Electrotechnical kumuhana, ka waiwai a me ka noi

Ka hoʻokōʻana a me ka mea paʻa o ka uila machines a me nā mea kanu hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke ano o ka'īpale, pou maalea no i na mea i hoʻohana. Ka mea, i wehewehe aku e kekahi lākou mai o kekahi waiwai, i ka wa i hoonoho ai ma ka electromagnetic a kahua kūpono, a Ua hoʻouka kekahi ma ka manaʻo me ka nānā 'ana ma kēia mau nā hoailona.

Mea Maluna pou nā E ho oku ui maheleia i hoʻokaʻawale hui o ka hō'īpale, semiconducting, e mālama nei a me kaʻume mākenēki mea e pakuʻi ai i ka papa kuhikuhiE huahana: capacitors, conductors, isolators a me ka mea uholo uila hehee wale makaukau.

Nā Pono e hana i kanakaʻume mākenēki ole uila mahinaʻai i kekahi waiwai, a i paku ole ia i mau radiations ka poʻe. ʻume mākenēki mea conventionally puunaueia i weaklyʻume mākenēki waiwai a me kaʻume mākenēki waiwai. Ma ka pou 'ana i kūpono loa mau hana ikaikaʻume mākenēki mea.

Nā pono Hana 'epekema

Ka mea ua olelo mai waiwai, wehewehe aku ma ka okoa, mai nā mea o ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana, ka waiwai a me ka' ole o nā lātoma a me nā'ātoma. Ka waiwai i loko o kekahi o ka eha Hawaii: gaseous, paa, kinowai a wai koko. Uila a me ka mall mea hana i ka hoʻouka i keʻano o ka hana.

E mālama nei i nā ke hoʻouna i electrons pele eiiiiiaiou hoolako dielectric hoʻokaʻawale. Noi o ka mea pale mū holapū hehee wale hoʻololi 'uila ikehu i loko o ka wela, nā mea o ka kūkulu huahana hoopaa iho o ko lākou mau helehelena, e laʻa me, ka hale noho. Uila a me ka? Ieoaeunoai lako koi 'ia e hana i kekahi akā, kekahi mau pili oihana, e like me ka insulator i loko o ka pou e haawe ho'āʻo ma, a lawe mai ia i ka mall mea.

Pou mea 'epekema - ka' epekema Hana me ka ho'ākāka 'ana o ka waiwai, ka study o ka hana o ka mea ma lalo o ka aoao o ka uila, wela, anuanu,ʻume mākenēki kula a me nā' epekema haʻawina no ka hana i ho'ākāka 'ano koi' ia e kūkulu pou machines, manaʻo a me nā mea hoʻonoho ..

Guides

Mau nā uila ipu, i mea no ka papa kuhikuhiE anakahi hōʻike conductivity o ka pilaʻikena. He mea no ka mea, i loko o ka ahakanaka o ka waiwai manawa makana electrons i weakly e paa ana i ka nucleus a me ka i noa kauoha nā moku halihali mokulele. Ka mea, neʻe me ka Astronomical o kekahi lātoma i kekahi, a hana i kaʻikena. I ka papa kuhikuhiE lawelawe mea noʻonoʻo keleawe, Aluminum.

I ka conductors e hehee wale i i ka uila resistivity ρ <10 ^-5, ai ka lako e mea he alakaʻi mele maikaʻi me ka anakahi 10 ^-8 Ohm * m. A pau ke hooheheeia me ka maikai papaʻaina o 105 oihana mua 25 e ole wale ke hooheheeia, a mai keia i ka holoholona ano pūʻulu o nā pono hana 12 hana uilaʻikena, a manaoia me he semiconductors.

Na ke kālaikūlohea o ka pou mea e leie aku lākou hoʻohana like konohiki ma ka gaseous a me ka wai a Hawaii. E like me ka mea kinowai metala ma maʻamau ka mahana ua pili wale o Hereme, no ka mea, i ka mea ku pono,. ʻO nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia hoʻohana like conductors wale wai i loko o ka hahana loa moku'āina. No ka conductors hoʻohana 'ia a me ka lawelawe wai, no ka laʻana electrolyte. Nui waiwai o na conductors, hiki e maopopo ia lakou, e like me me ka degere o ka uila conductivity, ua manaoia, a hiki i ka thermal hanauna thermal conductivity ano.

dielectric mea

Haʻalele conductors, dielectrics nuipa a he he uuku helu o noa electrons elongated shape. I ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai o ka waiwai o kona hiki e loaa i ka polarity o ka pila nui kahua. O kŰia ua wehewehe ia e ka mea i lalo i ka aoao o ka uila-pili hoopii e hoʻoneʻe i ka olelo o ka manehu koa. Na offset loihi mea oi, o ka mea kiekie oia ka uila kahua ikaika.

Uila hō'īpale mea i ke kokoke ana i ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka mea uuku inideka conductivity, a emi hai ma mua o ka degere o ka polarization, a haawi i ka PAaIEN o ka lakou hoopuehu a me thermal ikehu e auaaeaiea. Ke conductivity o ka dielectric ua ma muli o ka hana o ka uuku nui o noa dipoles hoʻololi ai i ka hana ana o ke kula. Ma hope o polarization, ka dielectric waiwaiʻano me kekahi polarity, a laila, mau 'āhewa' ana o kekahi mau hana mana i hanaʻia ma luna o kaʻili kai.

Noi dielectrics loa nui ka uila, no ka hoʻohana o ka hana a me ka OE hehee ai ano.

I kaʻeleu mea, a me ka waiwai amenable i ka hooponopono ana, komo:

• pyroelectrics;
• electroluminophors;
• piezoelectrics;
• ferroelectrics;
• electrets;
• mea no emitters i loko o ke kukuna.

XIX. Pou kumuhana - dielectric OE waiwai, ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me hō'īpale mea a capacitors oʻike mau type. e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā haʻawinaʻelua o ka uila kaapuni mai kekahi i kekahi, a pale aku i ka hoʻohālana o ka pila hoopii lakou. No kā lākou hoʻokaʻawale ua lawe mai Via kaʻikena-e hali ana i māhele i ka uila ikehu ua koe i loko o ka lepo a ma luna o ka hale noho.

kaawale ma ka insulator

e maheleia Ma ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole dielectric mea, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana. 'okanikaʻole dielectrics mai i apo ia kalapona i loko o kona haku mele 'ana, oiai ka ke aloha pepa i iniiaiie kalapona hehee ai. 'okanikaʻole 'ona e like me pālolo, Mika, he degere kiʻekiʻe o ka wela.

Uila mea ma luna o ka papa hana no ka hana māheleʻia i loko o kona ano maoli, aʻimi hoʻopunipuni dielectrics. Ke kula laulā 'ana o kemikala mea ua ma muli o ka mea i hana e leie aku, e haawi aku i ka mea o ka makemake waiwai.

E like me ka 'ole o nā lātoma a me hakakino puka olu oia i dielectrics māheleʻia i loko o Polar a me ka' ole-Polar. Ka hope ua i kapaia'ākilikai. Ke koena unuhi o ia na nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma mamua i kā lākou mau hana ma luna o ka uilaʻikena a i ole ka pila malama. K he'ākilikai nā pūʻulu kikowaena Teflon, polyethylene, Mika, pōaka, a me kekahi poe e ae, ka Polar dielectrics komo o nā lātoma me ka maikaʻi 'ole io ka uku ole, i hoohalike mea Tewetewe koloriside, bakelite.

dielectric waiwai

Like dielectrics maheleia i loko o gaseous, wai a me ka paa. Ka loa mau hoʻohana paa pou mea. Ko lakou waiwai a me ka noi ana kūpono ka hoʻohana kiko'î a me nā 'ano:

• he buke resistivity;
• dielectric permittivity;
• i kaʻilikai resistivity;
• ke kaʻi lau waiwai o thermal permeability;
• dielectric lilo tangent o ka huina i hoikeia;
• ikaika o ka mea ma lalo o ka aoao o ka uila.

Volume resistivity hilinaʻi nui ma ka hiki ana o ka mea ma luna o laila kulu mau ciaʻikena e pale aku. Anakahi inverse resistivity kapaia bulk conductivity.

'Ilikai resistivity ua nānā' ana i ka hiki o ka mea e pale aku i ka ikaikaʻikena e kahe ana ma luna o kona ili honua. Ili honua conductivity o ka reciprocal o ka mua huahelu.

Ke kaʻi lau waiwai o thermal permeability Hōʻike 'i ke degere o ka loli ma ka resistivity ma hope e hoohaunaele ana i ka wela o ka waiwai. Nō kāu, ka ia'ku emi me ka ulu ana wela, nolaila, ke kaʻi lau waiwai cia mea io.

Ke dielectric a eia i hoʻoholo i ka pou noi o ka mea i like me ka hiki ana o ka mea e ho okumu ana i uila capacitance. Ana o ka hoahanau permittivity o ka dielectric pū i loko o ka manaʻo o ka loa permeability. Hoʻololi'īpale nona iho anakahi hōʻike mua thermal permeability kaʻi lau waiwai, i ka poʻe SafeSearch he mahuahua a emi ma ka capacitance me ka loli ma ke ana wela.

Tangent o dielectric poino ka makau Hōʻike 'i ke degere o ka kaula mana emi me ka pili ana i ka dielectric mea malalo iho o ka uila alternatingʻikena.

Wehewehe aku Electrotechnical mea o dielectric ikaika anakahi, a hoʻoholo i ka manawa kūpono o luku mai i ka waiwai a pau ma lalo o stress. Ma nä ka ikaika me mechanical o ka helu o nā ho'āʻo ma, e hookupaa nui ae i ka 'inideka kali compressive ikaika, tensile, anuenue, torsional, hopena a me ka fracture.

Helu, a Nine Inch ano o dielectrics

Ma dielectrics iloko i kekahi helu o ka hookuu nāʻakika. I ka nui o ka potasiuma hydroxide i milligrams koi 'ia e pakele o impurities ma 1 g. O ka waiwai ua kapaiaʻakika helu. Nāʻakika luku aku ke aloha i nā mea i ka hopena maikaʻi ia ma luna o ka hō'īpale waiwai.

Ano pou mea complemented (viscosity) kaʻi lau waiwai a kū'ē, ae hōʻike ana i ke degere o ka pele o ka mea. (Viscosity) ua maheleia i conditional a me ka kinematic.

Degere o ka wai omo ua nānā 'ke kaumaha ma muli o ka nui o ka wai ke kemu ma ka hoao ana hehee ai nui lā ma hope o kaiapuni i loko o ka wai ma ka hoʻoholo ma mua ana wela. Kēia characterization Hōʻike ka porosity o ka mea, mahuahua ka 'inideka deteriorates ka hō'īpale waiwai.

ʻume mākenēki mea

Auana loiloi 'ana o kaʻume mākenēki waiwai i kapaia kaʻume mākenēki ano:

• ʻume mākenēki loa permeability;
• ʻume mākenēki pili permeability;
• thermal kaʻi lau waiwai oʻume mākenēki permeability;
• ka ikehu i kā mākouʻume mākenēki kahua.

ʻume mākenēki mea e māheleʻia i loko o ka hana a me ka pahee. Ka pahee oihana mua i wehewehe aku e poho uuku lagging nui o magnetization o ke kino ka manehuʻume mākenēki kahua. Ka mea, ua oi permeable i kaʻume mākenēki nalu i ka uuku coercive koa, a me ka oi aku saturation hoʻokomo. Kā lākou hana i loko o ka mea transformers o electromagnetic a machines a me maomeka,ʻume mākenēki nā pale kaua a me 'ē aʻe i hoʻomākaukauʻia ma ia mea e pono magnetization me ka haʻahaʻa ikehu nā aupuni i. Mau nā maemae electrolytic hao, hao - Armco, permalloy, uila kila lahilahi, nikala-hao oka a pau.

Paa mea i wehewehe aku e ka nui lilo lagging degere o ka magnetization ma luna o ka mea mawahoʻume mākenēki kahua. E loaa ana kekahi manawaʻume mākenēki lāʻau ikiʻai wale, e like pou mea, a me nā huahana i magnetized, a no ka lōʻihi manawa e malama i ka waiho waho ikehu. Ka mea, i ke kiʻekiʻe coercive ikaika a me ka kiʻekiʻe koena hoʻokomo nona iho. Nā kumumea me kēia mau 'ano i hoʻohana' ia no ka hana ana i wahi nā mākēneki. Me ka Poeikohoia o ka oihana mua i oka a nānā 'ana i ka hao, Aluminum, nikala, cobalt, silikone eiiiiiaiou.

magnetodielectrics

Kēia hui mea, 75-80% i loko o ka haku mele i loaʻa i kaʻume mākenēki he lepo lā, ua piha i ka nui o ke aloha kiʻekiʻe polymeric koena me ka dielectric. Y ferrites a me ferrites hoonuiia aiee o ka buke resistivity, liʻiliʻi eddyʻikena ka pōʻino, a leie aku kā lākou mau hana ma ka 'enehana kiʻekiʻe-alapine (frequency). Ferrites i ka pilina paʻa nā hoailona ma kekahi alapine (frequency) kihapai.

Kahua me ka hoʻohana ferromagnets

Ua hoʻohana 'ia ka hapanui o ka pono, e hana i kekahi kāna mau' ōlelo o ka mea hoʻololi uila coils. Noi o ka mea e leie aku i ka mahuahua nui o kaʻume mākenēki kahua o ka mea hoʻololi uila, oiai e hoʻololi i ka papa heluhelu o ka poe ikaika no lakou. Oia hookomo o ka ferrite hoola mana hokii i hoohana ia o ka noonoo o kanaka. Pou mea a me ka lako a ma hope o ka mea mawahoʻume mākenēki keiki mālama iʻume mākenēki ano, a me ka malama i ka mahinaʻai i loko o ka pili makahiki.

Elementary paialewa mai e kekahi, ma hope o ka hoʻololiʻana aku i ka Mākēneki, pela e pili ana i ka hae paʻa Mākēneki e hana ka pono ma luna o nā pihi lohe, helu kelepona, ke ana ana i na mea maalea, pńnńnń, kani hoʻopaʻa 'ia e na manao ona. Loa mahalo ma o ka hoʻohanaʻana i paʻa nā mākēneki,ʻaʻole uila lawelawe. Loaa i huiia o ka hao oxides a me nā 'ē aʻe oxides. Lodestone pili ia i ferrite.

mea uholo uila lako

Oia ka poe oihana mua a i ka conductivity waiwai i mea i loko o ka wā mawaena o keia 'inideka no conductors a me dielectrics. Ke conductivity o kēia mau mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke ola ana o impurities ma ke kaupaonaʻana, mawaho hopena a me kuhikuhi o na mā.

Ano o electrotechnical mea semiconductors pae hōʻike nui oko ao mai kekahi i kekahi oihana mua ma luna o ka puka olu oia i 'ole, haku mele' ana a me ka waiwai. Kaumaha ma muli o kēia mau mea kiko'î, e hoʻolaha i nā mea i loko o 4 hoailona ia mea:

1. Oihana mua nā'ātoma i loaʻa i ka hookahi? Ueony: silikone, phosphorus, boron, selenium, indium, germanium, gallium, a me na mea e ae.
2. Nā Pono Hana i loaʻa ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia oxides haku o - keleawe'okesaside, cadmium, kiniki a me na mea e ae.
3. Nā mea i loko o ka hui pae antimonide.
4. Ke aloha kumuhana - naphthalene, anthracene, a me na mea e ae.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka puka olu oia i māheleʻia i loko o polycrystalline mea uholo uila mea a monocrystalline hehee wale. Ano o ka pou mea e leie aku ia e kaʻana like i loko o ka ole-ʻume mākenēki a weakly. Mawaena o na eiiiiiaiou oʻume mākenēki maopopo semiconductors, conductors a me ka 'ole-lawelawe oihana mua. Maopopo e auaaeaiea mea hiki ole i ka hana, no ka mea he nui na mea hoi okoa i loko o ka hoʻololi 'ia. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoohalikeia ana o kekahi mau semiconductors ma haʻahaʻa mahana i ka hopena o na insulators. O ka dielectrics ma ka hahana maoli nō kēia hana like semiconductors.

ahupapa mea

Nā Pono Hana i mea ole puunaueia ma ka functioning a me ka haku mele 'ana, i kapaʻia ka lua mea, ia mea kekahi pou mea. Ko lakou waiwai a me ka palapala noi aie i kekahi hui malu pu ana o ka mea i hoʻohana ma o ka hana. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike i aniani puluniu kuina eiiiiiaiou, o Minvielle i, nā mea huihuina o ka lawelawe a me ka refractory ke hooheheeia. Hoʻohana ana i nā mea huihuina like paha ikaika hōʻikeʻia, a pili ia i kā lākou mākaʻikaʻi. I kekahi manawa, he huihui 'ana o ka lua eiiiiiaiou hiki aku ai i ka haku o ka loa hou hehee ai i ka mea'ē aʻe waiwai.

ho film lako

Oi laulā no ka pou foils a me ka lina leki aole kakou i loaa i pou mea. Lākou ka waiwai i okoa mai nā dielectrics kohoʻia, lawa me mechanical ka ikaika a me ka maikaʻi hō'īpale ka waiwai. Ka mānoanoa o ka huina hoonui loli aʻe ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mea:

• ho film mānoanoa o 6-255 microns hana, hoʻokuʻu leki 0,2-3,1 mm o;
• polystyrene huahana ma ka palapala o ka leki, a Film he 20-110 microns manoanoa;
• mānoanoa polyethylene leki i 35-200 ka m, he laula o ka 250 a hiki i 1500 mm o;
• fluoroplastic Auana mānoanoa ua i 5 i ka 40 microns, he laula o 10-210 mm o envisage.

Mea Maluna o ka pou mea, mai ke kūkulu e leie aku e hoomaopopo mau ano: aʻo i kaʻoihana a me ka 'ole-aʻo i kaʻoihana ho film. Ka mea mua ua hoʻohana 'ia ka hapanui pinepine ana.

Pena a me ka paleʻana no ka uila'īpale

Pāʻoihana a waiwai ho okumu i solidification ho film i ke kālā no uila lako a pan. Kēia hui nā iie?, Ka maloʻoʻana mea kāhinu, kēpau, kelulose nā mea kemika paha i huiʻia me ka hui pu ana o kēia mau eiiiiiaiou. Huli ana o ka h ÷ ke keʻena i loko o insulator ia lŘlŘ ma hope o ke omoāea o ka'ūheheʻe nuipa waihoia a ho okumu i ke anuanu Auana. Ma ke ala o ana i ka manaʻoe kūkulu he ua maheleia i lina, ka penaʻana a me ka impregnation.

Impregnating varnishes hoʻohana no ka pouʻanuʻu ma ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ka thermal conductivity a me ka ia'ku i ka ona mau. Ka penaʻana varnish luna hana i kekahi aiiay ka penaʻana i ka ona mau, anuanu, kaʻaila, ili honua o Kahualoa Kokohi, ea'īpale. Lina eiiiiiaiou i hiki hoi glue Mika papa a me nā pono hana.

I huiʻia no ka uila'īpale

Kēia mau mea i hōʻike mai iā ia i ke kinowai pāʻoihana ma ka manawa o ka pono, hahai ka poe paakiki, a me ka hoola iho la. Waiwai wehewehe aku ma ka mea ana o ka haku mele 'aʻole e loaʻa nā'uheheʻe. Nā hui pū e pili ana i ka hui "uila lako a". Ano i ko lakou hoike ana a me ka impregnating. Keʻano mua ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hoopiha ana cavities ma ka uwea kaola, a me ka lua o ka pūʻulu ua hoʻohana' ia no ka impregnation o ka Hawaiiʻanuʻu.

Hui paka i ka thermoplastic, e hoopalupalu no au i hope o ka mahuahua ma ka mahana, a me ka thermosetting, pono ka hoopakele ana i ke ano o ka solidification.

Impregnated fibrous hō'īpale lako

No ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o ia mau mea ka hoʻohana ke aloha olona, a me ke kanaka-i eiiiiiaiou. Natural nō olona, o ka silika, i hiloʻia, wahie remaking ma na mea o ke aloha ka molekumu o (puluniu, lole, pepa). Humidity o ia insulators papa koa mai ka 6-10%.

Ke aloha mea o kemikala (nylon) pihaʻi me ona mau wale 3 i ka 5%, e like me saturation o ka ona a me ka'okanikaʻole olona, (o Minvielle i). 'okanikaʻole mea i wehewehe aku e ka hikiʻole i ke ahi ma ka nui paio hahana maoli nō. Inā ka mea, e alohaʻia enamels paha lacquers, ka flammability, piʻi pū. Lako hou i ka pou mea i hua mai la i loko o ka hana o ka pou hana a me nā mīkini home.

Leteroid

A lahilahi puluniu ua hua mai la i ka a lahilahi, a olokaa iho la i loko o ka'ōwili no ka halihali. Ua hoʻohana like me ka mea no ka manufacturing ka'īpale gaskets, hoʻokino dielectrics Kauai. Paper impregnated me ka asbestos a me ka asbestos ka papa i ka chrysotile asbestos, splitting ia i loko o olona. Asbestos mai ia'ku i kona'ākilikai rula, akā, mai hemo mai ia i loko o kaʻakika.

Ma ka hopena, ka mea e e kaulana ia me ka hoʻohanaʻana i kēia mea no ka'īpale o ka uila? Ieaoa hana ola ua me ka nui loa mahuahua. No nā mea hoʻonoho hale hoʻohana mea i koho 'ia ka waiwai e ae no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o hou ooieoeiiaeuiiai lako a me ka hoonui ae i hana.