i) e ho'ōla huli i kona noonoo ana ma ka hikina. Austria ua lāʻau Bohemia, Slovenia, Croatia, Solowakia, Bukovina, Galicia, Kakow, a i ole makemake e noho ma luna o laila.

hoohiamoe ia

Ma hope o 1878, Bosnia ua noho ma lalo o ka hana o Austria, a hiki nae kona loio i ke kūlana i ole ua hope manaʻo. Kēia pukana no kekahi manawa, ua hoolohi. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hoa o Serbia i hoʻonohonoho 'kālai'āina o Rusia (kekahi Slavic a me Orthodox aupuni). Ma St. Petersburg, systematically hoomalu aku i ka pono o Belgrade. Aupuni a hiki i puʻe i ka Habsburgs, akā, i hana pela. Ua Ua pili me ka hōʻailona o ka berita tripartite o Rusia, Kelemania, a Austria. 'āina i kekahi i kekahi, he kumu hoʻomalu o ka 'ole-aggression ma ka hihia o ke kaua.

Kēia nenoaiu He hoʻomākaukau ana o Alexander II a me Alexander III, no laila pokole poina i ka Bosnian ulia i. "Union o ka Ekolu i Emperor" hope e hina i ka makahiki 1887 no ka mea, o ke kaua ma waena o Austria, a Rusia e pili ana i Pulakalia a me Serbia. Ma hope iho o kēia mokuāhana ma Vienna i hooki i ka e paa ia e kekahi mau kuleana i ka Romanovs ua. Ua i loko o Austria nui increasingly militaristic a expansionist e hoʻolaha i Bosnia.

Nā pono o Serbia a me Tureke

Na Balkans Ua mau i ka nui ipu me ka lei lāhui kanaka. Ua hui Pū 'Ia i kekahi i kekahi, a me ka mea, ua pinepine paʻakikī i ka hoʻoholo' ana i kahi o lakou no ka aina o ka hapanui noho alii ana. I ua i ka pela me Bosnia. Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XIX kenekulia, 50% o ka heluna kanaka, he Serbs. Ka mea, he Orthodox, a Bosniaks - Nā Poʻe Isalama. Akā,ʻo kā lākou naʻokoʻa kona maka ma mua o ka'Aukekulia hoʻoweliweli.

Kekahiʻaoʻao o ke kaua i ka Ottoman aupuni a pau. Ke Turkish moku'āina i ka makahiki noho i loko o ka hoʻoponopono ulia kālai'āina. Ma mua o kēia aupuni a pau no i ka pau ana o ka Balkans, a hiki Hungary, a me kona puali palua hoʻopilikia Vienna. Akā, ma ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia, mai ka mua a me ka nani nui i kumumea koe. Ka Ottoman aupuni a pau e paa ana i ka uuku Papa o ka'āina i loko o Thrace, a ma Europe i hoʻopuniʻiaʻenemi Slavic Hawaii.

Koke ma mua o ka Bosnian ulia ana ma ke kauwela o ka makahiki 1908 i ka Young Tureke kipi wawahi mai i loko o Tureke. Sultans mana ua kaupalena, a me ka mea hou aupuni i hou ka leo nui haʻi aku i ko lakou mau kuleana i ka mua Balkan panalaau.

Hana'Aukekulia diplomacy

Austrians e mahope hoohui Bosnia, ka mea, ua pono e counteract ole wale o Tureke, aka, i na mea he nuiʻEulopa mana: Rusia, France, Pelekane, Italy a me Serbia. Habsburg Aupuni, e like me ka mau, ua hoʻoholo ihola i ka 'aelike mua me ka Old World mana. I mea kamaʻilio me nā diplomats o kēia mau'āina alakai Alois av Aehrenthal, ka mea i mālama ai me na kuhina.

Ka mua compromised ma ka Italians. Ka mea, e hoʻokele e hoomaopopo i ke kākoʻo o Austria-Hungary ia makahiki, no ka mea i Vienna makemake ole ālai ia 'aʻe i loko o kā lākou kaua me Tureke i ka'āina hoʻoili o Libua e. Suletana hopeʻae e hoohui Bosnia ma hope iho o kona olelo mai ai ka uku i loko o ka nui o 2,5 miliona paona. Mea maʻa mau Austria Kākoʻo Germany. Wilhelm II kino ikaika loa o Paulo i ka Suletana, ka mea i he ole nui.

I mea kamaʻilio Rusia a me Austria-Hungary

Bosnian ulia o ka makahiki 1908 hiki hope ma ka hewa ina Rusia kū'ē i ka hoohui aina. Nolaila, na ke kūkā 'Aehrenthal a me Aleksandra Izvolskogo (kekahi Kuhina o ko na Aina e) he nui loa a me ka paakiki. I Sepatemaba, i ka aoao i ka ka mua aelike. Rusiaʻae i ka hoʻohui'āina o Bosnia, oiai Austria i olelo mai e ike i ka pono o Lūkini koa moku 'elele i hele ma ka Black Sea straits hoi malalo o ko Tureke.

I mea, ano o ia mea i ka abandonment o ka mea kahiko Pelelina ae like ana ma ka 1878. Ke kahua Ua huikau ma ka mea i Isvolsky ua kūkākūkāʻia ole 'ana mai luna, a me Aehrenthal hoʻokani i ka papalua hihiu. Nā diplomatsʻae i ka hoʻohui'āina, e hiki ma hope, i ka wa e ke kaawale stipulated manawa. Eia naʻe, he mau lā ma hope o kona hele ana, hoomaka ae la Izvolski Bosnian hoʻoponopono ulia. International kue hoʻonāukiuki Austria, i mea October 5 hai i ka hoʻohui'āina o ka hoopaapaa aina. Mahope Isvolsky hoole i ka hoʻohanohanoʻana i ka 'aelike.

Ke naoh i ka hoohui

'ōhumu mai a me ka hooholo ana o ka Viennese Aupuni i olelo ia Rusia, Pelekane, a me Palani. Kēia mau'āina i mua i hana mai i ka Entente - kuikahi kuhikuhi ma luna o Kelemania, a Hoʻoikaika i ka kona hoomau pono Ally, Austria. Ma Vienna haule iho la e ao memo.

Akā, Beritania, a me Palani i ole lawe'ē aʻe drastic hana. Ke Bosnian kahe ma Lādana, a Paris, ua malamaia lakou nui oi indifferent ma mua o ka pilikia o na lako Straits.

Ke mobilization ma Serbia a me MaunaʻEleʻele

Inā ke West hoohui aina "aleia" i loko o Serbia mai Vienna kūkala nūhou alakai i ka lehulehu unrest. October 6 (i ka lā ma hope o ka hoʻohui'āina), ka luna kūkala me ka mobilization.

ʻO ia mau mea i hanaʻia i loko o ka kokoke MaunaʻEleʻele. Ma nā Slavic aina manao i ka pono, e hele i ka hoʻopakeleʻana o ka noho ana ma Bosnia Serbs, ke ehuehu o ka make māinoino o'Aukekulia rula.

climax

Ma Okatoba 8, i ke Aupuni Kelemānia e hoʻomaopopo 'ka Vienna i loko o ka wā pōʻino o ka puali kaua aupuni a pau e hiki ke helu i ke kākoʻo o kona'ākau hoalauna. Kēia lima kolohe 'ana ua nui no na militarists i loko o ka Habsburg aupuni mō'ī. Alakaʻi o ka "militant" aoao i ka Luna o Staff Conrad av Hettsendorf. Ke aʻo 'ana e pili ana i ka German kākoʻo, ia? Aaei ia Emperor Manuela o Iosepa, e kamailio me ka Serbs, mai ke kūlana o ka ikaika. No laila, lilo i nui hoʻoweliweli 'ana i ka maluhia Bosnian hoʻoponopono ulia o ka makahiki 1908 a me ka mana nui, a me ka mea uuku Hawaii hoomaka ae la e hoomakaukau ana no ke kaua.

hoomaka'Aukekulia e hoopae ia e huki i ka palena. Ke wale ke kumu no ke kaawale ana o ka mea, e hoouka i ka naʻauao o nā luna i makemake kū Rusia mai no Serbia, a e alakai i nui ko Salisbury mau pilikia ma mua o ka "uuku lanakila".

Bosnian ulia o 1908 - 1909 makahiki. iki i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o kēia' atikala. Sure, papaʻi maila ia iʻoi aku ko lākou nui kuleana i loko o ka Arena kālai'āina.

Nā hopena a me ka hopena

Ke Lūkini aupuni Ua olelo ia o ka aina mea i makaukau i ke kaua ma luna o nā fronts ma luna o Kelemania, a Austria, ina ia mea no i hiki i ka hopena, e kokua i ka Serbs. Ke poʻo kumu a mea i ke Kuhina Nui Kuhina Pyotr Stolypin. He i i makemake i ke kaua, e hopohopo ana i ka mea e alakai i kekahi kipi (a ia hiki i loko o ka wā e hiki mai). Eia hou kekahi, wale nō he mau makahiki aku nei ua hee o ma ka Japanese, i olelo e pili ana i ke kala ana o ka poe koa i ka aina.

Kekahi mau mahina ke kūkā 'i noho i loko o limbo. Ua lilo i kuleana papa o Germany. Elele i Rusia Friedrich av Pourtalès hoonoho no St. Petersburg ultimatum: kekahi Rusia, e ike i ka hoʻohui'āina, a hoʻoiliʻia ke kaua ku e ia Serbia. Aia ua wale kekahiʻaoʻao, e hooki aku i ka Bosnian ulia o 1908 - 1909, i ka hopena o ka a no ka lōʻihi manawa wahi a ka Balkans.

Rusia ikaika loa o Paulo ma ka Serbia, a me ka hope, ike i ka Hoohui Aupuni. Me ka hookahe koko i pau ai i ka Bosnian ulia o ka 1908. O kona hopena pili aupuni i nā hualoaʻa ma hope. 'Oiai, na mea a pau i pau pono, e kue ana ma waena o ka Serbs a me ka Austrians uaʻoi loa wale. Ka Slavs i makemake ole i ka noho ma lalo o ka noho aliʻi o ka Habsburgs. E like me ka hopena, i ka 1914, ma Sarajevo, he Serbian poʻe hoʻoweliweli Gavrilo Princip pana aku la ia, mai ka pū panapana liʻiliʻi, pepehi i ka hooilina a hiki i ka'Aukekulia aupuni mō'ī Manuela Ferdinand. Kēia hanana i ka manawa maopopo, no ka outbreak o ke Kaua Honua II.