Fungi: mau 'ano a me ka nui

Muli o kona kulana piha 'ana i nā meaola o ka ukupanee i mai haawi Aʻo ma ke kumuhana "kālaimeaola" (Papa 6). General ano o fungi nae, - ka theme like no ka mea holoʻokoʻa buke a me kaʻepekema palapala. Kēia mea,ʻaʻole kahaha ko oukou naau - e noiʻi i loa hoihoi 'ia.

Fish, he mau ano o i ua hōʻike i loko o kēia 'atikala,? Aneie a me ka trophic indices - heterotrophic eukaryotes me wale osmotrofnymʻano o kaʻai. Kēia ho'ākāka 'ana maopopo distinguishes ia mai nā meaola a hiki i ka wa e ku ma ka biota. General ano o ka fungi paipai i ka mea osmotrofnym ala mana ma muli o ke morphological, physiological a me biochemical ano o.

Vegetative kino o ka fungi

Ke vegetative kino o ka hapanui fungi mea he lahui manamana ai filaments (hyphae) me kona palena ulu, i kahi hookahi, i kapaia mycelium paha mycelium. Nō kāu, ka mycelium ua loa bapetizo i loko o ka kūpapakū (lepo, kanu'aʻaʻa, holoholona lepo, iʻohi residues, a no laila, ma luna o.), A me na hiʻohiʻona o kona 'ole ae no i kā mākou extract mai ia a pau ka mahuaola i ke kino hoʻohana' ekzoosmosa.

Ke aloha 'ona i loko o kēia mau substrates meaʻano nui i loko o ka palapala o ke kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha polymers (nā polokina, polysaccharides, nukelea nāʻakika) i mai kekahi, ma ka halepaahao poi. No ia mea, fungi, ke mau 'ano o ka a mākou e hoihoi i loko o ka kūpapakū hoʻokuʻu akula depolymerase nā'ūhū e hoopili oligo- a me polymers o monomers e hiki e kaʻi aku i loko o ke keena. Inā ka holoholona digestive nā'ūhū e pee i loko o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi, a laila, na Fish ka mea, e kū mai, a laila, hiki ke hoohalikeia ka fungal hyphae i ka everted gut.

nā'ōlelo o ka fungi

Full kaiapuni i loko o ka kūpapakū mycelium hoʻohaiki ana lākou dispersal i loko o ka lewa. No ia mea, ua kau lākou reproductive nā loko i mua ma luna o ka ili o ka kūpapakū, a ua hoala hou ma luna o ka mea e hohola iho la i loko o ka lewa, a (ina ka kūpapakū mea i loko o ka wai) o ke koʻana koko meakino. He nui fungi (macromycetes) spore-e hali ana i kino i nui, maopopo iho la i hiki ai i ka maka (e ala ana ma luna o ka lepo shlyapochnye Fish e ulu ana ma 'ole tinder laau) kapa ole. Other fungi (mikromitcety) i na poe uuku wale no sporulation, kā lākou 'ole hiki ke' ike ma lalo o ka microscope wale, akā, e hana i ka nui kūpono 'ana o ke ano i loko o ka palapala o ke kaua fungi ma luna o kekahi mau substrates.

Elua o ke aupuni o ke fungi

Phylogenetic aeiino? Oeoey hōʻike i ecomorphs "Fish" Ua homogeneous monophyletic hui ole, a ua maheleia i mau phyla (ke aupuni). Ka mea maikai loa, i kapaia "oiaio fungi" (eumitsety) monophyly a me ka mea nae i ke aupuni fungi (Fungi). Ka liʻiliʻi loa, i kapaia "gribopodobnymi meaola" (psevdomitsety) ke hele mai a me kekahi mau limu i loko o ke aupuni Stramenopila, a i Hoʻohui 'i loko o nā māhele - Oomycota (oomycetes) a me Labyrinthulomycota (upena bitumena ka hopena he). Ma ke kumu o keia mahele kükulu i ka mau ano o fungi. Amanita, e like me 'oe ke ike - keia mea wale kekahi hapa o nā mea a pau o ko lākou' ano.

N, a kiʻekiʻe metabolites

All metabolites conventionally puunaueia i iniiaiie a me nā haumāna. N metabolites mea e pono ai no ka ulu ana o ke kino, a me ka irreplaceable. Kēia nukelea nāʻakika, nā polokina, carbohydrates, coenzymes, lipids, etc. Of mau kūkulu ke kelepona hele organelles - Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes,. Aeea paia a me kaʻili lahilahi nā hale a nā Fish. General ano o ka iniiaiie metabolite mea e e hoʻohana i ko lākou momona keena me ke kumu o ka ai, a me ka ikehu. Secondary metabolites mea e pono ai no ka hoʻololiʻana i ka olelo o ke ola. Ka mea, ke hana i kekahi? Ueo a mamao au ma na mea e ae. E like ka iniiaiie, kiʻekiʻe metabolites - Ua IeAUPIIe, IAa IO haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha i huiʻia.

nā polokina

Mall nā polokina i kekahi hapa o ka halepaahao pa,ʻili lahilahi hale, ua kukuluia chromosomes cytoskeletal oihana mua - microtubules a me microfilaments. 'ūhū nā polokina i nā mea a pau intracellular keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ke kaiapuni.

carbohydrates

Mall polymeric carbohydrates - ke kumu o ka halepaahao pa, i nā fungi. General ano o carbohydrates ma ka olelo o ka haku mele 'ana Nine Inchʻo ia ka mea hiki e māhelehele au iā lāua i loko oʻekolu pūʻulu: monakō koko a me nā monosaccharides a me carbohydrates covalently ua hoʻopili i peptides (glycoproteins).

Monakō koko polymers - mea glucans, chitin a me ka kelulose. Glucans i laina paha manamana ai na kaula o ka monakō koko nā lātoma. Ka mea, lakou i ka pā, ahu iho o ka halepaahao paia o ka hapanui fungi. Ma na nā lātoma o chitin monakō koko residues i hui me ka'amino pūʻulu (aminated) i ka i, ma ka huli, e pili aceticʻakika residues (acetylated). Nā lātoma "No Lilo" pu ai manamana nā lātoma'ē aʻe polysaccharides lakou i ka paa iwi o ka halepaahao pa. Kelulose ua loaʻa i loko o nā mea a pau e hookolokoloia ana Oomycetes ma i ia mea ma kahi o 10% o ka halepaahao paia nuipa a. Loa na mea i manaoio ia ia mea,ʻaʻole oiaio fungi, akā, e hōʻike kona alo i loko o ka pā o kekahi Ascomycetes (genus Ophiostoma).

Polymers'ē aʻe monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, a me na mea e ae.), Kapaia iho la ia i loko o ka mea kiekie oia ka mea kanu hemicellulose, loaʻa nō i nā pūʻulu o fungi. Oi loa aku hoi i ka puu o polymers o mannose - mannans - i loko o ka halepaahao paia o ka hū. Apparently, e like me ka 'ole hoʻolako i opuu ae pā pōhaku maikaʻi ma mua o glucan.

Eia hoi, he mau ano o fungi i ke inā ma ka mea i loko o kā lākou aeea pā pōhaku, e like me ka pono me ka mea kanu he nui polysaccharides ua hoʻopili i ka kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma -. Peptidoglycan mannanoproteiny etc. lakou i hana i kekahi kāna mau 'ōlelo, ahu iho o ka multilayer halepaahao paia a me ka pāʻani kūlana ano nui i loko o ka malama ana aeea mall ano hoopono, a me kona launa like me ke kaiapuni keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

iāʻoe carbohydrates

Kēia pepa makana he 'ano piha mau' ano o nā fungi. 6 papa kula - he manawa ia mākou mua loa ike me kēia mau meaola i loko o kālaimeaola papa. E paipai e deepen i ko lakou ike, a, e makaikai i ia i loko o aku au mamuli. Mākou e wehewehe i ka hope o ka carbohydrate.

Ma fungiʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka papa kuhikuhiE hookoe polysaccharide hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o kiekie ae kanu, a he nui ka līoho - pia. Monakō koko ua waiho waho ma ka eumitsetov glucan like kokoke i ka holoholona pia glycogen. Ma waho aʻeo ia glucans mai Fish i'ē aʻe iāʻoe carbohydrates, a me kekahi mea kū hoʻokahi ai i ke aupuni o ke fungi. He kuhikuhi disaccharide trehalose. No ka lōʻihi manawa trehalose loaʻa wale nō i loko o fungi, ke kumu o kona loaa i ka lua o ka inoa - mycosis. Ano ka mea, ua loaʻa i loko o kekahi kiekie mea kanu like me ka nīnūnē hui. Trehalose Radio nui i kūlana ma ka ka hoʻololiʻana o ka fungal keena e ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka rula o osmotic keʻano o ka hanaʻana. i ke fungal aeee i kakauiaʻi maluna kō oe i ka waiʻona - mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol a me na mea e ae.

lipids

Lipids (glycerol nā mea kemika o monocarboxylic nāʻakika me ka unbranched aliphatic kaulahao) e nui iāʻoe huahana, ka mea i waihoia ma ka halepaahao i loko o ka palapala o ka momona droplets. No ka fungi wehewehe aku ma ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o polyunsaturated (me ka mau papalua paa ana i loko o ka aliphatic kaulahao) momoma nāʻakika e like me linolenic - ekolu, a me ka arachidonic - eha kaulua paa. Ke phospholipid palapala (ua hoʻopili ester paa me ka phosphoricʻakika), lipids i nui eiiiiiaiou o ka halepaahao membranes. A nui kūlana i loko o ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o nā hale o kaʻili lahilahi lipids a me sterols paani, e haawi ana i kaʻili lahilahi ikaika. Haʻalele naʻokoko holoholona me 27 kalapona nā'ātoma ma ka lātoma (C-27) a me phytosterols (C-29) kanu, ka iniiaiie fungal sterol - ergosterol (C-28).

Secondary metabolites: pigments

e hoʻoneleʻia mai au Fish o photosynthetic pigments, akā, paka he nui helu o nā hui, 'ia nā pōpō mycelium propagative nā loko a me kūpapakū. E like me ka Nine Inch ano o ka hapanui pigments pili i ka terpenoid (carotenoids) a me ke onaona i huiʻia. Ka mea hana i kekahiʻano o ka hana. Penei, alani carotene nā mea loaʻa induce kahe ana o ka moe kaʻina hana i loko o Mucorales; pouli omaomao a me ka eleele pigments phenolic Aspergillus waiho wale Sporiferous i hoʻomākaukauʻia i, e like me ka kūpapakū mycelium, ua hanaʻia ma ka lewa, a me na hoopaapaa a no ka hoomaluia mai ultraviolet malamalama; pouli-i nā pōpō melanin ua waihoia ma ka halepaahao paia, mahuahua ko lakou ikaika.

Toxins a me antibiotics

He nui fungi paka waiwaiʻawahia i nā meaola i ua pinepine ua malamaia ka wā i 'ohi ai mau' ano o ka fungi (6th papa puke paha e manual no ke kula kiʻekiʻe). Waiwai i meaʻawahia i microorganisms, kapa antibiotics i meaʻawahia i ka mea kanu - phytotoxinsʻawahia i ka holoholona a me nā kānaka - mycotoxins. Kekahi metabolites o fungi, iʻawahia i kekahi mau hui o nā meaola (mea kanu a me nā microorganisms, mea kanu a me nā holoholona), i ka luna 'hana. Antibiotics i synthesized e nui fungi noho i ka lepo, a pono paʻi no ka mahuaola substrates me nā microorganisms. Lākou Nine Inch 'ano a me ka pololei o ka hana e like. Penei, antibiotics-penicillins a me cephalosporins inhibit aeea paia hoʻololi kemikala ma koʻohune, trichothecenes - kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala ma eukaryotic meaola, griseofulvin - mitosis.

Phytotoxins a me mitotoksiny

Phytotoxins anao? Aou fungi i iho mailoko o kanu'aʻaʻa, i ka make ana o kanu keena, a laila, lilo pio oluolu i ka parasite. Toxins inhibit enzymatic keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o aeee iho mailoko o kanu (e laʻa me, fungus Alternaria tentoksin inhibits photosynthetic phosphorylation) e komo ikaikaʻili lahilahi ole a me ka ole ma ka amo ana o 'ona ma kaʻili lahilahi, ka transmembrane ion hoolilo (fusaricʻakika, fusicoccin listen'ōlelo.).

Mycotoxins e māheleʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu - nā toxins o microscopic fungi (mikromitcetov) a me ka fungal toxins macromycetes ka nui fruiting kino. Ka mua ka pakahi aku la ia pilikia fungi e iho mailoko o ka mea kanu me nā huahana i e hoʻohana i kaʻai. No ka laʻana, ma ka sclerotia ergot alkaloids loaa (heterocycles i loaʻa ka naikokene), a neuro-lolo toxins. Ka mea, e i uhai ia ma baking, no laila, i ka berena pulehu iho la i ka palaoa a me ka pākī iho o kuʻi sclerotia, mea'āina pilikia loa. Kona hoʻohana hiki i loa kaʻapu kōheoheo, pinepine me ka ona hopena. Other kiliala parasite - pathogen Fusarium poo makika,. He He Fish o Fusarium, i allocates mōhaiʻai terpenoid toxins hoi i loa kaʻapu kōheoheo (ka berena lāwalu mai kaʻepa palaoa, i ua hoʻohaumiaʻia me Fusarium, popularly kapaia "ua inu hoʻi i ka berena", e like me ka mea e hookomo ana pōniuniu, ka luaʻi a me nā symptoms like loa ka waiʻona kaʻapu kōheoheo).

ʻai Fish

Currently, he hailona o ka 'ike e pili ana i kā lākouʻai i loaa' epekema a me ka kālaimeaola. General ano o fungi, mai keia wahi o Hawaii nei me penei. Mana loa fungi mea ku pono i ka mea kanu, no laila, ka mea i hana nā'ūhū e uhaki i ka mall, a iāʻoe polysaccharides i ka mea kanu ola a kanu'ōpala. Oia pectinases luku polygalacturonicʻakika (pectin) ma luna o ka mea haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha oligogalakturonidy, xylanase, cellobiase a me ka kelulose ke kūlana kelulose a me hemicellulose - i ka papa kuhikuhiE carbohydrate ke keʻena o ka mea kanu aeea pā, amylase decomposes pia, etc. ka lua, ma hope o ka kelulose ma ke kaupaonaʻana o nā eiiiiiaiou o ke kanu keena -. Lignin, ia ho i ka ekolu-dimensional pīlali onaona apo. Oi loa aku hoi i ka hailonaʻana no ka mea, i loko o ka woody keena. Lignin - ka loa hoʻopale vegetative pīlali a wale Fish (ʻano nui drevorazrushayuschih Polypore) i lignazy ke kūlana nā'ūhū ia. Fish parasites infecting poi holoholona a me nā kānaka (ili, lauoho, hulu), pee nā'ūhū e hoohiolo no ia i kumuʻiʻo keratin, mai a ka mea i kūkulu.

Ka hapa nui o kēia mau nā'ūhū no ka ikehu olaʻi i synthesized e aeee i mau akā, wale i loko o ka alo ana o ka waiwai i loko o ka papa (e laʻa me, ina ole pectin i loko o ka papa, i ka pectinase ua i synthesized). Ka mea, i ole constitutive, i kumuhana e kūpapakū hoʻokomo. Eia kekahi, aole lakou e i hana ina ka meakino mea i ka läÿau, o nutrient i huiʻia me ka oi maikaʻi ikehu pūnao (catabolites). No ka laʻana, i ka hopena huahana o ka make ana o ka hapanui polysaccharides - monakō koko, no nae i loko o ka 'āina a ma ka hou he pectin a kelulose, monakō koko, cellulase a me ka pectinase ka mea,ʻaʻole i lawe. ʻaʻole paha e e pono keia mau mea i ka paka luna 'Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka paka monakō koko, ina ia mea, ua hiki mai i loko o ka ulu meakino. Oia hooponopono ua kapaia catabolite repression.

agamobium

Hoomau ana e wehe i ke kumuhana e like me "General ano o fungi", pokole hōʻike i nā hiʻona o ka propagation. Asexual nā'ōlelo o kēia mau meaola hiki e lawe lima a me ka immobile spores. Zoospores ano he uuku helu o fungi, wai a me ka honua, nona aaiaoe maopopo ike ma muli o ia i ka wai. flagella 'ole, a ma zoospores Oomycetes gifihitrievyh like me ia i ho'ākāka' ia no ka ochrophyta, oiai Chytridiomycota e e kūkākūkā i loko o ka hōʻike o keia pae. Ka hapanui o? Ueo o fungi spores reproduces stills, e hoike ana ia mea, ua nui loa-manawa komo i ka aina. Spores hiki ke hana endogenously ma ka sporangia (sporangiospory) ole exogenously (conidia). Endogenous spores i kuu ma hope o ka make ana o ka sporangium, a IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ia lŘlŘ ka wā pulu wale. he nui helu (tausani) o spores, akā, i kekahi mau ano kuahene uuku sporangium (sporangioli) i mea wale he mau spores (kekahi manawa kekahi) ua ana i hanaʻia i loko o ka sporangia. Ma ka hope Ina ka iwi sporangioli a me spores ke coalesce, a laila, i ka hoopaapaa endogenous oihana like exogenous. Kēia Hōʻike ka iniiaiie hanana o endogenous spores, i poe na precursors o exogenous.

syngenesis

Ka loa e like me ka ano o ka moe kaʻina, a me ka mea noonoo ole - ke kuʻi nukeliu o nā gametes i ole differentiated ma ka vegetative keena, i kapa somatogamiya. Kēiaʻano o ka kaʻina mea typical no ka moe askomitsetnyh ka hū, Basidiomycetes a me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe fungi. I kekahi manawa ka mea, i hiki ole ke kelepona hele kuʻi nukeliu, he mea kuʻi nukeliu o nuclei loko o ke keena. A oi eiiieaena kaʻina ua mua ia e moe hoʻokaʻawale i kauwahi mycelium hoa (gametangia) a laila merge. Oia ka moe kaʻina, gametangiogamiya, typical no ka nui zigo- a me Ascomycetes. Eia hoi, ma fungi loaʻa, a me ka mau 'ē aʻe eukaryotic meaola gametogamiya, oa hoʻokuʻi pū hana kūikawā gametes.

Classic i- a heterogamy ano o ka līoho, loaʻa wale nō i loko o ka lalo fungi - Chytridiomycota. Panina oogamy fungi ole-existent. Pela oomycetes, no laila, i kapaʻia ma muli o kā lākou mau i ka oogamy ole i kane gametes (sperm ole spermatsiev) a me ka hua ma ka oogonia hoonele ia iho halepaahao paia, a kapa oosferami. Ma kekahi laha ' o marsupials Fish mai oogonium (akā, me ka mea wahine gametes nā hua paha, oa ko ka gametangium), akā,ʻaʻohe mea i antheridium, no laila, ua fertilization ia lŘlŘ autonomic gifoy. 'Ē aʻe askomitsegov a bazidiomitsetnyh popo fungi i kane gametes - spermatsii, akā,ʻaʻohe wahine gametes, a me kekahi manawa gametangia (spermatogamiya). Ma kekahi? Ueo spermatsii i pālua papa - na kane gametes a me asexual spores (conidia).

ka hopena

General ano o ka fungi: ai ana a me ka hanu, Spore nā'ōlelo - a pau o ka hoihoi nui i ka ano aloha. O ka mea kū hoʻokahi meaola i mea aole mea kanu, aole hoi holoholona. E wehewehe ana i loko o ka puke noa i ka ' "General ano o ka fungi" (Grade 7), oe, e huli i ka lakou mea i hookaawale aupuni. Other aupuni - nā holoholona, mea kanu, nā mea hoʻomaʻi a me koʻohune. Ka theme like o "General ano o ka fungi a me ka waiwai" i helu 'ia ma ka puke, a ma keia' atikala - Ua like ka kumu o ka 'ike e pili ana ia lakou. Ma ia i palapala holoʻokoʻa puke, no laila, komo i loko o kā lākou aʻoʻana hiki e loa lōʻihi. Kekahi o ka loa hoihoi 'kumuhana apau loa i loko o ko makou manao, o ka mau ano o fungi. Punahelu - kekahi o ka loa kahiko i loko o ke ao nei? Ueo o ola meaola. Ua ikea 200 miliona. Makahiki aku nei, a māhuahua ma ka o kēia au nei. Open māhele o kekahi kula puke "ke aupuni o ke fungi. General ano" (Papa 6), a me oe e imi i 'ike hou aku e pili ana ia.