Enehana lula ea, ano,? iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka hoʻohana '

Polymeric mea - he kiʻekiʻe hakakino Nine Inch i huiʻia e komo o ka lehulehu malomolekulyarnyh monomers (huahelu) o ka mea hookahi 'ole. Pinepine e hoʻohana i nā polymers no ka hana o ka kēia lātoma eiiiiiaiou:'etolina, vinyl koloriside, vinildenhlorid, vinyl'ākeka, propylene, methylmethacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene, urea, melamine, formaldehyde, phenol. Ma kēia 'atikala e kamaʻilio mākou i loko o au mamuli mea polymeric mea, e like me kā lākou Nine Inch a me ka physical ka waiwai, a me ka Mea Maluna ano.

'ano o nā polymers

A hiʻona o na nā lātoma o keia mea o ka nui hakakino kaumaha, a hoʻopili like ai i ka mea kēia cia: M> 5 * 103. I huiʻia me ka nui malalo o keia aiao (M = 500-5000), haawiia keia i like oligomers. Ma ke kaupaona ana i huiʻia haʻahaʻa-hakakino ka emi o 500. Na kēiaʻano o ka polymeric mea: kemikala, a kūlohelohe. Ka hope IeAUPIIe, IAa IO haawiia maoli laholio, Mika, hulu hipa, asbestos, kelulose, a me ka 'ole. D. naʻe, i ke kumu o kemikala polymers noho kaʻawale hoʻi ma ke ano i loaa mai ma ke kaʻina hana o Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala o ka hui o haʻahaʻa hakakinoʻilikai. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hana o manufacturing kiʻekiʻe-hakakino mea, ua kūlana polymers i mea ma polycondensation, a ma ka hou naoh paha.

polymerization

Kēia kaʻina hana o ka hui ana o haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha eiiiiiaiou i loko o ka kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha, e haawi lōʻihi na kaula. I ka nui o ka polymerization pae - o ka helu ana o "Mer" i loko o nā nā lātoma o ka haku mele 'ana. Loa pinepine, i ka polymeric pono hana komo mai na tausani i na umi o na tausani o nā huahelu. Ma ka polymerization, ka mea kēia i huiʻia i pinepine hoʻohana: polyethylene, polypropylene, Tewetewe koloriside, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, a me na mea e ae.

polycondensation

Kēia kaʻina mea no i koe pane, a mea he hui a me ka nui helu o like monomers, a me ka mau o okoa pūʻulu (A a me B) i loko o polycondensors (macromolecule) me ka i ka wā hoʻokahi ho okumu ana o kēia mau ma-huahana: meto ka waiʻona, i carbon dioxide, hydrogen koloriside, ammonia, ka wai a me ka ¶ AL. e ho ohana i ka loaa polycondensation silicones, polysulfones, polycarbonates, aminoplasts, phenolics, polyesters, polyamides a me nā polymeric mea.

polyaddition

Ma lalo o kēia kaʻina hana maopopo i ka ho okumu ana o polymers i mau hou reactions o monomeric eiiiiiaiou i pihaʻi me kū'ē 'ē aʻe kali, na monomers o unsaturated pūʻulu (hana pōʻaiapuni ole papalua hoopaa). Akä naÿe i ka polycondensation, polyaddition naoh i wahi me ka hookuuia o ka ma-huahana. Ka loa nui hana o keia 'enehana manaoio nei au e hoola iho la pīlali kēpau , a polyurethanes? Eaia.

Mea Maluna o polymers

I ka haku mele 'ana, ua māheleʻia aʻela nā mea a pau pīlali mea i loko o'okanikaʻole, ke aloha a me ka organometallic. Ka mua o kēia mau (silicate aniani, Mika, asbestos, pālolo, etc.) Mai no'ātoma kalapona. Ka mea, i ke kumu o ka Aluminum'okesaside, makanekiuma, silikone a me ka mea e like. D. ke aloha polymers hoʻohui pū i ka loa nui ka papa, e pihaʻi me kalapona, hydrogen, naikokene, luaipele, i oxygen a me ka halogen. Organometallic polymeric kumuhana - e hui i i haku o nā kaula hilo 'ē aʻe ma mua o ka poe i makemake ai, a me ka silikone nā'ātoma, Aluminum, titanium a me nā kumu mua i e hui me ke aloha radicals hiki. Ke ano o ia me ka hui pu mai i kānāwai. Ka mea, nona wale nō ke kemikala polymers. Typical 'elele o keia pae i ka i huiʻia ma ka mea pīlali kumu, i ka papa kuhikuhiE kaula ua kukuluia mai o oxygen, a silikone nā'ātoma.

E loaa polymers me ka makemake waiwai ua pinepine hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke akamai i ole "maemae" waiwai, a me ka hui pu ana ona me ke aloha a me'okanikaʻole eiiiiiaiou. A hoʻohālike maikaʻi maoli o ka pīlali hale pono hana: metala-Ka lula ea Ke, o Minvielle i, pīlali pōhaku puna.

Ka 'ole o ka polymers

Ke peculiarity o ka waiwai o kēia mau mea aie i kā lākou 'ole a, ma ka huli, ua maheleia i loko o ka kēia mau' ano: laina-ka lala, laina, ka māhele hakakino hui me ka nui a me ka loa kekahi geometric hale a me ka staircase. E iā mākou iki nana kela mea keia mea o lakou.

Polymeric mea me ka laina-manamana ai 'ole ma mua o ka iwi kuamoo nā lātoma iʻaoʻao lala. Oia polymers nā polypropylene a me ka polyisobutylene.

Nā Pono Hana me ka laina 'ole i ka lōʻihi zigzag a hoʻoluli i loko o ka helix kaulahao. Lākou mau macromolecules kuhikuhi wehewehe aku ma repetitions o ka'āina i loko o hoʻokahi mall mokuna pae o huahelu o ka Nine Inch kaula paha. Polymers me ka laina 'ole wehewehe aku ma ke alo o ka loa lōʻihi macromolecules me ka lula'ʻokoʻa i loko o ke ano o ka mea paa a ke kaula, a ma waena o lakou. Mākou ke ano o intermolecular a me ka Nine Inch paa. Macromolecules ia mea ka loa'ōlewa. A me keia waiwai o ke kumu o ka pīlali kaulahao, i hiki aku ai i qualitatively hou ano: kiʻekiʻe elasticity, e like me ka wa e kaawale aku o brittleness i loko o ka hoola moku'āina.

i ua polymeric mea me ka māhele 'ole a me ka manawa mākou i aʻo. Kēia mau waiwai kuahene ma ka hoʻohuiʻia i kekahi i kekahi macromolecules ikaika Nine Inch paa ana i loko o ka transverse kuhikuhi. I ka hopena o ka upena 'ole, i loaʻa i ka pili-ʻaʻahu māhele maka aha? Aieao. Polymers o kēia 'ano i he kiekie ae wela ia'ku a me ka rigidity ma mua laina. Kēia mau mea i ke kumu no na mea he nui ole-mea hao no? Ieoaeunoaa lako.

Nā lātoma o pīlali mea me ke ala 'ole haku o ka paʻa o nā kaula hao i i pili ma ka Nine Inch hoopaa. O nā mea pīlali polymers e i wehewehe aku e mahuahua rigidity, wela ia'ku, hoi, ka mea e ole pāʻani aku me ke aloha nā'uheheʻe.

Ka pae haku mele 'ana o nā polymers

Kēia mau mea i nenoai e komo o amorphous a me ka mea pōaka wahi. Ka mua o kēia mau kōkua i ka ho'ēmi i oolea, ka hoolaha laholio pīlali i ka hiki o ka nui deformations o ka reversible ano. Ka mea pōaka pae ka poʻea pau e hoomahuahua i ko lakou ikaika, paakiki, laholio modulus, a me nā mea kiko'î, oiai minimizing ka hakakino kohoʻia waiwai. Ka lākiō o ka buke o nā mea a pau i kēia mau mea i ka huina ka leo ua kapaia ka degere o ka crystallization, kahi o ka i kā mākou 'ilikai (80%) e polypropylenes, fluoropolymers, kiʻekiʻe nuʻa polyethylenes. A ma lalo 'ilikai i ka degere o ka crystallization i polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes o haʻahaʻa nuʻa.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hana o polymeric mea ma luna o hahana maoli nō kēia, ka mea hiki ke maheleia i thermosetting a me ka thermoplastic.

thermosetting polymers

Mau iniiaiie mea i ka laina 'ole. I ka enaena, e hoopalupalu no au i, akā, ke 'ole hoʻololi i loko o ka māhele, a me ka lako e ua hoohuliia i loko o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa like me ka hopena o ke kulu i loko o Nine Inch reactions. I ka wā e hiki mai, keia mea e like ai ua malamaia no. Ma keia loina hooponopono polymeric lua lako. Lākou mahope paio hahana maoli nō 'aʻole e hoopalupalu no au i ka mea, a wale hiki aku ai i kona hoʻololi iho. Makaukau thermosetting läÿau, 'aʻole i hoike mai a heheʻe, no laila ia mea unacceptable no ka hoʻopōʻaiapuni. Ma keia ano o ka mea nā pīlali silicones, phenol-formaldehyde a me nā kēpau.

thermoplastic polymers

Kēia mau mea i ka wa a pii kai, mua hoopalupalu, a laila, heheʻe, a mahope ka huʻihuʻiʻana solidifies. Thermoplastic polymers ka wā ua aaioee e ole undergo Nine Inch loli. Kēia i ke kaʻina loa reversible. Waiwai o kēia 'ano, he laina ole ai manamana laina' ole o macromolecules, i waena a ma laila nō i ka poe koa uuku, aʻaʻole loa he Nine Inch paa. O nā polyethylene, polyamide, polystyrene, a me kekahi poe e ae, ka 'ike loea hou a polymeric nā mea wela e like thermoplastic? Eaaaony no kā lākou hana ma ka pahu kui mōlina i loko o ka wai-anuanu ano mōlina, extrusion, e hoʻokani mōlina, a me nā ki ina hana like.

Nine Inch mall

i ua kapaʻia nā polymers i loko o ke ana ma lalo nei: paa, wai, amorphous, mea pōaka pae, a me ka hoomaikai laholio, h ÷ pele a me ka deformation aniani. I ka laha ana o ka polymeric mea aie i kā lākou kiʻekiʻe ia'ku i na corrosive Media, e like me kia nāʻakika a me alkalis. Ka mea, i ole susceptible i electrochemical ka popopo. Eia kekahi, me ka mahuahua hakakino kaumahaʻia o ka emi o ka solubility i loko o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe. A me polymers ka māhele 'ole, ano laulā, i paku ole ia i olelo mai fluids.

physical waiwai

Ka hapanui o polymers i insulators, ma ka hou, ka mea, i ole-ʻume mākenēki mea. O nā mea a pau i ka hoʻohana 'ia mall pono hana wale ka mea, i ka lalo thermal conductivity a me kā mākou wela nona iho, a me ka thermal shrinkage (ma kahi o iwakalua manawaʻoi aku ma mua ia o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia). Ke kumu no ka lilo ana o ka tightness o kekahi hoailona iho la i pau ma haʻahaʻa mahana o ka ai-kapaia vitrification laholio, e like me ka hana keaka likeʻole ma waena o nā coefficients o? Anoe? Aiey o ka metala a me ka laholio ma vitrified moku'āina.

mechanical e waiwai

Polymeric mea i ka laulā huahelu o ÿano waiwai i mea nui e kaukaʻi ma luna o lākou 'ole. Kaawale mai keia okoʻa no ka manawa, he ole nui ma luna o ka ÿano waiwai o ka mea i i keʻano o ka mawaho aʻe. Mau nā :. Mahana, alapine (frequency), lōʻihi like 'ole, a me ka uku o ke hoʻoukaʻia, i ke ano o ka' aloʻahia moku'āina, puʻe, ano o ke kaiapuni, wela lapaʻau, etc. ka peculiarity o ka ÿano waiwai o polymeric mea o lākou ikaika kŘpa a kiʻekiʻe i loa haahaa oolea (i like i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia).

Nā polymers hiki ke maheleia i paa, a hoʻopili like ai i ka modulus o elasticity E = 1,10 GPa (puluniu, ho film, ea), a me ka palupalu elastomeric mea, ke elasticity modulus o E = 1-10 MPa (laholio). Aʻokoʻaʻano papa hana o ka make ana o nā.

No ka polymeric mea wehewehe aku ma ka haʻi anisotropy o ka waiwai, e like me ka pono me ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka ikaika, kolo ulu hoʻolako hooloihi ae i hoʻouka. I ka Ia manawa ka mea, i kekahi 'ano kiʻekiʻe ia'ku i ka luhi. I e like me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, ka mea, ua nui ikaika kaukaʻi o ÿano waiwai ma luna o ke ana wela. Kekahi o na kumu ano o polymeric mea mea he deformability (ductility). E like me ia i kēia aiao ma ka laulā huahelu o ka mahana hookama, e loiloi i kā lākou walaʻauʻana a me ka hana anaʻanoʻenehana waiwai.

Polymeric mea no ka papahele

Ano, e noonoo i kekahiʻano o ka pili ana o polymers, 'ikepili hiki a pau laulā o kēia mau mea. Mau waiwai Ua loaʻa akea palapala noi i loko o ka hana a me ka hoʻoponopono a me ka hoopau ana i ke hana, i pau i loko o ka ka penaʻana o ka palaoa. Ke nui hiʻona mea ku pono i ke ano o ka waiwai ma ka ninau: ka mea, e hoʻopale i ka abrasion, maloteploprovodny, i wahi waiʻuʻuku omo, ikaika lawa a me ka naueue ole, noho kiʻekiʻe ano o HW. Hana o polymeric mea hiki ke maheleia i ekolu pūʻulu: linoleum (owili), kuina huahana a me nā mea huihuina noonoo screed. Ano, e mākou pokole aku nana i kela mea keia mea o lakou.

Linoleum hua mai ma acee? Iuo oeiia o fillers a me polymers. Lākou haku mele 'ana paha i nā plasticizers, aaioee kōkua iā ia,, a me pigments. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ka pīlali mea, hoomaopopo polyester (Gliphtal), Tewetewe koloriside, laholio, kolloksilinovye a me ka' ē aʻe ka paleʻana. Eia hoʻi, ka mea, structurally puunaueia i baseless, a me ka sound-, hō'īpale kumu unilamellar a me ka multilamellar, me ka malimali, corrugated a me ka fleecy ili, a single- a me ka nunui-waihoʻoluʻu.

Papa lepo pili lako i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o polymeric eiiiiiaiou, i loa haʻahaʻa abrasion ia'ku, Nine Inch ia'ku a me ka mea paʻa. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ka maka mea, i kēia' ano o ka pīlali huahana e māheleʻia i loko o kumaronopolivinilhloridnye coumarone, PVC, laholio, fenolitovye, bitumen nā kile, e like me huna papa a me ka fiberboard.

Nā Pono no screeds i ka loa i ka pono a me ka hygienic e hana, ka mea, i kiʻekiʻe ikaika. Mau nā mea huihuina hiki ke maheleia i Polymer-, pīlali pōhaku puna a me Tewetewe'ākeka.