Kemika: walaʻauʻana manaÿo, wehewehe, hua'ōlelo a me nā kānāwai

'O nā mea e nānā'ia e kākou,'o ia ke kilopekema e noi ana i nā mea me nā loli, e ulu ana me ka loli o ke'ano a me ka ho'ohui'ana, a no laila, nā waiwai. 'O ka mea mua, pono e ho'oholo i ke'ano o ka hua'ōlelo "mea waiwai". I ka'ōlelo'ana o ia mea ma ke'ano ākea, he'ano ia o ka mea i ho'omaha nui. 'O ke kumu kekahi mea nui ha'aha'a, e like me ke'ano palekana. I loko o ka kemikalia, ho'ohana'ia kēia mana'o i kahi'ano kūpono.

I ka ho'omaka'ana, e wehewehe iki mākou i nā hua'ōlelo a me nā mana'o o ka māmāmiko, ke kumukūmā-mole. Ma hope o kēlā, e wehewehe mākou i ia mau mea, a wehewehe'ia kekahi mau kānāwai ko'iko'i o kēia'ike.

'O nā'ano pilikino (mea, atom, molecule) ka mea ma'alahi iā mākou a pau mai ke kula. Aia ma lalo iho nei he ho'ākāka pokole o ia mau mea, a me nā'ano'ē a'e, nā mea i'ike'ole'ia a me nā hanana.

Nā Atomi

'O ka mea mua,'o nā mea a pau e a'o'ia ana i loko o ka sunikali, ua ho'okumu'ia me nā'āpana li'ili'i i kapa'ia he mau a'a. 'A'ole nā mea nui ke a'o'ana i kēia'ike. E pono ke'ōlelo'ia ho'i, hiki ke ho'ohui'ia nā lolo i kekahi i kekahi, me ka hopena o ke kau'ana i nā kaula. No ka uhaki'ana i kēia pilina, e pono ana ka'ike. No laila,'a'ole i loa'a nā mana ma ke'ano ma'amau ma o lākou iho (koe wale no "nā kinoea hanohano"). Ho'ohui lākou i kekahi me kekahi a ma ka li'ili'i.

'O ke kaomi kūma'a mau

'O ka ho'ohemo'ana o ka hamo ma'amau e hō'ike ana i nā mea a pau e nānā'ia ana ka māmā. 'A'ole hiki ke ha'i'ia nā mana'o o kēia'ike'epekema me ka ha'i'ole'ole'ana. Me ka ana neʻe awelike kinetic ikehu ka hapaʻauhau a hiki i ka wela o ka huna (nae ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo i ka ikehu ma kekahi discrete (particles)). Ekkin = kT / 2, kahi o ko Boltzmann manawa mau. Kūpono kēia kulekele no kēlā'ano'ano hā'ina. Mai ka'aina = mV 2/2, ua lohi ka mana o nā mea nui. Eia kekahi la'ana, inā'ano ho'okahi ka mahana,'o nā molekene oxygen i ka mean e ne'e i 4 mau manawa i ka māmā ma mua o nā kalakeke kalapona. 'O kēia no ka nui o kā lākou nui he 16 manawa. 'O ka ne'e'ana ka hopena o ka ne'e'ana, ka translational a me ka rotation. 'Ike'ia ka ulu'ana i ka wai, a ma ka pa'akikī, a ma nā mea lā'au. Akā,'o ka unuhi a me ka rotation ka mea ma'alahi loa i nā kinoea. I loko o ka wai wai,'oi aku ka pa'akikī, a ma nā mea pa'akikī,'oi aku ka pa'akikī loa.

Molecules

E ho'omau e ho'omau i ka wehewehe'ana i nā mana'o a me nā wehewehe o ka māmā. Inā hui nā'ōpuni i mea e ho'onohonoho i nā hui li'ili'i ('o ia lākou he mau molecule), e komo nā hui i ka hana wela, e hana holo'oko'a. Aia i mua o 100 mau kumukū'ai ma kahi o nā kinikalū ma'amau, a hiki i ko lākou helu i nā mea i'ike'ia he'enela nui-mole i hiki i 105.

Nā mea mole'ole

Eia na'e, ke hui pinepine'ia nā lolo i loko o nā'āpana nui mai ka 107 a hiki i 1,027. Ma kēia'ano,'a'ole lākou e komo ma ka papahana wela. 'O kēia mau hui like'ole e like me nā molecule. Ua like lākou me nā'āpana o ke kino pa'a. 'O kēia mau mea i kapa'ia he "mole'ole". I kēia hihia, hana'ia ka mīkini ma'amau i loko o ka'āpana, a lele'ole ka lele e like me ka mole. Aia kekahi mahele ho'olālā o nā'ano, kahi e komo ai nā hui i loko o nā mana i loko o kahi nui mai 105 a 107.'O kēia mau'āpana he nui nā kinaika, a he mau mea li'ili'i paha o ka lepo.

Iona

Pono e'ike'ia he hiki i nā mana a me kā lākou mau hui ke hana i ka elela. I kēia hihia, ua kapa'ia lākou he mau ion i loko o nā'ike epekema e like me ka hau'emā, nā'ano o ka mea a mākou e a'o nei. Ma muli o ka ho'opi'i pinepine'ana o kekahi i kekahi,'o ka waiwai, kahi i'oi aku ka nui o nā koina,'a'ole hiki ke pale. 'O nā pāhewa kūpono a maika'i i ke kahua āpau a pau. A ke ho'omau pono'ole'ia ka waiwai i loko o ka pae. Ho'omaopopo mākou i ka nui o nā mea i koi'ia i ka lehulehu i nā mea koho kelepona ma muli o ka nānā'ana i ke kelemelia (e nā 105-1015 atomi - Ie).

Ke kumu o ka noi'ana i ka'ike

Pono e ho'oka'awale'ia nā mea e a'o'ia ai i ka kemikalū nā mea nui e hiki'ole ai nā mana ke kū a'e a hō'ino'ole, akā ho'ohui hou'ia,'o ia ho'i, ua hui hou lākou i kahi ala hou. Ho'opau'ia kekahi mau pilina, ka hopena o ke kūkulu'ana o nā mea'ē a'e. I kekahi'ōlelo'ē a'e, ua'ike'ia nā mea hou mai nā'ōhua i loko o ka ho'ohui'ana o nā mea mua. Inā mālama'ia nā pū a me nā mea pa'a ma waena o lākou (e like me ke'ano, i ka wā o ka ho'oku'u'ia'ana o nā kinikona), laila he mau māhele kēia o ka noi'ana i ka'ōkiko kalaka ma mua o ke kino. I ke kumu inā i ho'okumu'ia ai'ole e luku'ia nā pū, e kama'ilio ana mākou e pili ana i nā haumāna e a'o'ia ana i nā'enele a me ka'enekika. Eia na'e, ua pō'ino ka palena ma waena o nā mea'ele'ele a me nā hanana kino. Ma hope o nā mea a pau,'o ka māhele'ana i ka'enekema kūikawā he mea kūpono ia, akā'a'ole e hiki ke'ike'ia ke'ano. No laila, he mea'ike maika'i nā māmā i ke kauka.

Ua ha'i pōkole'ia e mākou e nā māmā o ke kino. I kēia manawa, ke hāpai nei mākou iā'oe e no'ono'o pono i nā mea.

Nui a'e e pili ana i nā mana

'O nā'ōmu a me nā moleculo ka mea nui i ho'ohui'ia me ka māmā. Pono e wehewehe'ia nā kumumana'o. Ke'ike'ia nei nā mana,'elua mau makahiki i hala aku nei i koho'ia i ka mana. I kēia manawa, i ka makahiki 19, ua ho'okolohua ka po'e'epekema i ka'ikepili (me ka pili'ole i kēia manawa). Ke'ōlelo nei mākou e pili ana i nā pilina nui o Avogadro, nā kānāwai o ka pa'a'ana o ke mele (ma lalo nei e no'ono'o mākou i kēia mau kumumana'o o ka māmā.). Ua ho'omau'ia ka'umi e nānā'ia i ka 20st century, i ka wā i ala mai ai ka nui o nā hō'ike ho'okolohua pololei. Ka mea, i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o spectroscopy, no ka hoopuehu ana o X-kukuna, alpha (particles), neutrons, electrons, etc. ka nui o kēia mau (particles) mea e pili ana 1 E = 1 ° ^-10 m + Weight o - .. kahi o 10 ^-27 - 10 ^-25 kg. Ma waenakonu o kēia mau mea'āpana, he kumu ia i ho'oili pono'ia e pili ana i nā mea electrons me ka ne'e'ana o ka loiloi maika'i'ole. Kernel nui mea ma kahi o 10 a hiki i ¹⁵ m. Ua huli mai e hoʻoholo i ka nui o ka huina'ine iwi o ka'Ātoma, akā, ma kēia hihia kona kaumaha ua kokoke loa i kia ma ka nucleus. Pono e ho'okomo hou'ia kekahi ho'ākāka'ē a'e, e no'ono'o i nā mana'o o ka māmā. Nine hehee ai - he 'ano o nā'ātoma, ʻoihana o ka nucleus o i mea'ālike.

Ua pinepine ia lŘlŘ manao'Ātoma like me ka minuke huna waiwai chemically indivisible. Pehea e maopopo ai i ka "chemically"? E like me kā mākou i'ike mua nei,'o ka māhele'ana o nā phenomena i loko o ke kino a me ke kino. Akā,'a'ole ke kūlana o nā māna. No laila, ua hō'oia maika'i nā māmā ma o lākou lā,'a'ole i ka hakahaka, nā māmā ma o ka ho'olā'au.

'O ka pa'a'ana o ka pa'a

'O kēia ke kumu e ho'opa'a mau'ia ai nā mana. 'A'ole ia e'ae iā lākou e lele ma lalo o ka hopena o ka ho'okala i ka hana. E nānā kākou i nā'ano nui o ka pilina -'o ia ka mamao a me ka ikehu. 'O kēia kekahi'ano o ka māmā. Ho'oholo'ia ka lō'ihi o ka palapala ho'opa'a i ho'okolohua me ka pololei o ka pololei. Energy - maika'i, akā'a'ole na'e i nā manawa a pau. 'O kahi la'ana, hiki'ole ke ho'oholo pono i ka mea pili i kahi melike i loko o kahi'āpana mole. Eia na'e,'o ka ikaika o ka atomization o ka mea, i pono no ka wāwahi'ana i nā koina a pau, e ho'oholo mau'ia. Ke'ike i ka lō'ihi o ka pilina, hiki ke koho i nā'aha e pili ana (he lō'ihi ko lākou), a'a'ole ho'i (kahi lō'ihi lō'ihi).

'O ka helu ho'ohui a me ka ho'ohui

'O nā kumumana'o o ka māmā'eneka helu nā mea'elua. He aha kā lākou mana'o? E nānā kākou.

'O ka helu helu ho'ohui ka helu o nā mea kokoke loa o kahi'ōkeke. I nā hua'ē a'e,'o ka helu kēia o ka po'e i ho'opa'a pa'a'ia me ka lima. 'O ka ho'ohui'ana kahi kūlana, ka nui a me ka helu o nā hoalauna. Ma nā'ōlelo'ē a'e,'oi aku ka maika'i o kēia mana'o. Eia kekahi la'ana, he like ka helu ho'ohui'ia o ka mea hau'oli i loko o ka amonia a me ka mea'eneka nitene. - 3. Akā, he okoa ko lākou hui'ana -'a'ole i ka papahele a me ka palahalaha. Ua ho'oholo pa'a'ia i ka mana'o o ke'ano o ka palapala ho'opa'a, akā'o ka lō'ihi o ka pale'ana a me ka valence kekahi mau mana'o kūlana i hana'ia e hiki ai ke wānana i ka ho'olālā a me ka ho'ohui'ana i mua.

Ka ho'oholo'ana o kahi mole

Ua ho'opā mua mākou i kēia mana'o, e no'ono'o pinepine ana i nā mana'o a me nā kānāwai o ka māmā. No laila, e noho nui kākou ma ia mea. Ma loko o nā puke, he'ano ka ho'ākāka'ana o kahi mole i like ka mea li'ili'i li'ili'i o kekahi mea nona nā mea ho'ohui waiwai, a ua hiki ke noho ma'amau. Pono e ho'omaopopo'ia ua pau ka wehewehe'ana o kēia wehewehe. 'O ka mea mua, nā mea a pau loa ke kālai'ike a me nā kānamai e kāhea aku i kahi mole,'a'ole mālama nā pono o nā mea. 'O ka dissociates o ka wai, akā pono kēia i ka li'ili'i o 2 mau mole. Ke degere o ka dissociation o ka wai - He 10 ^-7. I nā hua'ōlelo'ē a'e, ho'okahi wale aku mole o 10 miliona ka hiki ke ho'oili i kēia hana. Inā loa'a iā'oe ho'okahi mole, a i'ole ho'okahi haneri paha,'a'ole hiki iā'oe ke'ike i kona dissociation. 'O ka'oia'i'o,'o ka hopena o nā hopena i loko o ke kalakiko ke komo mau i ka ikehu o ka pilina ma waena o nā molekino. No laila,'a'ole hiki ke'ike'ia e kekahi o lākou. 'O nā mea kinikino a me nā kino o kahi mea'alapili e hiki ke ho'oholo wale'ia e kahi hui nui o nā molecule. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau mea i hiki ai i ka "mea li'ili'i loa" e hiki ke kū ka'awale i kahi ka'awale a nui loa a he'oko'a loa ia i nā molekino mau. 'O ka mole o ka hui ma'amau ka mea i uku'ole'ia. I loko o kēia hihia, hiki ke ho'okahi ho'okahi, no ka la'ana, Ne. Hiki i kēia hui ke komo i ka wehe'ana, e like me nā'ano'ē a'e o ke ka'ahana wela, ke hana holo'oko'a.

E like me kāu e'ike ai,'a'ole i ma'alahi nā māmā mele. 'O ka mole mole kahi mea e pono ke nānā pono'ia. He mau waiwai pono'ī kona, a me ka nui o ka mole. E kūkā nei mākou e pili ana i kēia hope.

'O ke kaumaha kaulike

Pehea e ho'oholo ai i ke kaumaha o nā kinona ma o ka'ike? 'O ho'okahi'ao'ao - e pili ana i ke kānāwai o Avogadro, ma ka māmā o ka mahu. 'O ka'ōnaehana kūpono loa ka spectrometric mass. Ho'opi'ia ka mea koho ma waho o ka mole. 'O ka mea hopena i ho'onui mua'ia i ka māla uila, a laila ua pāpā'ia e kahi ala polō. 'O ka lakio o ka uku i ka nui i ho'oholo'ia ma muli o ka nui o ka ho'ololi. Aia kekahi mau'ano e pili ana i nā'ano waiwai o ia mau mea. Eia nō na'e, pono nā mole i loko o kēia mau hihia a pau i ka hana - i loko o ka hopena, i loko o ka moemoeka, i loko o ke kinoea. Inā'a'ole lākou e ne'e, hiki'ole ke helu i ka nui. A he mea pa'akikī ke'ike i ko lākou ola'ana i kēia manawa.

Nā'ano o nā mea mole'ole

I ka'ōlelo'ana o lākou, ho'omaopopo lākou i ko lākou mau'ano,'a'ole ka molekino. Eia na'e, he'oia'i'o nō ho'i kēia i nā kinoea hanohano. Ke holo nei kēia mau hanana, no laila,'oi aku ka maika'i o ka no'ono'o'ana iā lākou e like me nā molecula monomomi. Akā,'a'ole kēia ka mea nui loa. 'O ka mea nui aku, ma nā mea mole'ole kahi kinikaliki, nui nā mana i ho'opa'a'ia. Pono e ho'omaopopo'ia ka lawa'ole o ka māhele'ana o nā mea a pau i loko'ole o ka'ōkino a me ka mole mole. 'O ka māhele ma o ka pilina pū'ana e'oi aku ka maika'i. E no'ono'o i ka'oko'a i nā mea o ka graphite a me ke diamona. 'O lāua'elua ka carbon, akā'o ka mua he palupalu, a'o ka lua he pa'akikī. He aha ka mea like'ole o kekahi i kekahi? 'O ke kumu like'ole i ko lākou hui. Inā mākou e no'ono'o i ka hanana o graphite,'ike mākou he mau kaula ikaika wale nō i nā'ao'ao'elua. Akā,'o ke kolu, he nui loa ka mamao o interatomic, no laila,'a'ohe mea pili. Hiki i nā ki'i ke pa'i a uhaki i kēia mau papa.

'O ka hui pūnaewele

Inā'ole, ua kapa'ia'o ia ka'ano spatia. Ho'ohālikelike ia i ka helu o nā'ano o ka māna i hō'ike'ia e ka pūnaewele ho'omau (kokoke'ole) o ka pūpū (mau pa'a pa'a) i loko. 'O nā kumukū'ai e hiki ke lawe'ia he 0, 1, 2, a 3. No laila, he mea pono e'ike i ke'ano o ka ho'ohui'ia'ana o ke'ano he'ekolu,'o ke kekona, ke kaula, a me ka moku (molecular).

Ke kānāwai o ka pa'apa'a

Ua a'o mua mākou i nā māmā mele. Ua kūkā iki'ia ka waiwai e mākou. I kēia manawa, e kama'ilio kākou e pili ana i ke kānāwai e pili ana iā ia. 'O ka mea ma'amau, ua hana'ia penei:'o kēlā me kēia mea ('o ia ho'i, maemae), me ka'ike'ole'ia o ka mea i loa'a iā ia, ua like like ka nui o ka mea like. Akā, pehea ke'ano o ka "mea mama"? E nānā kākou.

'Elua mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka hiki'ole ke a'o'ia i ke'ano o nā mea ma'amau, ma ke'ano kūpono'ole, i ka wā i'ike'ole'ia ai nā kumumana'o a me nā kānāwai o ka māmiko, ka mea a mākou i ma'a mua ai. Eia kekahi la'ana, he wai ka wai e lilo i kumu no ke kai a me nā muliwai. 'A'ole kona'ala, kala, ke'ono. He mea ia o ka mahele heheʻe i ka a me ke kūpaleʻana wahi, mai ia mea uliuli keleawe sulufahate. 'O ke kai kai maika'i no ka mea'a'ole ma'ema'e. Akā, hiki ke ho'oka'awale'ia nā pa'akai e ka distillation. Ma ke'ano, ua ho'ohālikelike'ia nā mana'o loiloi ma'amau a me nā kānāwai o ka māmā ma ke'ano'ike.

No nā kānaka'epekema o ka manawa,'a'ole i'ike maopopo'ia ka like'ana o ka wai, i ho'oka'awale'ia i nā'ano like'ole ('o ke ahi e puhi ana, ka wai malo'o wai, ka ho'opunipuni'ana i ke kai wai), like like. Loa'a i ka'ike'epekema ka'ike o kēia mea. Ua ho'omaopopo'ia ka lihi o ka oxygen a me ka hydrogen'a'ole e loli iki. 'O ke'ano o kēia mau māmā o nā'ano - nā'āpana'ike'ole. No laila, ua loa'a nā kumukū'ai o nā mea, a ua hō'oia'ia ka hō'ike'ana o nā mea'epekema e pili ana i nā mole.

I ko mākou manawa, ua ho'oholo nui'ia kekahi'ano, a ma ke'ano a pololei, ma kahi ho'opi'i,'a'ole ma ka helu ho'ohehe'e, ke'ono a me ke kala. Wai - H ₂ O. Inā he mea'ē aʻe nā lātoma, ka mea, e hou e maemae. No laila, he mea'alapili ma'ema'e ka mea i ho'ohui'ia i nā molecule o ho'okahi wale nō mea.

Eia nō na'e, pehea i kēia hopena me nā mea electrolytes? Ma hope o nā mea a pau, he mau ionona lākou,'a'ole wale i nā molekino wale nō. 'Ike'ia kahi ho'ākāka'oi aku. 'O ke kinikō'au ma'ema'e ka mea i ho'onohonoho'ia i nā molecule o kekahi'ano, a me ka huahana paha o ka ho'ololi wikiwiki i hiki ke ho'ololi'ia (isomerization, association, dissociation). 'O ka hua'ōlelo "wikiwiki" ma kēia'ano ke'ano he hiki'ole iā mākou ke ho'oku'u i kēia mau huahana, e'ike koke'ia lākou. 'O ka hua'ōlelo "reversible" ke hō'ike nei'a'ole i pa'a ka ho'ololi'ana. Inā'o ia,'oi aku ka maika'i o ka'ōlelo'ana he pa'akikī. I kēia hihia,'a'ole ia he mea mama.

'O ke kānāwai no ka mālama'ana i ka nui o nā mea

Mai ka wā kahiko loa i'ike'ia kēia kānāwai ma ke'ano'ano hō'ailona. Ua'ōlelo'o ia he mea hiki'ole ke ho'opau'ia a waiwai'ole. A laila ua hele mai kāna hō'ailona nui. Wahi a ia,'o ke kaumaha (a mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 17 - ka nui) kekahi ana o ka nui o ka mea.

'O kēia kānāwai, ma ke'ano ma'amau no mākou, i wehe'ia i ka makahiki 1748 e Lomonosov. I ka makahiki 1789, ua ho'onui'ia'o ia e A. Lavoisier, he mea'epekema Farani. Ho'ohālike kona'ano ho'omehana hou i kēia'ano:'o ka nui o nā mea i komo i loko o ka hopena pili i ke kino e like me ka nui o nā mea i loa'a mai.

'O ke kānāwai o Avogadro, ke kānāwai o nā pili kala

'O ka hope o kēia mau mea i ho'oponopono'ia i ka 1808 e JL Gay-Lussac, ka mea'epekema Farani. I kēia manawa, ua kapa'ia kēia kānāwai'o ke kānāwai o Gay-Lussac. E like me kāna'ōlelo, ua nānā nā puke o ka hana'ana i nā kinoea i kekahi i kekahi, a me nā pū'ulu o nā hua i hana'ia i loa'a i ka helu'u'uku.

Kumu, a loaʻa Māhū-Lussac, wehewehe i ke kānāwai, i ka wehe i ka uuku hope, i ka 1811, Amedeo Avogadro, he Italian nä känaka 'epekema. Ua hākālia nō ia ma lalo o like kūpono (puʻe a me ka wela) i loko o nā kinoea nei ke ao hookahi ka leo, i ka mea helu o nā lātoma i hiki mai.

Elua nui hopena hahai mai i ke kānāwai o Avogadro. Ka mua waiho i loko o ka mea i lalo'ālike rula, hoʻokahi kameleona o kekahi kinoea ninoaaeyao like ka leo. Pohupani hale o kekahi ma lalo o maʻamau kumu (a i ka mahana 0 ° C a me 101,325 kPa) ua 22,4 nā lika. Ka lua no o keia kanawai, penei: ke kaumaha lākiō o ke kinoea me ka hookahi dala ma lalo o like rula, e like me ka lākiō o ko lākou molar nuipa a.

Aia o kekahi kānāwai, a oiaio pono ia e'ōleloʻia. E hai aku mākou oe e pili ana ia pokole.

Papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika kānāwai a me ka papa

D. I. Mendeleev, ma muli o ka Nine Inch waiwai o hehee wale, a me ka'ātoma a me ka hakakinoʻepekema, ka poe ike i kēia kānāwai. Kēia hanana i wahi March 1, 1869 papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika Law o kekahi o na mea nui ma ka ano. Ua hiki ke olelo ia penei: waiwai o ka oihana mua i hanaʻia o ka luna 'a me ka poe noonoo ole' ona, a i ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika kaukaʻi ma luna o ka 'āhewa' ana o nā nuclei o nā'ātoma.

Papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, a i hanaia e Mendeleev, oia no ehiku manawa, a ewalu pūʻulu. Groups kapaʻia kona vertical kolamu. Oihana mua i loko o kela mea keia mea o lakou i like physical a me ka Nine Inch waiwai. Ka hui, ma ka huli, ua maheleia i iiaciiie-pūʻulu (ka papa a me kaʻaoʻao).

Na lalani ana papamoe, i loko o keia papa i kapa ai i ka manawa. Oihana mua i loko o ia mau mea, oko lakou iho, akā, ka mea, e loaʻa i loko o na - ka mea i kā lākou mau mea hou electrons ma ka ia ikehu pae. I ka manawa mua i elua wale hehee wale. H He hydrogen a me ka helium He. Ka ewalu hehee wale nō i loko o ka lua o ka manawa. I ka ha o ko lākou kāinoa mua 18. Mendeleev i koho i kēia wā e like me ka nui mua. I ka lima a me ka 18 hehee wale, kona 'ole mea i' ano like me ka ha. E like me kekahi hapa o ka hora aono a hiki - 32 hehee wale. I ka hiku o ka ua i pau. Kēia manawa hoʻomaka me ka 'ōlelo Palani (FR). Mākou ke kuhi i ka mea e pihaʻi 32 hehee wale, e like me ono. Eia naʻe, no laila, mamao 24 wale loaʻa.

rula otketa

E like me ka rula otketa a pau kumu mua kamaʻilioʻana i ka i loaʻa i ka huina'ine a lilo aku ia i ka mea i loaʻa i ka 8-huina'ine hoʻonohonohoʻia o ka hanohano kinoea kokoke ia ia. Ka ionization ikehu - o ka huina o ka ikehu koi 'ia e hookaawale i ka huina'ine mai ka'Ātoma. Otketa rula hākālia nō i ka holo ia mai haalele i ka pono ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papa oe Pono hou ikehu e wehe i ka huina'ine. No laila, 'ikamu i mea ma kaʻaoʻao hema, e imi i ka hōʻoia i ka wehe i ka huina'ine. Ma ka mea ku ole, ka poe aia ma kaʻaoʻao'ākau, eager e kuai ia.

Kanawai, a me ka walaʻauʻana manaÿo o kemika, ua pokole ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia. O ka holo ana, i kēia mea wale nō mau ike. Ma kekahi 'atikala he mea hiki ole ke kamailio e pili ana ia o ka' epekema nui ma ka au mamuli. Hoʻokumu paʻa manaÿo a me nā kānāwai o ka kemika like ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia i loko o kēia 'atikala - mea he wahi ho omaka no hou mahele. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i loko o kēia 'epekema, ua nui na pauku. Aia mea, no ka laʻana, ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole kemika. Walaʻauʻana manaÿo o kela a me keia o na pauku o keia 'epekema hiki e? Anoee no ka lōʻihi manawa. Akā, ka poe i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna, i kapa i mau nīnūnē. Nolaila, ua hiki ke olelo aku ia mau mea i ka walaʻauʻana manaÿo o ke aloha kemika, e like me'okanikaʻole.