He aha ke kuleana o ka halepaahao i ka mea nui? Keena ma lalo o ka microscope

Aia mau miliona o kekahi? Ueo o meaola. O kēia mau mea, wale na nā mea hoʻomaʻi i ole-ke kelepona hele ano o ke ola. A pau i ke koena o kona mau meaʻuʻuku, akā, i ka papa kuhikuhiE mall ka mokuna i me nā hīnaʻi manu. Nolaila, ia mea - nui i anakahi o ka? Ueony kanaka, no i kekahi a me kekahi aupuni o ke ano. e wehewehe māhele a me aeea organelles ana i ke kino ola ulu, a i keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hoʻomaka ai i loko o ia. Kēia mall pa alima 'ole o ka ike mea nui no ka hoʻomaopopo i ka pau o ke ano i mau.

Ka lōʻihi o ke kelepona hele 'ole papahana

Cell ma lalo o ka microscope - he hōʻike he hoihoi '. It ke kupaianaha Pehea nui hunaia mai ka maka kanaka, a he mea ma ka pae o ka microcosm! Me ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o kēia kū hoʻokahi 'ōnohi mea ua lilo hiki i ka lilo 'ana o kēia' ilikai, e makaikai i, a maopopo i ka maomeka o ke ola, e aʻo pehea e e hoʻomau ana i loko o ia, a hoʻohana 'ia no ka pomaikai o ke kanaka.

Penei, ka mea i loaʻa i ole a pau meaola i ka ia hale pa alima. Oko ao i keia manawa ma ka lālā o ke aupuniʻaneʻane kela. No ka laʻana, ke kumu nui loa o ka mea kanu aeea mea okoa, mai ka poe mai o na holoholona. Kona 'ole nā hiʻona i koʻohune a me fungi. Eia naʻe, e hiki nō e hōʻike ana i ka mau loina o ke kelepona hele 'ole.

1. Ke aaiaoe mea i loko o ka palapala o ka DNA nā lātoma (no ka eukaryotic meaola - kanu, fungi, holoholona - ua kiaʻana i kāna i loko o ka nucleus, mai ole i hoopuka ia prokaryotes (koʻohune) ka nucleus).
2. Cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi delimits kahi o ka na makahiki a me ka mawaho ka hopena.
3. Ke cytoplasm me organelles a me inclusions.

He nui organelles mea i ka ia no nā mea a pau keena, a hookahi manawa hou keʻae i ka pono kumu o nā mea a pau ke ola ma luna o mākou Honua. Mall māhele i loko o kēlā me kēia mokuna o ke ola o kona kulana he hailona. He, no kekahi laʻana, ma:

• mitochondria;
• lysosomes;
• Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia;
• EPS (reticulum ole endoplasmic reticulum);
• ribosomes;
• inclusions o kumuʻiʻo a me ka carbohydrate, a me na mea e ae.

Aia nō 'aneʻane paʻa ho'ākāka organelles i puni ai i na elele o kekahi mau aupuni o ke ano. No ka laʻana, ke kumu nui hapa o ke kanu keena -ʻaʻole pono ke Kernel, akā, i ka halepaahao paia , a me ka vacuole. ole An nui plastids, akā, i kēia mau hale a mau i loko o ka holoholona huahelu.

He aha ke kuleana o ka halepaahao i ka mea nui?

Ke pane i keia ninau mea he luna '. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, me kekahi o kona mall hapa o ka halepaahao eʻaʻole e hiki ke noho maʻamau a me ka hoʻomōhala. Akā nō ma laila i kekahi mau o ka loa nui i waena o ka mana o na organelles a me na hapa.

1. Nucleus me ka nucleoli a aaiaoe mea i kia ma ka chromosomes.
2. Ke aeea pa (no ka mea kanu), cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi (nā aeee), mucic iwi (no ka koʻohune).
3. Ke cytoplasm o ka mall eiiiiiaiou.

Mau eiiiiiaiou - o ke kumu o kekahi halepaahao, nānā 'ole o ka meaola i pili i kekahi a me kekahi palapala. Mawaena o ka cytoplasmic organelles i hoike hiki i kekahi hapa o ka halepaahao i ka mea nui.

1. Mitochondria.
2. Ribosome.
3. EPS.
4. Lysosomes.
5. I hoʻomākaukauʻia (eiiieaena) Golgi.

Ka mea, ua maopopo i ke poʻo kumu a mea ke kapa loa o nā mea a pau mall huahelu o ka hale pa alima o ka meaola.

Ke Kernel a me kona 'ole

Hawaiʻi nei i ka manao i ke kumu nui loa o ka halepaahao - ka nucleus. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole i ka mea a pau o ia. No laila,ʻaʻohe nuclei ma:

• oʻo ulaula koko keena;
• e mālama nei keena o ka mea kanu nā'aʻaʻa ;
• koʻohune.

Aia mau no hoi? Ueony, a, ma ka mea ku ole, kekahi mau nuclei. No kekahi laʻana:

• poperchnopolosatye nāʻiʻo;
• Fish;
• limu;
• nō lactiferous moku.

I mau, me ka pono 'ole o ke kumumanao o kekahi o ka noʻonoʻo' ole. Aia nō kekahi mau kumu o māhele mea e mai i ka 'ōlelo o kekahi.

1. Karyotheca (nukelea wahī) - ho i ka papaluaʻili lahilahi 'ole kekahi hana naʻaupō me nā pale kaʻa ma waena o ka cytoplasm, a me ka pahale Kora naʻEsau. No ka mea, e pili ana i ka mawaho o ka ribosome, ka CSE, ka Golgi luna '.
2. Karyoplasm - maloko tuko pīlali'ōpū mai e hoopiha mai ana i ka Kora naʻEsau. Kekahi inoa - nucleoplasm. Inā loaʻa kekahi mau nā polokina, ribosomal RNA.
3. Chromatin mea hiki ia o ka papa ma waena o ka helical'auwaʻa i hoʻopūʻukiʻuki chromosomes. Kona haku mele 'ana uaʻano nui i hoakaka ia ma ka makalii o ka DNA. kalipuna a me ka makanekiuma Ion mea i ike, nā polokina, RNA, lipids.
4. Nucleoli, IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE wahi a puni na chromosomes. Ka mea, he poe RNA, DNA, nā polokina. Hoʻohana 'ia no kaʻaha kanaka o nā subunits ribosomal hoʻololi kemikala o ka pa-RNA (ribosomal RNA).

He He mau kumumanao o nukelea 'ole, mai i ka mea, ua maopopo i ka waiwai o kēia' ole i loko o kēlā me kēia aeea - kuleana no nā'ōlelo, a me ka pūnaewele EYI o aaiaoe 'ike, hoʻohuiʻia aaiaoe hiʻona.

Ke cytoplasm a me kona manaʻo nui

Ka nui o kēia 'ole i wale wehe ai i ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole mea oi loa aku hoi mana no e māhuahua lako a pan. Mua i ka mea i manao ia - e he? Aneii lepo no organelles. Ano, akā naʻe, ka mea i loaʻa i ka cytoplasm i ke kēia 'ole.

1. Cytoskeleton - microfilaments a me ka luna 'kumuʻiʻo paipu e hana i ka Kora naʻEsau i ulanaʻia. Loko a hōʻoniʻoni i ka halepaahao organelles.
2. Cytosol ole hyaloplasm - colloidal cytoskeleton na Contents, kahi o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nā minelala hao, ka wai, nā lipids, nā polokina, carbohydrates. i lawe mai i ka halepaahao pūnao keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hoike hale pu.
3. Ectoplasm - ka cytoplasm, pono e pili ana i kaʻili lahilahi. Endoplasma - a pau ka makahiki ma waena o karyotheca a me ka ectoplasm.

Ma ka cytoplasm o intracellular amo keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hoʻomaka ai e leie aku e ia i loko o ke kaua'ō'ō ihe ma ka constituent wahi. He mahalo i ka ikaika hōʻeuʻeu ana o ka 'ole i loko o ka organelles loko o na keena neʻe.

Ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi

Ua ho bilipidny laholio, ahu iho komo iloko ma ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma. Ka loa e like me ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o kēia organelle - he wai-mosaic kŘkohu. Ua lawelawe 'ana e hookaawale i ka mawaho a me na papa o ka halepaahao. Ua e wae permeability, nolaila, e ālai 'ia' a i malama aku i ka ingress o ka haole (particles). Ma na mea he nui ka mahalo i ka mea malama aeea shape.

Inā ka pane ana i ka ninau: "He aha hapa o ka halepaahao i ka loa nui", ka mea mua, e e like kaʻili lahilahi, no ka mea, i loko o kela a me keia o ia mau mea. Oko ao me ka 'ole ana i kekahi? Ueo o meaola. No ka mea koʻohune ano me ia ma o ka haku mele 'ana o ka chitin, holoholona - kona e kaawale aku.

mitochondria

Mau hale a mau ole no kekahi mea i kapaʻia ka ikehu a me ka "mana mea kanu" o ke keena. Ua mea i loko o kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hoʻomaka ai oxidative phosphorylation kūpono ana ma ka ikehu hookuu mai ATP (adenosine triphosphate). I ka wā e hiki mai, i kēia ikehu o ke kumu o nā mea a pau ke ola keʻano o ka hanaʻana, nā kūloko ma a mawaho.

Names o māhele o na keena i ole mau ia koke. Ma ka hihia o ka mitochondria mua i ka 1894, ua oleloia ua hiki aku i kēia mau hale a ma lalo o ka inoa bioblastov.

Ma ona iho, ke 'ole o kēia organelleʻano hana hoihoi. Ka mawahoʻili lahilahi bilayer. I ka pahale loko, ahu iho i ka pelupelu ia 'ole, ano ka cristae, ma i i hoonohonoho lehulehu ribosome.

Mitochondria i kā lākou mau DNA, a me ka mau RNA ioeo (amo a me ka'ōpū mai). No hoi he mea i ka luna 'o nā polokina. I ka helu o ka hale a ma ka halepaahao hiki oko, i mea e kaukaʻi ma ka ha awina o ka hui,. Ka nui loa ka helu ana o mitochondria pihaʻi me Muscle keena.

ribosomes

Small a pouli 'ole ana e ike ke ka wā nana na keena ma lalo o ka huina'ine microscope, kapa ribosomes. Ua mea no hoi he nui loa o ka halepaahao, no ka mea, e ponoʻeleu loa i loko o kaʻaha kanaka o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma.

Ma o lakou iho, ka mea e hōʻike mai iā ia ribonucleoprotein hoolilo i kekahi hapaha o ka holoʻokoʻa halepaahao nuipa a. Haku o nā dissimilar subunits, hui i kekahi a puni ma ka shape. Pili i ka Golgi luna ', EPS, mitochondria, nucleus. Ke aupuni 'loko kekahi wahi.

Ua Ua synthesized ma ribosomes ma kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma e pono no na keʻano o ka hanaʻana a pau o ka ea a me ka ikehu pūnao.

endoplasmic reticulum

keena ma lalo o ka microscope kohu i kaʻelemakule striated maze. Keia mea no ka mea, e like me ka 'ole i EPS a endoplasmic reticulum, reticulum. Ua makana he okoa pukapuka o ka manamana ai auwai a, paipu, hue, a hoohihia a pau organelles, a oi loa aku hoi pili loa i kia a puni ka nucleus.

No kēia mau ducts a me nā kaha o ka neʻeʻana (halihali) o okoa (particles) mai kekahi aeea i kekahi hapa. No ia mea, EPS - me kekahi o kona papa kuhikuhiE hale.

Vacuole a aeea paia - o ka mea kanu aeea

Inā ka pane ana i ka ninau: "He aha hapa o ka halepaahao i ka loa nui i ka mea kanu", ma ka hou ana i ka luna, oe, e hui aku i kekahi mau hou. Keia mea kuhikuhi i ka halepaahao pa. He anuanu wahī hahai i ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi. Ua Ua haku o ka kelulose a me nā carbohydrates, a ua hoakaka kūikawā ikaika keena. Laau ua impregnated me kūikawā waiwai - lignin. Ia mea ke kumu o ko lakou kona kino, i ikaika. No hoi, ka mea, o ka halepaahao paia 'ole ho okumu i ka halepaahao kinona like me ka a pau.

Vacuole - keia mea no ka nui loa o ka mea kanu 'ole' iniha, kapuaʻi. Ua lawe kokoke i ka anai ka leo o ka pā kahua o ka halepaahao. Wai a piha i loko, i mea ka halepaahao SAP. Kēia hui o ka wai, nā wikamina, nā minelala hao, hormones, carbohydrates.

plastids

Aka nā eiiiiiaiou o ka mea kanu aeea - plastids. Poe e ekolu? Ueo:

• leucoplasts - colorless;
• chromoplasts - ulaula, alani, lenalena pigments;
• chloroplasts - pihaʻi me na launahele pigment chlorophyll.

Ka oi nui nō ka hope, no ka mea, i pili 'ole i loko o kāʻamaʻai.