Farani ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia: hiʻona o? Acaeoey

Mākaukau hoʻi i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka nohona hou o Farani, i loko o ke kakahiaka 20th ke kenekulia, ma pōkole, ka mea, i kekahi o ka helu o ko ke ao nei i ka nui mana. Ma kuwaho, hele aku la kela i ka rapprochement me Pelekāne a me Rusia. Domestically, i ka 1900 - 1914 makahiki. ka piʻiʻana confrontation ma waena o nā socialists, a me ka lōpū. Kēia i ka wā ia e pili ana ia lakou iho me ka leo nui a hai mai i hauʻoli ana me kā lākou mau hana ana kulana. I kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia poomuku a me ka Olelo Hoolaha a ka First World War, a me ka hoonohonoho hou ao nei mea.

hoʻokele waiwai

Mai ka aneiai wahi o ka hoomaopopo, Farani ma ka 19th - 20th kakahiaka nui kenekulia ua hoano e ka ulu nui. Ka mea, ua ka ia i loko o ka hapanui o ke koena o 'Eulopa, a ma ka United States. Eia naʻe, i loko o Farani i kēia kaʻina hana i loaʻa iā ia kekahi hanana hiʻona. Industrialization a me ka urbanization ole i hoʻokēʻai like ia o ke ki luna (nō hoʻi ka UK) he mau, akā, hana mau, e kūkulu i ka hana ka papa, a me ka bourgeoisie hoʻomau, e hooikaika i ko lakou mana.

Ma 1896-1913 GG. ua he ai-i kapaia "lua hanalima kipi". Ua Ua koho ia e ka Hekikai o ka uila a me ka hi (kekahi poe Renault, a Peugeot poe hoahanau). Maunakea i hanau. Palani i loko o ke kakahiaka 20th ke kenekulia, hope loaʻa iā ia kekahi o ka holoʻokoʻa hanalima wahi. Rouen, Lyon a me Lille i ka lole-oaio? A, a me Sana Etienne a me Le Creusot - metallurgical mau mea. Pake a he hōʻailona ia o ka ulu ana i koe? Aeaciui. Iaono? Ienoai hana o ko lākou mau pukapuka. Aeaciua ai he i ka hookipa ana waiwai kūʻai mea. Simplifying ke kūkaʻi ana o ka ukana a me ka oihana ma modernizing amo ua alakaʻi aku i ka hou aku hanalima ka ulu ana.

urbanization

Uku haʻakiu Nā uuku pāʻoihana. Kokoke i ke kolu o ko ka aina o ka poe e hana I ka hana ana ma ka hale, (ka hapanui tailors). Ma ka Ewa o ka First World War, i ka nānā 'ana i ka hoʻokele waiwai Palani ma ka ikaika aupuni kālā, a oko ka hailona o Loaʻaʻia. I ka mea ia manawa, ua hewa no hoi: ka hema wahi o ka aina lagged hope ma ka hanalima kūpono 'ana o ke kūkulu'ākau.

Urbanization ua ikaika 'ole ma ke kaiāulu. Farani ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia nō koe i ka aina, kahi oi ma mua o ka hapalua o ka heluna kanaka (53%) i noho ai i loko o ke kauhale,, ka outflow, mai ke kauhale naʻe hoʻomau i ka ulu. Mai 1840 a hiki i 1913. ka repubalika o ka heluna kanaka, ua ulu mai ka 35 a hiki i 39 miliona kanaka. No ka mea, o ka lilo ana o Alsace a Lorraine i loko o ke kaua, me ka Prussia no kekahi mau makahiki me ka mau emigration o ka heluna kanaka o keia mau aina a hiki i kā lākou mau Mokuna'āina.

kaiapili stratification

Life koe kaʻawaʻawa hana. Eia naʻe, e like me ka mea i ka hihia, i loko o nā'āina'ē. I ka 1884, i hala ke kānāwai i ae no e pili ana syndicates (uniona kālepa). I ka 1902 ua ka 'amelika General Confederation o na Hana Lima. Nā hana i hoʻonohonoho 'ia lakou iho, i waena o lākou i ka ulu hoʻokahuli aupuni naʻau i loko. Farani ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia e lauwili e like me ka me pono kā lākou mau koi.

An mea nui hanana i ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o ka mea hou i ka nohona kanawai (ma 1910, aia i ke kānāwai ma luna o hoomau no ka poe e hana nei, a kauwa). Aka hoi, na ana aupuni me ka nui loa lagged ma ke kua o ka ia kokoke Germany. Ka hanalima kūpono 'ana o Farani, i loko o ke kakahiaka 20th kenekulia Led a hiki i ka enrichment o ke aupuni, akā, i ka pomaikai, ua haawi aku unevenly. ʻO ka hapa nui o ia mau mea i loaʻa mai i kekahi o ka bourgeoisie, a me ka heluna o Paris. I ka 1900 ma ke poʻo Metro i weheia, a ma ka mea ia manawa, aole i pio ka polokalamu II laekahi nâ Pâʻani 'Olumepika.

moʻomeheu

Ma ka 'ōlelo Palani, i ka manawa i'āponoʻia e ke Belle Époque - "Belle Epoque." No laila, ma hope la ia mea e like me ka manawa, mai ka pau ana mai o ka XIX kenekulia i i 1914 (i ka hoʻomaka o ka First World War). He i na hiohiona,ʻaʻole wale nō ia e? Aneiai ulu, iao? Discoveries a me ka holomua, akā, i ka moʻomeheu flowering o ka mea inā pilikia ka haumāna ma Farani. Paris i kapaia oiai i hookuuiaʻi na pono o ka "kapikala o ko ke ao nei."

Ka lehulehu i pūliki pono ma ka hoihoi i loko o Popular novels, Boulevard hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me opperetam. E hana me ka Impressionists a me ka Cubists. Ma ka Ewa o ke kaua, ia ua lilo ia Pablo Picasso ka honua-kaulana. ʻOiaiʻo ia i hānau he Spaniard, a pau o kona makakū olaʻeleu i pili me Paris.

Russian moʻolelo keaka wale huahelu Sergei Diaghilev i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i loko o ka'ōlelo Farani kapikala ka makahiki "Lūkini Wailea," a lilo i nā hualoaʻa a ka waiʻona ma, a reopen Russian i na haole. I kēia manawa i loko o Paris lakou i kuai ai mai Ka Mua o "ka oihana o ka Lai" ma Stravinsky, "Shaherazady" ma Rimsky-Korsakova au T. D. "Russian Wailea" Diaghilev revolutionized pahaohao mai la. I ka 1903, lana ma Ballet lole akamai Pol Puare wehe koke lilo i hale cult pahaohao. Mahalo iā ia, i ka corset ua OOAOAaXUEE. Palani i loko o ka 19th - 20th kakahiaka nui kenekulia i no ka mea a pau, ao like me ka moʻomeheu beacon.

kuwaho

I ka 1900, France, pu me kekahi mau 'ē aʻe honua mana' ole i loko o ka suppression o ke kualua kipi ma Kina hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia. Lani aupuni a pau ma ia manawa i hele ma ka nioeaeuii-yeiiiie? Hoʻoponopono ulia. Ke aupuni, ua piha ia i nā kānaka'ē (pēia pū no ka 'ōlelo Palani), a' Imi intervene i loko o ke kipi i ke ola o ka aina. Ka mea, he poʻe kālepa a me ka Christian misionari. E kū'ē i kēia kāʻei kua, Kina, a ua he kipi o ka poe ilihune ( "kualua"), ua hoʻonohonoho pogroms haole wahi. Ka haunaele i uhi pū. Paris loaa 15% o ka nui indemnity o 450 miliona liang.

France ka kuwaho i loko o ke kakahiaka 20th kenekulia Ua nānā 'ana i kekahi mau kumu. Mua, i ka aina i ka koloniala mana me ka nui ona ma Aferika, a ua pono, e hoomalu i ko lakou mau kuleana i loko o nā wahi likeʻole o ke ao nei. Ka lua, ia mea i kaʻoihana kaʻa ma waena o nā mana Europa Hawaii, ho'āʻo ana e imi i ka loa-makahiki Ally. France Ua mea maʻa mau ia i ka ikaika no o Anati-German e hoʻolaha (muli i loko o ke pio ma Prussia i loko o ke kaua, o 1870-1871.). E like me ka hopena, i ka repubalika hele aku la i ka rapprochement me Pelekāne.

colonialism

I ka 1903, ka English King Edward VII kipa Paris ma luna o ka kalaiaina makaikai. Ma hope o ka hele, i kakauinoaia ka 'aelike, e like me a Pelekāne a me Palani i puʻunaue i ka spheres o ko lākou koloniala pono. Pela ka mea,ʻikeʻia ka elue mua a hiki i ka hanaia'na o ka Entente. Ka koloniala ku like ai i hiki ai i France e hoʻohana ka 'elele i loko o Morocco, a me ka United Kingdom - i loko oʻAigupita.

ʻO kēia kanaka Kelemānia ho'āʻo ai i ko oukou pale ana i ka hana 'ia he ana o kona mau hoa paio ma Africa. Ma muli o, France alakaʻi i ka Algiers hālāwai kūkā ma i kona waiwai kuleana i loko o ka Maghreb i ua hoopaaia ma 'Enelani, Rusia, Spain a me Italy. Kelemania, no kekahi manawa i koe ma ka hoʻokaʻawale. Oia ka huli o ka hanana Ua loa pahuhopu nei me ka Anati-German ana, a ua Farani ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia. Kuwaho Ua olelo ku e Pelelina, a me nā mea a pau i ke koena o kona hiʻona e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ka like ana me keia motif. Ka Palani hookupaaia ka protectorate ma luna o Morocco i ka makahiki 1912. Ma hope iho o ia, ua kekahi uprising, a uhi pū i nā pūʻali koa ma lalo o General Yubera Liote.

socialists

I kekahi ano o Farani, i loko o ke kakahiaka 20th kenekulia hiki iaʻu ke hana me ka hai ana mai i ka ulu keiki o leftist manaʻo i loko o ia kaiāulu. E like me ka olelo ma luna, ma muli o ia ka urbanization o ke aupuni i hoonuiia i ka helu o ka hana. Poe hana, koi ae la ko lakou e hoohalike ai i ka aupuni. Loaa no ia lakou ka mea, i ke aloha a hiki i ka socialists.

I ka 1902, i ka hema bloc lanakila 'o ia i ka hiki mai ana ke koho ana a hiki i ke keena o ka lunakanawai. Na mea houʻahahui Ua mālama 'ia ka helu o nā mea hoʻololi e pili ana i ka lawelawe mālama ola, hana pū nō ia aku ana a me ka hoʻonaʻauao' ana. Mundane kila hahau. I ka 1904, i ka holoʻokoʻa hema o Farani Apo aku la ia hahau disgruntled poe hana. A laila, i ka Palani Socialist alakaʻi Zhan Zhores i hana mai i ka nupepa kaulana "L'Humanite". Keia poe akeakamai a me ka mea kākau moʻolelo ole wale kaua aku no ka pono o ka hana, akā, i kue colonialism a me ka militarism. Fanatic nationalist politician pepehi ihola i ka lā mua o ka First World War. Ke kii o Zhana Zhoresa i kekahi o nā mele hoʻonohonoho 'pacifism a me ka makemake no ka malu hōʻailona.

I ka 1905, ka Palani socialists i hele pu, a hana i ka Pauku Palani o ka hana i 'International. Kona papa alakai o Jean Jaurès a me Jules Guesde. Socialists i ka hana me ka increasingly i hauʻoli lawehana. I ka 1907, he uprising wawahi mai i Languedoc-growers i hauʻoli i ka importation o nike Algerian waina. Ke koa, a ke aupuni i hoʻolauna e kinai i ka unrest, hoole e pana kanaka.

hoomana

He nui hiʻona o ka Farani ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, loa huli i ka Palani lehulehu. No kekahi laʻana, i loko o 1905 ka mea i'āpono i ke kānāwai ma luna o kaawale ana o ka ekalesia a me ka moku'āina. He lilo no ka hoʻopau hoʻopā aku i ka Anati-clerical kūkulu 'ia o ia mau makahiki.

Ke kānāwai hoopau ia ka Napoleonic Concordat, a i hookuu ia hoʻi i loko o 1801. Ua Ua 'āpono' ia e ka naita ma moku'āina a me ka hoʻohiki kuokoa o ka lunamanaʻo. Aole loa o nā hui hoʻomana Ina he hiki i hou ae ma ka helu i ka patronage o ka moku'āina. A mahope, ma hope o ke kānāwai i nema aku ana ma ka Pope (o ka hapa nui o ka 'ōlelo Palani i Kakolika).

Science a Technology

Ke scientific kūpono 'ana o Farani, i loko o ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia i koho ia e ka Nobel lua i loko o ke kālaikūlohea i ka 1903, no ka mea, i ka loaʻa o maoli radioactivity o ka uranium paʻakai loaa Antoine Henri Bekkerl, Pierre Curie a me Maria Sklodowska-Curie (eono makahiki ma hope iho hoi, i loaa i ka Nobel lua ma kemika). Oka Ukali aku, a hana hou 'enehana mokulele akamai. I ka 1909, Louis Bleriot mua, lele aku ma ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia Channel.

kolu o ka Repubalika

Aupuni Farani ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia noho i loko o ke au o ka Apana Repubalika. I kēia wā, ke poo o ka moku'āina i kekahi mau luna Emil Lube (1899-1906), Arman Faler (1906-1913) a me Raymon Puankare (1913-1920). He aha ia hoʻi i ka hoʻomanaʻoʻana o kā lākou iho, ka mea hema i loko o ka mōʻaukala o Farani? Emil Lube hele mai la a hiki i ka mana i loko o ka loko o ka nohona e kue ana i ka pele a puni ke kiʻekiʻe holoʻokoʻa pela Alfreda Dreyfusa. Kēia koa (i ka Iudaio me ka luna) i hoopiiia ke kiu ma no Germany. Loubet wehe 'ia mai ka hihia, a e hele aku ia i kona ihoʻaoʻao. France, ia manawa, ua hoano e kekahi kēia o Anati-Semitism. Aka hoi, Ua hewa Dreyfus, a rehabilitated.

Armand Fallières 'Imi hooikaika i ka Entente. Ma lalo ona Palani, e like me ka koena o Europa, me kaʻikeʻole hoomakaukau ana no ke kaua e hele mai ana. Raymon Puankare ua kauia oia i Anati-German. He pau keia la i ka poe kaua reorganization a me ka loa o ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ke ola i loko o ia, mai nā a hiki i' ekolu makahiki.

Entente

ʻO i ka 1907, Beritania Nui, Rusia a me Farani i finalized lākou koa kuikahi. Ka Ententeʻia nō ia ma muli o ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i o Germany. Kēia kanaka Kelemānia, Austrians a Italians i hana i ka Triple kuikahi i ka 1882. Ke'ōlelo mai, Ua Wāwahi i loko o nāʻenemi eaaa?ʻEulopa. Kēlā me kēia moku'āina anyhow hoomakaukau ana no ke kaua, me ka manao e hana ia, e hoʻonui i ko lakou mokuna a koho i kona mau mana nui you.

28 July 1914 Serbian poʻe hoʻoweliweli Gavrilo Princip pepehi ae la ia i ka'Aukekulia mō'ī a me ka hooilina Manuela Ferdinand. Sarajevo pōʻino lilo i pretext no ka outbreak o ke Kaua Honua II. Austria pepehi Serbia, Rusia ua ku mai no Serbia, a no ia ma ka e kue ana i omo i lala o ka Entente, me France. Italia, oia hoi o ka Triple kuikahi, hoole e kākoʻo Germany, a me ka Habsburg. Ua lilo i Ally o Farani, a me ka pau ana o ka Entente i ka 1915. I ka Ia manawa i loko o Austria, a Germany nā māmakakaua ka Ottoman aupuni a pau a me ka Pulakalia (no ka ho okumu i ka Quadruple kuikahi). Ka First World War i hoopau ai i ka "Belle Epoque."