Duns Scotus: ka pā like ana o na manao o ka

Ioann Duns Skot i kekahi o ka mea nui Franciscan theologians. He hoʻokumu i ka olelo i kapaia o "scotism" mea he kūikawā 'ano o ka scholasticism. Duns i kekahi poe akeakamai a me ka logician, ikeia like "Kauka Subtilis" - keia inoa kapakapa ia ia i hookoia no ka makaukau, unobtrusive hui pu iaʻi o kekahi mau worldviews a me philosophies ma ka ia olelo. Haʻalele nā koʻikoʻi thinkers o ka Middle Ages, ke komo pu William o Ockham a me Thomas Aquinas, Scotus paa lōpū voluntarism. He nui o kona mau manaʻo i i he nui hopena ma luna o ka wā e hiki mai o ke akeakamai a me ka theology, a me nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē i ke Akua, i ka wa i aʻoʻia e noiʻi o ka hoomana ana a me ka manawa.

ke ola

'Aʻohe ike no ka hōʻoia i ka wā Ioann Duns Skot i hanau ai, akā, kākau moʻolelo manaoio i kona inoa, oia ua koiia e Duns ia kulanakauhale, kahi kokoke i ka Hawaiian palena meʻEnelani. Like he nui hoa poe akeakamai hoʻolimalima i ka inoa kapakapa "holoholona" penei ke ano, "Ka Scotsman". Kona hooliloia March 17, 1291. Ua haawiia i ke kūloko kahuna hoolaa ana i ka hanohano o ka pae ana o na kanaka ma ka hope o 1290, ua hiki kuhi i Duns Scotus i hānau i loko o ka hapaha mua o ka 1266, a lilo iho la ia i kaʻekalesia koke koke ia i hiki aku ai i ka loio i mau makahiki. I kona wā'ōpiopio, i ka wā e hiki mai poe akeakamai a me ka theologian hui i ka Franciscans hoʻouna aku ai iā ia i loko o Oxford ma kahi o 1288. I ka hoʻomaka o ka umikumamaha kenekulia thinker au ua nō ma Oxford, no ka mea ma waena o 1300 a me ka 1301 makahiki,ʻo ia komo i loko o ke kaulana theological kūkākūkā - koke, e like me ka wa i ka papa o ka haʻi'ōlelo ma ka "pohihihi". Naʻe, ia ia i maliu ia Oxford me ke kumu mālama, e like me ka mea kūloko'Abota hoouna mai i ka'ōleloʻana mai iā huahelu i loko o ka 'ihiʻihi Kulanui o Paris, malaila i haʻi'ōlelo no ka lua o ka manawa ma ka "pohihihi".

Duns Scotus, he akeakamai a i i ka invaluable na makana i ka honua moʻomeheu,ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau hoʻi i kāna haʻawina i loko o Paris no ka mea, o ka mea e hoomau ana kaua ma waena o Pope Boniface VIII, a me ka Palani King Philip ka Fair. Ma June 1301 na'apuhiʻana o ke aliʻi, nīnau kēlā me kēia i loko o ka Palani Franciscan hale mōneka, e hoʻokēʻai nā royalists mai Papists. Ka poe i kākoʻo i ka Waikikana, i noi e haʻalele Farani i na la ekolu. Duns Scotus i ka 'elele o ka papists, a no ka mea, i haʻakoi, e haʻalele i ke aupuni, akā, i ka poe akeakamai, hoi i Paris ma ka Akuma ka o 1304, ka wā Boniface make, a ua auou caiaiai ia e ka mea hou Pope Benedict ke XI, e hoʻokele i loaʻa i kekahi mau' ōlelo 'ana me ke alii. Ua uaʻAʻole iʻikeʻia ma kahi Duns pau keia mau makahiki o koi hoʻokuewa wale 'ia; moʻolelo paipai i ka mea hoi e ao aku ma Oxford. No kekahi manawa i noho ai i ka luawai-ike huahelu, a haʻi'ōlelo ma Kamepelika, akā, i ka manawa kapiliia mea,ʻaʻole e hiki i ke koho 'ia i kēia wā.

Scott pau i kona mau haʻawina i loko o Paris, a loaa i ke kūlana o ka haku (poo o ke kula nui) a puni i ka hoomaka ana o ka 1305. Over ka pili mau o nā makahiki,ʻo ia i lawe mai i ka nui kūkākūkā ma scholastic mea. laila, hoouna aku la ia ia mea i ka Franciscan House oʻepekema ma Cologne, kahi Duns haʻi'ōlelo ma scholasticism. I ka 1308 i ka poe akeakamai make aku la; i ka lā o kona make ana ua kauoha aku noʻonoʻo ma luna o 8 November.

Ke kumuhana o metaphysics

Ke aʻo o ka kālaiʻike a me ka theology mea inseparable mai ka hilinaʻi a me nā ideologies i Kīwala'ō i ka wā o kona olaʻana. Medieval hoakaka manao e hohola Ioann Duns Skot. Akeakamai, ka hua olelo wehewehe i kona hihio o ke Akua, e like me ka pono me na aʻo o Islamic thinkers o Avicenna a me Averroes, pili kēia ma muli o kaʻokoʻa nā kūlana hana o ka Aristotelian palapala "Metaphysics". Ke kumu o manaÿo i loko o keia ala "i", "ke Akua" a me ka "mea". Avicenna a me Ibn Rushd, i kekahi 'ano kūkaʻi hopena ma luna o ka ulu o ke Karistiano scholastic kālaiʻike, i diametrically ana ke kū'ē i manao ia ma keia manao. Penei, Avicenna e hoole i ka mea mahuʻi i ke Akua, i ka mea o ka metaphysics mamuli me ka mea i ole 'epekema hiki ole hooiaio, a hoʻokūpaʻa i ke ola o kona kumuhana; i ka mea ia manawa metaphysics mea hiki ke h ÷ ike i ke ola ana o ke Akua. E like me ia Avicenna, i kēia 'epekema haʻawina o ka pā o ka i. A ke kanaka i loko o kekahi alanui correlates me ke Akua, a me nā mea hihia, a me keia lākiōʻo ia ka mea hiki ke noiʻi i ka 'epekema o ka i, i makemake e komo i loko o kona manao ke Akua, a me ka hoʻokaʻawale' ona, e like me ka mea a me ka hana. Ibn Rushd e ho'ōla wale hapa 'ia e like me Avicenna, e hookupaa aku ana i ke ao i metaphysical kuhi kona ao ana i kela waiwai, a me ka pau' ona kaʻawale a me ke Akua. Ua haawiia i ke ke kālaikūlohea, ma mua o nā aliʻi 'epekema o metaphysics e hoʻoholo i ke ola ana o ke Akua, ua hiki ole hooiaio i ka mea ana i ke kumuhana o ke metaphysics o ke Akua. Ioann Duns Skot, he akeakamai i pili kēia hahai i ke ala o ka ike o Avicenna, kākoʻo i ka manaʻo e metaphysics haʻawina no ka mea, ka mea kiekie loa o ka a, i lana ai, o ke Akua; He - ka mea wale nō i pono ia, mai a na mea e ae a pau hilinai. I mea no ke aha la ke Akua i mea ma ke alo i loko o ka metaphysics o ka'ōnaehana, a i ka loaʻa o ke ao ana o ka transcendental hōʻikeʻana i ka Aristotelian noaia o nā waeʻano. Transcendentalers - keia i kā lākou mau mea e like ai o ka i ( "hookahi", "pono", "pono" - keia transcendental manaÿo like ka mea, coexist me ka waiwai, a me ko kekahi o ka wehewehena o ka waiwai) a me na mea a pau i ka mea i komo i loko o ka pili e ku pono ana ( "hope loa "a me ka" mana loa "," pono "a me ka" conditional "). Naʻe, i loko o ka pähola 'ana o ka ike, Duns Scotus' aloʻahia i kekahi maoli waiwai, e hina ia ma lalo o ka manawa "waiwai" hiki ke noʻonoʻo me he kumuhana o ka 'epekema o metaphysics.

Universal

Medieval kālaiʻike ua ka nānā 'ana i kā lākou mau hana ma luna o ka ontological Mea Maluna nenoai - i pau i ka nenoai i ho'ākāka' ia i loko o Aristotle ka hana "waeʻano" - i ÷ ike i ke ki pili ma waena o hana mea a hōʻoia 'kanaka' epekema ka ike e pili ana ia lakou. No laila, no ka mea hoike, i ka wahine paha, o Socrates a me Plato e pili ana i ka laha ana o kanaka e, ma ka huli, e pili ana i ka genus o ka holoholona. Hoki no hoi no i ka genus o ka holoholona, akā, i ke koena unuhi o ka i hiki i ka manaʻo rationally distinguishes ke kanaka, mai nā holoholona. Genus "holoholona", pu me nā kūpono mea pūʻulu (no ka laʻana, genus "mea kanu") pili i ka waeʻano o ka waiwai. Mau truths mea i kamailio ia ma kekahi. Hoopaapaa pukana, nae, o ka ontological kūlana o kēia mau genera a? Ueo. Anei ka mea, nei i loko o ka lanakila, a me ekstramentalnoy mea pono manaÿo, hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o ke kanaka manao? E ke genera a me ka laha 'ana o ke kanaka mea paha e pono ai, e pono ia i hoʻokaʻawale, ma ka pili hua'ōlelo? Ioann Duns Skot, kona kālaiʻike ua nānā 'ana ma luna o kona kino nānaina o ka mau ano, uku i ka hailona o ka hoʻolohe i kēia mau scholastic mea. I ka nui, ka mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka mau ano e like me "manaʻo kanaka" a me ka "animalic" e ola ana (oiai ka mea, e i "me ka nui loa e emi" ma mua o ka noho ana o kanaka) a me ia mea, generality e lakou ia lakou iho, a me ka lanakila.

kū hoʻokahi kumumanaʻo

He paʻakikī e categoricallyʻae i ka manaʻo i alakaʻi Ioann Duns Skot; kaha puana'ī, malamaia ma na kumu mua, a hōʻuluʻulu hōʻikeʻike i kekahi, ao ke ano o ka ike maopopo (e laʻa me, genera a? ueony) i loko o kona mau manao i emi ma mua o ke kuʻikahi, laupaʻi. Alaila, o ka poe akeakamai hāpai 'ia i ke kaʻina o nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē ma ka lokomaikai o ka hopena i ole a pau maoli ke kuʻikahi, mea i ke kuʻikahi, o ka a pau. Ma nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē ikaika ka mea, 'aloʻahia ia ina ke kulana ua like ke ku pono, i nā mea a pau i mea maoli ka nohona e hoolilo i ka laulā' ano. Eia naʻe, i kekahi mau kaiʻewaʻewa quantitatively mea okoa mai kekahi i kekahi like. I ka hopena o ia Socrates mea like okoa mai Plato ka Pehea ia mea okoa mai ka geometric kinona. Ma keia hihia, ke kanaka intellect mea hiki, e imi i kekahi mea i loko o like ma waena o Socrates a me Plato. Ua huli mai i ka palapala noi o ke ao manaʻo o "kanaka" i mau personalities, he kanaka hoʻohana mea Ioi o kona naʻau. Mau absurd ka hopena hōʻikeʻike i laupaʻi ka nohona mea i kū hoʻokahi, akā, no ka mea, mea i ka ia manawa o ka mea nui, no laila, he mea kekahi emi o laupaʻi, i keʻano, a me ka like malalo o laupaʻi ke kuʻikahi.

Kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi maʻi hēhē ia i ka mea i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o ka manao, hiki o cognitive manao, lapalapa ahi e nō e hana i ka hou lapalapa. Ho okumu i ke ahi a me ka lapalapa ahi i hanaʻia e i ka maoli ke kuʻikahi, kinona - ka lōkāhi, a proves i ka hihia o ka laʻana o ka unambiguous causation. Elua ano o ka lapalapa ahi pela e kalele iho ma luna o ka mau 'ano o ka manao me ka lōkāhi, uuku ma mua o laupaʻi.

indifferentsii pilikia

Mau pilikia e pono këia i ka weuweu scholastics. Duns Scotus manaoio aku i ka mauʻano mea i loko o lākou iho,ʻaʻole ia e kanaka, nā kikowaena naehana, e like me kā lākou mau ke kuʻikahi, emi ma mua o laulā. Ma keia hihia, ke mau ano a me ka mea i paʻa. Ma hope o ka olelo o Aristotle, Scotus e like ia ao Ho'ākāka 'kekahi o na mea he nui, a pili ia i na mea he nui. Pehea e maopopo i kēia manaʻo o ka medieval thinker, Universal F pono e ai indifferent, no laila, i ka mea hiki pili i nā mea a pau kanaka F no laila, i ka mea paʻa a me kela mea keia mea o kona mau oihana mua, he'ālike. Ma na mea olelo, i ka paʻa F Ho'ākāka 'kēlā kanaka F like luawai. Scott e like ia i loko o keia ano, aole hoi me ka mau ano hiki ole e paʻa, a hiki ina ka mea, ua wehewehe aku ma ka kekahi kanaka maoli indifferentsii: mau ano hiki ole i ka mea ia waiwai i ka 'ē aʻe, he pono ole ano e pili ana i kekahi mauʻano o ka mea a me ka' ona. Similar hopena a i nā hele mai a pau weuweu scholastics; Duns Scotus, Uilyam Okkam a me nā thinkers e imi, e kiola aku i ke ola ana o ka naauao Mea Maluna.

Ke kūlana o ke akamai

ʻOiai ka mua Scot la o ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o Universal, a mau ano, oia ua kokoke mai ka hoʻoulu manaʻo o ka olelo kaulana o Avicenna i ka lio - ka mea, e like me ka lio. Pehea e maopopo i kēia'ōlelo Duns, mau ano indifferent i ke kanaka a me ka paʻa. ʻOiai ka mea, ma ka mea hiki ole nei me individualization a me ka universalization, ma kā lākou mau ano, i ole lakou ia lakou iho, aole hoi ka poe ana i kekahi'ē aʻe. Ma hope o keia ke kūpili, Duns Scotus ho'ākāka ka universality a me ka individuality like accidental hiʻona o ka mau ano, no laila, - ka mea, i ka pono o ka hoaponoia. Oia manaʻo mea okoa, a pau ka hopena scholastics; haawi Duns Scotus, Uilyam Okkam a me kekahi'ē aʻe poe akeakamai a me theologians i kī kūlana i ke kanaka naau. E hana i ka huina manao maoli e paʻa, hahau ia ia e no ia ia i ka Mea Maluna, e huli mai ia i loko o laupaʻi hua'ōlelo,ʻo ia manaʻo hiki ia i ka māmala'ōlelo no ka pono characterizes na kanaka.

ola ana o ke Akua

ʻOiai ke Akua mea i malama metaphysical, ia nae ho i ka pahu hopu o keia 'epekema; Metaphysics makemake e ho'āʻo kona ola ana a me ka hoʻokalakupua nō. Scott kaumaha ana i kekahi mau wale nō o ka hoike no ke ola ana o ke kiekie akamai; A pau kēia mau hana i like ma ka hua'ōlelo o ka kakou kamailio ana ano, me nā hale a me ka hoʻolālā. Duns Scotus Ua hana ka loa paakiki, e hooiaio i ke ola o ke Akua i loko o ka pau ana o scholastic kālaiʻike. Kona mau manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē i hoʻomohala i ka eha kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

• Aia o ka mole kumu i eiiiaiee i pervoitog.
• Wale kekahi ano mea mua i loko o nā mea a pau ekolu hihia.
• Natura o ka mea mua i loko o kekahi o na hihia hōʻike, mana loa.
• Aia He hoʻokahi wale nō mana loa ia.

E kākoʻo i ka assertion mua, oia kākau i nā ke kumu kumu o non-modal loulou:

• Ia hana i meaʻahahui X.

Penei:

• X hana ia e kekahi'ē aʻeʻahahui Y.
• A i 'ole Y o ka mole kumu, a me ka mea hana i ke ano o ke kolu ia.
• Ka moʻo i hana ia e na kanaka haku hiki ole hoʻomau loa.

Nolaila, o ka hopena ua welau a me ka mole kumu - uncreated la ia nana i ka hiki i ka paka, ka nānā 'ana i nā aʻe.

Ma hua'ōlelo o nā modalities

Duns Scotus, kona Kawaihae ninoieo wale o ka manawa o ka apprenticeship a me ke aʻo 'ana i loko o kēia mau manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē' aʻole i haalele mai i ka walaʻauʻana me nā loina o scholastic kālaiʻike o ka Middle Ages. Ua hoi e kaumaha ana i ka modal hoʻokolohua o kona loulou:

• He hiki ia he mea he loa mua ikaika causal max.
• Inā he mea i A hiki ole ana mai o kekahi mea, a laila, inā A nei, ia mea kuokoa.
• Loa mua ikaika causal max hiki ole ana mai kekahi ai.
• No laila, loa mua ikaika causal ikaika mea kuokoa.

Inā ka loa mole kumu hakuʻole, a laila,ʻaʻole nō he maoli manawa kūpono o kona ola. Ma ka hopena, ina ka mea, he oiaio mua, he mea hiki ole ke hilinai ma kekahi'ē aʻe kumu. No ka mea, aia no he manawa kūpono maoli o kona ola, ka mea, 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea i koe ma luna o kona iho.

Ke ao ana o ke kū hoʻokahi

Duns Scotus na makana i ka honua kālaiʻike mea invaluable. Once i nä känaka 'epekema hoʻomaka e kuhikuhi i kana mau palapala i ke kumuhana o ka metaphysics ua i like me neia, ka mea mau i ka manao, arguing ana i ka manaʻo o ka mea pono maopopo hai aku i ka mea a pau i ua? Anoee metaphysics. Inā keia olelo ka oiaio wale i ka kekahi pūʻulu o nā mea, o ka mea mea,ʻaʻole ke kuʻikahi, e pono e e hiki ke noiʻi i kēia mau 'epekema kumuhana. E like me ka Duns, ka analogy - e Aloha e keʻano o ka equivalence. Inā ka manaʻo uaʻano nui nānā 'ia ma keʻano o nā mea o metaphysics wale ma ka analogy,' epekema hiki ole ke hoʻokahi.

Duns Scotus kaumaha ana i mau rula no ka mea iaiaʻike manaʻo unequivocal:

• e hooiaio ai a me ka negation o ka ia mea me ka manao i na kanaka kumuhana i hana ku e ana mai;
• i ka manaʻo o kēia kŰia i ia i waena manawa no ka syllogism.

No ka laʻana, me ka hoopaapaa ole ia, ua hiki ke olelo ia Karen ua makana i waena o na jure ma luna o lākou iho (no ka mea, makemake e aho e hele aku i ka Aha, ma mua o ka uku i ka hoopai), a ma ka mea ia manawa e ku e ia i kona makemake (no ka mea au i manao ai, hoʻoikaika ihola ma luna o ka 'ehaʻeha o kaʻilikai). Ma keia hihia, ke ku e ana mai mea hiki ole, mai ka manaʻo o " 'ona e" interchangeably. Conversely, ka syllogism "mea ola 'hiki ole manaʻo, kekahi scanners manaʻo nui loa ma mua oʻoukou e hāʻawi aku i ka hopena, Penei, kekahi scanners i Animated mea" hiki aku i ka absurd hopena, mai ka manaʻo o "manao" noi i ka mea mea like paha. I ka hula hoohalike, ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka manawa wale nō i loko o ka olelo mua; i loko o ka lua o ka olelo, oia ka mea, he figurative manaʻo.

nā mea pono

I ka manaʻo o nā aliʻi e kāpae ea o ke Akua i kau aku i ka hoʻomaka o ka positivism, penetrating i loko o nā mea a pau, ao ke ano o ka moʻomeheu. Ioann Duns Skot paʻa ia theology pono wehewehe i ka controversial kumuhana o kaʻoihana hāʻina o nā haʻawina; ka mea, kaupaona i nā hou hoʻokokoke mai ai i ke ao o ka Baibala, ma muli o ka primacy o ke kilokilo makemake. Lakou i mea hoike o ka manao pono: na kumu mua pono a me ka pono a me ka kanaka hana i ike i ka mea e pono 'ole pono o ke Akua i ukuʻia. Scott ka manaʻo i mālama ai i ka hoaponoia no ka hou ana o ka predestination.

ke au e kuapo i ka nui o ke Akua makemake, a kanaka ku okoa ana i loko o nā mea a pauʻimi naʻauao nīnau - poe akeakamai ua pinepine me na loina o ka voluntarism hou pili.

Ke ao ana o ka Immaculate hapai ana

Like no ka theology, ka loa nui e piʻi like o Duns, noonoo iho la i kona pale o ka Immaculate ka hapai ana o ka Puʻupaʻa. Ma ka Middle Ages ka mea i hoolilo i keia kumuhana lehulehu theological hoopaapaa. Ma nā buke, Mary hiki ia i ka wahine puupaa ma ka hanau ana o Kristo, akā, i ka Mea Paipala hāʻina o nā haʻawina, maopopo ole noiʻi i ana, e hoʻoponopono i nā kēia pilikia. Wale nō ma hope o ka make ana o ka mea e ola ai me ia i hiki aku i ka stigma o ka palapala hewa.

Great poe akeakamai a me theologians o Western aina i maheleia i mau pūʻulu, debating i kēia pukana. Ua Ua manaoio e hiki Foma Akvinsky hōʻole i ka ho'ōia o ke ao ana, eia nae kekahi Thomists mea i makaukau eʻae i kēia kuleana. Duns Scotus, ma ka huli, i ka i kēia loulou: o Maria i ka pono o ka hoolapanai, e like nā kanaka, akā, ma ka lokomaikai o Kristo ka crucifixion, kākau ma mua o ka pili hanana ana, ua nalowale me ka stigma o ka palapala hewa.

Ua haawiia mai kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa i loko o ka papal kukala o ka dogma o ka Immaculate hapai ana. Pope John XXIII e waiho heluhelu theology o Duns Scotus nui nā haumāna.