Ka walaʻauʻana manaʻo o Voltaire, a me kona philosophical, a mau wale

Nā manaʻo o ka Palani hoʻomāʻikeʻike waiho ana i loko o ka pono e noho hoʻi o ke kaiāulu, a ua ai i ku i ke kipi. Poʻokela mea aʻo he Sharl Monteske a me Voltaire, a ma hope Jean-Zhak Russo a me Denis Diderot.

Nā manaʻo o Montesquieu a me Voltaire, he ole ka ia ma ka helu o ka moku'āina a me ka lehulehu. Eia naʻe, ua lilo kumu kahua o loko o ka hooulu ana o ka hou kaiāulu ka mea. Ka walaʻauʻana manaʻo o Voltaire okoa mai ka manao mai o nā 'elele o ka'āina.

maʻamau vitae

Voltaire i hanau (ma ka hanau haawi mai i ka inoa o François-Mari Arue), Paris (Aupuni) November 21, 1694. Kona makuwahine i ke kaikamahine a kekahi karaima Aha. Kona makua kāne hana me ka notary a me ka lunaauhau. Voltaire i ole lawe i kona makuakane i kaʻoihana, e like me ia ia iho, no laila, i ka 1744 oia i hoike mai ia ia iho i ke illegitimate keiki a ka poe ilihune musketeer haku poem.

I kona wā'ōpiopio,ʻo ia aʻo ma ka Jesuit College, laila, hoomaka ae la e noiʻi i kānāwai. Over manawa, i ke kanaka opiopio bothered e hoʻolohe i kona makua kāne, hoomaka ae la oia e imi i ko lakou ala i loko o ke ola. Mai ka 1718 ka mea, ua kakau inoa ia e ka pseudonym o Voltaire, a mea he anagram o kona piha inoa me ka leo "kaikaina".

Ma aʻo satire haku mele kekahi mau manawa e noho ana i loko o ka Bastille. Ka manawa mua ia hiki i ka 1717. Ke kumu no ka hopu ana i kahi e satire no ka hoʻoponopono 'i ke Duke o Orleans, ka mea i kuhina o Farani.

Ma ke ola o Voltaire, hou a me ka houʻalo i ka make māinoino o ka hopu ia ana. He Ua haʻakoi e haʻalele France. Poe akeakamai ma kona alanui noho maʻEnelani, Prussia, Kuikilana. Ma ka 1776, lilo 'o ia i ka richest ke kanaka i loko o Farani, a haawi aku i ka manawa kūpono e hana i kā lākou mau "' ilepili na'lii a" i loko o ka waiwai o Ferney ia ia.

Voltaire mai o kona waiwai, ka manaʻo politika ike i ka poe monarchist, ua ma ka palapala me na kanaka kaulana o ka manawa. O loko o ke poʻo o nā lāhui kanaka:

• Ke alii o Prussia - Frederick 2.
• Empress o Rusia - Ana 2.
• Ke alii o Poland - Stanislaw August Poniatowski.
• Ke alii o Kuekene - Gustav 3.
• Ka Moi o Denemaka - Kristiano 7.

I ka makahiki o ka 83 makahiki, he luawai-ike mea aʻo hoʻi iā Paris, kahi i make koke hope. Kona koe i mālama i loko o ka lua pao o ka poʻokela kanaka o ke aupuni, - Pantheon.

Ke philosophical manao o Voltaire

Pokole e pili ana i Voltaire ka kālaiʻike ke olelo aku nei au i kēia -ʻo ia i ka poʻe kākoʻo iā ia o ka empiricism. Ma kekahi o kana mau palapala, oia koi i ke ao ana o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia poe akeakamai Huli Palekana. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia ua he hoa paio o ka Palani materialist kula.

Kona nui philosophical 'atikala ia i paʻiʻia ma ka "Pocket Dictionary o kālaiʻike." Ma keia hana, ua kū'ē idealism a me ka hoomana ana. Voltaire i ka nānā 'ana ma ka' epekema ike i kona manawa.

Voltaire ka walaʻauʻana wale no kanaka hoemi ia i ka mea i kela kanaka keia kanaka e loaa maoli kuleana:

• ku okoa ana;
• e malu ai;
• like;
• waiwai.

Eia naʻe, e e hoomaluia na kuleana maoli ma ka maikaʻi kānāwai no ka mea, "ua huhu na kanaka." Eia naʻe, hoʻokomo akula kaulikeʻole na kanawai o keia poe akeakamai ano keia ano.

Kaiapili-philosophical wale

Ua hoemiia ka walaʻauʻana manaʻo o Voltaire i loko o ka nohona manao i ka nele o ka like ole ma ka kaiāulu. I kona manao, ia e iloko o ka waiwai, hoʻonaʻauao a me ka poe i koiia e hana no ia. He manaoio aku i ka mea e hana ana i kanaka, e ka loa, no ka mea, o ko lakou hoopaapaa ana ia hikiʻana a pau.

Voltaire ua he adherent o naʻauao absolutism. A hiki i ka pau ana o kona ola ka mea, ua he monarchist. E like me ia, i ka mō'ī pono hilinai aku maluna o ka naʻauao aoao o ke kaiāulu i loko o ka maka o ka pilina a me ka poe akeakamai.

Ke kumu o na manao e pili ana i ka manaoio

Ka walaʻauʻana manaʻo o Voltaire, ua hoemiia ke ola ana o ke Akua, a hiki i ka nui, e hoike ana ia mea i keʻano o ka lunaʻenehana i invented, hana a mau i harmonize i ka'ōnaehana o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

Voltaire ua ku e atheism. He manaoio aku ia: "Inā ke Akua i ole nei, ka mea e pono ai ke invented." He He kupono i oi ia a hooku iho la ia mau loa a me ka pono. Naʻe, i ka poe akeakamai o ka oihana ka mea e hooiaio i ke ola ana o ke Akua, hana ole ma ka manaoio, aka, ma ka pono ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana.

O ke kumu ho i ka oiaio i mea ole hiki ke hoike aku kona ola ana ka manaoio. Ua Ua kūkuluʻia ma luna o hoomana ana a me ka nui contradictory mea. Ka mea wale nō kaʻoiaʻiʻo i loko o kēia kēia lākiō o ka hoomana o ke Akua, a me kana mau kauoha. E like me ia Voltaire, atheism, e like theism, deism mea kue i kona absurdity.

Pili aupuni a me ka loio i manao o Voltaire

Ka poe akeakamai nui i ole haalele iho la ka kūikawā hana pilikino E pili a me ka kānāwai. Naʻe, ka manaʻo politika a me ka loio i ike o Voltaire pono kūikawā noonoo. A pau i kona manaʻo ma luna o ka moku'āina o kānāwai, i ke kānāwai waiho i loko o nā hana.

Ka Ana Aina, e kō ka pilikia e pili ana o ka mea kākau, ka mea i hoomaewaewa mai ai ia a me ka hoole i ka ideological kumu o ka feudal lehulehu. i imbued nā hana a me ka uhane o ke ku okoa ana, ke ahonui, a me ka manaʻo kanaka.

ka papa kuhikuhiE hoi na mea makau

Ke kumu o nā mea a pau nohona ino poe akeakamai noʻonoʻo zasile ka naaupo, ka'ōuli, a me ka prejudices i uhi pū manao. A pau o keia hele mai, mai ka Ekalesia, a Catholicism. I mea no ke aha la i loko o kona hana mea aʻo aumeume me ka poe kahuna, ka Hoomana Katolika a me ka bigotry.

Hope, e kanu i ka ekalesia, pepehi i ke ku okoa ana o ka manao a me ka hōʻike. He He ola-hāʻawi e hoomaka ana i kekahi ku okoa ana. Pela Voltaire i ole ai ia e hoole i ke ola ana o ke Akua, a me ka nele i ka hoʻomana.

Ka walaʻauʻana manaʻo o Voltaire i ole kemokalaka. Hoʻomāʻikeʻike wale ia i papahana no ka maʻamau lawehana. Ka poe akeakamai i i noonoo i na kanaka o physical hana, no laila, i kona manaʻoʻo ia i lawe ia i loko o no. Eia kekahi, ka hapanui o nā mea a pau, ua makau o na kanaka. Keia Voltaire, a me kona mau manao okoa mai lālā 'ē aʻe o ka manawa.

Like o ka poʻe, uaʻike nō wale nō i loko o ka manaʻo politika a me ka loio i ano. All kanaka e ia poe kanaka, ka poe i like nā pono kīvila hilinaʻi ma luna o nā kānāwai a me ka hoʻopakele 'ia e ia. I ka Ia manawa, ka mea i manaoio aku i kekahi kanaka i ka oihana i loko o ke kaiāulu kanaka, e hilinaʻi ma luna paha ka mea, he waiwai. No ka laʻana, ka mea kuleana e koho ma ka pili ana i ka lehulehu e pono ai e ia wale no ka mea nona, akā,ʻaʻole a pau maʻamau kanaka.

I ka 'aha hoʻokolokolo, Voltaire koi i ka maikaʻi e hookolokolo, i ka i loio e komo. Hoʻomāinoino ',ʻo ia iʻae, a makemake e kāpaeʻia ia.

Ma hua'ōlelo o ke aupuni poe akeakamai, oia ua he kākoʻo iā ia, a piha aupuni mō'ī, a me ka naʻauao ma luna, alai ae. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia makemake no hoi oia e hana i ka'ōnaehana o ke aupuni maʻEnelani. Ke kumukānāwai Kalikiano a me ka alo ana o na aoao elua o ka poe i hiki ke hahai mai kekahi ma hope o kekahi, koʻi kaua Voltaire.

E like me ka ideology,ʻaʻole he thinker i hana i kona mau kālai'āina kumumanaʻo. Naʻe, i ka loio i ike o Voltaire wālua i ke ala no ka hou 'ana o ka pili a me ka loio i keia olelo e. Voltaire ka manaʻo i ka nui a uuku loa, komo i loko o na manao a pau o ka Farani hoʻomāʻikeʻike wale.

uao

Ua olelo ia i Voltaire i ole mahalo i ka hana o kona makua kāne. Naʻe, ka mea, ua nō ua hoʻopili i ko lākou ola i ka loio i hihia i loko o nā makahiki 1760-1770. No laila, i ka 1762, oia malaila i ka poe e ana i ka olelo o ka make hoopai ana i ua kau mai Protestant Jean Calas. He i hoopiiia no ka pepehi ana i kana mau keiki. Voltaire ua hiki ke loaʻa ai ka acquittal.

Other luahi o ka pili a me ka Hoomana Katolika, a i malama i ka mea aʻo i Sirven, Comte de Ka Lally, Chavalier de Ka La Barre. Pili aupuni a me ka loio i ike o Voltaire poe, e kaua aku me ka Ekalesia a me kona prejudices.

Voltaire-mea kākau

Ma ka moʻokalaleo, Voltaire a makemake aristocratic 18th kenekulia. He ua ikeia no kona philosophical puke, hana keaka hana, poetry. Ke peculiarity o kana mau hana ma ka 'ōlelo alodio a me ka ole, aphoristic, satire.

Fiction ua no ka mea kākau mea,ʻaʻole i pau i loko o ia iho, akā, he mea. Me ke kōkua o ka mea,ʻo ia iā ia i kona manaʻo, e ikaika aku i ka clergy, a me ka autocracy, e hai ana ke ahonui, a me Kivila liberties.

hana keaka

Over ke ola o ka mea kākauʻo ia i palapala 28 panina pōʻino nui, i waena a me ka loa pinepine kaʻawale, "Oedipus", "Zaire," "Kaisara," "Chinese keiki makua ole" a me na mea e ae. He Ua lōʻihi aumeume ana me ka Hekikai o ka hou hana keaka, akā, ma ka hopena, ua lilo iho la i hui pu ai ka lono kaumaha, a me ka puke kātuna.

Ma lalo o ka manaʻo koikoi o ka hou bourgeois ola kālai'āina a me ka loio i ike o Voltaire i loli me ka manao i ke keaka, wehe 'o ia i ka puka a hiki i nā mea a pau hana keaka papa. He hoʻomaopopo i kanaka i loaʻa hiki pono, e hoopiha i ka mea, i ko lakou manao me ke kōkua o nā huapalapala mai ka lalo papa. Ka mea kākau i lawe mai ai i ke kahua o ka mala, he koa, he mea kaikamahine, olelo a me nā nīnūnē i nā pilina i ke kaiāulu. Ka mea, i ka ikaika manaʻo, a loaʻa lākou mau pahu hopu ma ka haku ai. Mau bourgeois hana keaka nā "Nanin" "hoeha a", "pono i ka haku."

Voltaire waihona

Ma hope iho o ka make ana o ka poe akeakamai hoihoi i loko o kona waihona Ekaterina 2,ʻo ia, Noord me ka mea a. Russian Empress waiho i ka mea i kona hope paha, ka mea i ana no na mea a pau a me na hooilina o Voltaire. Ma keia hana a pau, e hele ai a me ka palapala o Ana, nae, ka mea i kūʻaiʻia e Beaumarchais. He paʻi ia, a me kekahi mau hoololi, a hele ma ka noi o ka Empress.

Ua lawe ia ka waihona hoʻi ma ka moku i ka 1779. Ua nā 6814 nā puke a me 37 i kākau limaʻia. Initially ia neo? Aaiiai? I loko o ka leʻaleʻaʻeleʻele. Iloko o ka noho alii ana o Rotehama 1, komo i ka hale waihona ua paʻa. Ua ua ike ia A. S. Pushkin i hana ai me ia ma ka kūikawā kauoha o ke alii, ka wā i kākau ai "The History o Petero".

I ka 1861, Alexander 2 kauoha ae i ka hoolilo ana o nā mea a pau i ka loaʻa mea i loko o ka imperial Public Library ma St. Petersburg.

Nā puke iloko o ka hailonaʻana no ka memo o Voltaire. Ka mea, he kumuhana kaawale o ka mahele. Voltaire, kālai'āina ike i, e like me ka koena o ke ola, Kaʻahumanu nō na poe akeakamai, kākau moʻolelo, ka manaʻo politika a me nā kānakaʻepekema moʻolelo, ua he loa hana hoihoi kanaka. Ka ukupanee i loko o kona kino a me ka hana mau ia nei.