He aha ka ke Zolotaya Orda. Makahiki o ke Gula iā Goga

Ma ka kahua o ke aʻo ka IeAUPIIe, IAa IO haumāna ike lea i ka manaʻo o ka "Golden iā Goga"? 6 papa, o ka papa. Mōʻaukala kumu e haʻi i nā keiki i loohia Orthodox kanaka mai ka aina e komohewa. Kekahi loaʻa ka manaʻo i loko o kaʻumikumamākolu kenekulia Rusia, waiho wale aku i ka ia brutal hana, e like me ia ma ka forties o ka hope kenekulia. Akā, i ka mea, no laila, blindly e huki ia laua ma waena o ka Apana Reich, a me ka medieval kalaka nui-nomadic moku'āina? A i ke ano o ka Slavs Tatar-Mongol auamo? He aha ua no ia Zolotaya Orda? "History" (Papa 6 puke) mea ole ka mea wale nō kumu ma keia kumuhana. Aia nō 'ē aʻe, oi paa hana o ka noiʻi. E ka ulu-i ka nana aku i ke 'ano lōʻihi manawa au i loko o ka mōʻaukala o kona'āina hānau.

Ka hoʻomaka o ke Gula iā Goga

Europe no ka manawa mua i halawai pu ai me ka Mongolian nomadicʻohana i loko o ka hapaha mua o kaʻumikumamākolu kenekulia. Genghis Khan ka poʻe hao wale i ka Adriatic, a hiki ana neʻe hou - i Italia, a WesternʻEulopa. Akā, i ka moe ana o ka naʻi aupuni nui i hanaʻia - ka Mongols, ua hiki ke scoop i ka wai, mai ka helm o ka Western kai. A he nui na tausani koa hoi i na steppes. He iwakālua nā makahiki o ka Mongol aupuni a pau, a feudalʻEulopa ola,ʻaʻole alo, me he mea i loko o laua lani a. I ka 1224, puunaue aku Genghis Khan kona aupuni i waena o kāna mau keiki kāne. A ua Ulus (panalaau) Jochi - ka loa palena o ke aupuni a pau. Inā mākou e noi aku ia makou iho i ka mea a Zolotaya Orda, i ka ho omaka ana o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana hiki ke noʻonoʻo i ka 1236. Ua i laila, i ka pīhoihoi Han Batu (keiki a Jochi a me ka moopuna o Genghis Khan.) Hoomaka ae la i kona hele ana komohana.

He aha ka ke Zolotaya Orda

Kēia oihana koa ana, a mau ae la ia mai ka 1236 ma ka 1242, me ka nui loa hoʻonui i ka mokuna o ka Jochi Ulus komohana. Naʻe, ka mea Golden iā Goga, e olelo ana ka mea, ua nō kakahiaka. Ulus - he hoʻomalu pa alima i loko o ka nui aupuni a pau o Genghis Khan, a me ia ua kalele iho ma ke kikowaena aupuni. Naʻe, i ka 1254 neʻe Khan Batu (i loko o Lūkiniʻoihana aliʻi Batu) i kona kapikala ma ka Lower Volga māhele 'āina. Aiaʻo ia i ke kulanakauhale alii. Khan hoʻokumu i ka nui kulanakauhale Saray-Batu (e ka paena kokoke i ke kulanakauhale o Selitrennoe ma ka Astrakhan māhele 'āina). I ka 1251 e paʻa ana i ka Kurultai, kahi āna i koho ia Auguseto Mongke. Batu i hiki ai i loko o ke kapikala o Karakorum, a kākoʻo i ka hooilina. Other contenders i hana. i puunaue i ko lakou aina ma waena o Mangu a me Chingizids (me Batu). Kaʻia "Zolotaya Orda" iho, ikeia oia nui hope - i ka 1566, i loko o kona puke "Kazan History" ka wā i State iho ua oki kona e nei. Ka pakiko-Ia keia ia kenekoaʻahahui ua "Ulu Ulus ', a' o ia hoʻi ma ka unuhi mai Turkic" Luna Duchy ".

Makahiki o ke Gula iā Goga

O ka hoike ana wa i Mangu Khan Batu mamuli o ka hana maikai. Kona ulus loaa nui kū kaʻawale. Akā, me ka moku'āina ua loaa ia piha kuokoa Batu ka make (1255) wale nō ma hope, ua i ka noho alii ana o Khan Meng-Timur i ka 1266. Akā,ʻo laila, hoopaa iho la o palena iki dependency o ka Mongol aupuni a pau. Ke 'ole o kēia excessively ulu ulus oia o Volga Pulakalia, Hawaii Khorezm, Western Siberia, ka Dasht-i-Kipchak (steppes mai ka Irtysh a hiki i ka Danube), ka North Caucasus a me ka Crimea. By wahi, hiki ke hoohalikeia ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana a me ka Roma aupuni a pau. Kona hema kaʻe ua Derbent, a me ke kukulu akau-hikina kali ua Isker a me Tyumen ma Siberia. I ka 1257, pii aku ai i ka noho aliʻi o Ulus kaikaina Batu, Berke Khan (alii iho la oia a hiki i 1266), oia hoohuliia mai i Hoʻomana Mohameka, akā, loa paha no ka pili kalai aupuni kumu. Ke ākea nā paʻi hua o ka Mongols i Hoʻomana Mohameka ua ole iʻa, akā, hoʻohana 'Khan e lanakila ma luna o ka poʻe paʻahana ¶ʻO'Araba, a kalepa mai Central Asia, a me ka Volga Bulgars. Nui ka pomaikai ma Zolotaya Orda ma ka 14th kenekulia, ka wā noho aliʻi Uzbek Khan (1313-1342). Ma lalo ona, Hoʻomana Mohameka lilo ka moku'āina hoʻomana. Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Uzbek moku'āina iʻike piʻi i ka wā o feudal fragmentation. Hike Tamerlane (1395) hooauhee aku la i ke kui hope i loko o ka pahu o keia nui, akā pōkole-noho aupuni a pau.

Ka pau 'ana o ke Gula iā Goga

Ma ka XV kenekulia moku'āina disintegrated. Aia he uuku kuokoa na'lii: ka Nogai iā Goga (ka makahiki i kakahiaka nui o ka XV kenekulia), Kazan, Crimea, Astrakhan, Uzbek, Siberian Khanate. Ke kikowaena mana koe, a hoomau iho la oia i ka e manao like Kiekie. Akā, māʻalo aʻela i ka manawa o ke Gula iā Goga. hope mana lilo increasingly palena iki. Kēia moku'āina ua kapaia ka Great iā Goga. Ua Ua aia ma ka'ākau Black Sea mokuna, a kŰlń ao i ka Lower Volga māhele 'āina. Great iā Goga, ua oki ae la ia nei i ka hoʻomaka o ka umikumamaono kenekulia wale, i ke kemu ma ka Crimean Khanate.

Rusia, a me ka Jochi Ulus

ole Slavic aina he hapa o ka Mongol aupuni a pau. He aha ka ke Zolotaya Orda, rusichi hiki hoʻoponopono ole ma loa komohana Jochi Ulus. Ke koena o ke aupuni a pau a me kona kapikala alohilohi koe ma waho o ka purview o ka Slavic aliʻi. Lākou pilina me ka Jochi Ulus i loko o kekahi manawa, ua okoa maoli - mai ke kūkaʻi 'ana, e downright hoʻoluhi. Akā, ma ka hapanui o na hihia ka mea, ua he typical feudal haku a me ka pio e pili. Lūkini luna i hele mai i ke kapikala o ke Jochi Ulus, i ke kulanakauhale o Sarai, a lawe mai i ka hoʻomana i ka Khan, loaa ana mai ona aku "i 'ae'" - i ka pono, e mālama i ko lakou mau aina. Ka mea mua keia i hana ai i ka 1243 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Nolaila, o ka mua a me ka loa influential o subordination i ka i 'ae' ia ma ka Vladimir-Suzdal na'lii. Mai keia, i ka Mongol-Tatarʻauamo, a me ka piko o Lūkini aina a pau 'oni iki. Ka mea, lilo iho la i ke kulanakauhale o Vladimir.

"Weliweli" Tatar-Mongolʻauamo

Mōʻaukala puke haʻawina no ke ono o ka papa 'pena i ka hahau i ka Lūkini kanaka ua make ia ma lalo o ka oihana koa. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole nā mea a pau i ai kaumaha. Luna Mongol koa i hoʻohana mua i loko o ke kaua e ku ei ko lakou poe enemi (a pretenders i ka noho aliʻi). No ka mea, ua koa kākoʻo pono e uku. A laila, i ka pio e aliʻi, he mau hapa o ko lākou mau makahiki kona, mai na auhau, e haawi Khan ke Jochi Ulus - kona haku. Ua Ua kapaia "iā Goga mai." Inā ke kāleka ua hoopanee, hōʻea bakauly i kau ia ai ka auhau ana ia lakou iho. Akā, ma ka ia Slav aliʻi luna i hooponopono i na kanaka, a me kona ola, hele ia e like me ma mua.

Nā lāhui kanaka o ka Mongolian aupuni a pau

Inā mākou e noi aku i ka ka Zolotaya Orda mai o ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ka moku'āina'ōnaehana, laila,ʻaʻole nō he hookahi pane. Ma mua ka mea, ua he paramilitary a me ka kalaka nui Union o Mongolianʻohana. Loa koke - i loko o kekahi 'ole mau hanauna - i ka hopena poe hao wale assimilated i waena o nā lanakila subjugated heluna. I ka hoʻomaka o ka XIV kenekulia Lūkini iā Goga i kapaia "Tatars". Ethnographic haku mele 'ana o ke aupuni a ua loa like. Aia i noho Alans, Uzbeks, Kipchaks a me nā nomadic a sedentary kanaka. Ali paipai i ka hooulu ana o ke kalepa, a me ka akamai? Ieoaeunoai o na kulanakauhale. ua i ka hoʻokae 'ma pā o ka ohana, a me ka hoʻomana. I ke poʻo, Ulus - hale papaa - i ka 1261 a hiki i hana i ka Orthodox oihana, ua ai nui Lūkini diaspora ma laila.