He aha mea he mea uholo uila? ia'ku mea uholo uila

He aha mea he mea uholo uilaʻia? He aha nō kona hiʻona? He aha mea na ke kālaikūlohea o semiconductors? E like me ka mea i kūkulu ai? He aha ka ka conductivity o semiconductors? He aha nō ke kino ai 'aʻe ka mea, e komo ai?

He aha ka i kapaia semiconductors?

Ua pili ia i mea pōaka lako i mai i hoʻomaka uila no laila, pono no, e like me ka hana ke hooheheeia. Akā, i kēia huahelu mea maikaʻi ma mua o nā insulators. Mau ano e ku pono i ka helu o ka lawe lima nā moku halihali mokulele. Inā mākou e noonoo, me ka mau, he pōpilikia ka ikaika IeIIeYOA i na nuclei. Naʻe, ka wā lawelawe i loko o ka alakaʻi mele kekahi mau nā'ātoma, no kekahi laʻana, antimony, i ka mea i koe o electrons, keia oihana e e? Ee. I ka hoʻohana indium hoʻomākaukau nā kumumea me ka maikaʻi kauoha. A pau i kēia mau waiwai e hoʻomano hoʻohana ma transistors - kūikawā manaʻo, a i ka hōʻoi ', aeie paha kekahi i ka pono i loko o kekahi ao ao wale. Inā ka NPN-type hehee ai mākou noonoo, ka mea hiki ke malama nunui Hoʻoikaika i ka ke kūlana i mea pakahi aku la ia nui i loko o ka EYI o nawaliwali no lepa.

Design hiʻona a i uila kalaka nui-conductors

Conductors i ka puu o ka noa electrons. Insulators ka mea, ua aneane noho. Semiconductors a no hoi iloko i kekahi dala o ka noa electrons, a hele me ka maikaʻi ka uku ole, i mea makaukau eʻae i ka hookuuia (particles). A me ka hapanui o importantly - ka mea, a pau lawe i ka pilaʻikena. Noonoo mua NPN-type pākali hoʻolele -ʻaʻole e hiki hookahi mea uholo uila hehee ai. No laila, eia hou PNP-transistors a me diodes.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka hope pōkole, ia mea he hehee ai i hiki ke hoʻouna i mau lepa a ma kekahi ala e wale. Nō hoʻi, ke diode hiki ai ke hoʻolilo AC i DC. He aha ka keʻano papa hana o keia loli? A no ke aha la ko ia neiʻoniʻoni ma kekahi ala e wale? Nānā 'ole o kahi mea heʻikena, electrons a me nā wahi i wāhiʻia ai a lūlū aku, a hele i mua. Ma ka hihia mua no a hiki i ka mahuahua mamao hānai lako ua keʻakeʻa, a no ia mea, e ho'īli nā moku halihali mokulele io anakahi uila ma wale i kekahi ala, a laila ka conductivity o semiconductors mea unilateral. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i ka he hiki ke ho'īli wale ina ka constituent (particles) e kokoke ana. A me keia mea hiki wale ina ka he lako ma ka kekahi lima. Mau mea i nāʻano o nā semiconductors like paha i kahi a ua hoʻohana i ka manawa.

poʻe 'ole

Uila a me ka'ōnohi waiwai o conductors pili me ka mea i, ka wā e hoopiha mai ana i ka ikehu pae o electrons i kaawale mai o ka hiki Huipuia, o ka bandgap. He aha nō kona hiʻona? Ka mea i ka mea, aohe bandgap ikehu pae. Me impurities a mall mā ka mea, hiki ke hoʻololi. Higher piha koa a ua kapaia valence. Ukali ma kekahi olelo hooholo, akā, me ka nele. Ua kapaʻia ka conduction koa. Ke kālaikūlohea o semiconductors - he loa hoihoi 'kumuhana, a ma ka? Aieao o ka' atikala ka mea, ua pono uhiia.

moku'āina o na electrons

Ua hoʻohana manaÿo e like me ka helu ana o ka 'ae' bana a me ka quasi-momentum. Ke 'ole me ka nānā' ana i ka lakou hoopuehu mua. Ana e olelo mai ia ma luna o ka mea e loli ai ka ikehu kaukaʻi o ka quasimomentum. Penei, ina ua piha i ka valence bana loa ma electrons (i lawe i kaʻoihana i loko o ka mea uholo uila), ke olelo aku nei au i ka loaʻa nā ole haʻahaʻa excitations. Inā no kekahi kumu, na (particles) e ole, ka mea, 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea, he ikaika, papa mai quasiparticle - kekahi, a me ka puka. Ka mea,ʻo ka mea e mālama ai nā moku halihali mokulele ma semiconductors ma ka valence koa.

lālā ciia

Ke valence poʻe i loko o ka typical alakaʻi mele mea sixfold lālā. Keia ua waho aʻeo ka milo-ka Astronomical AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN a me wale i ka wa a ke aniani momentum mea Aʻohe. Ua hiki e pipili ma lalo o ka hookahi ano no kaʻale huli a me ka uku aku lālā koa. Ka ikehu spacing ma waena o ia ua kapaia ka ikaika o ka milo-ka Astronomical splitting.

Impurities a mā ma semiconductors

Ka mea hiki e uila AEeOEXAaI paha kaila. E ho ohana i ka mea mua e leie aku oe, e komo i loko o semiconductors maikaʻi 'ole io ka uku ole, i hiki ke offset ma ka muli o ka puka i loko o ka valence bana a me ka huina'ine i loko o ka conduction koa. Pualani impurities i'ākilikai, a me ka mea i kŘpa a uuku keiki ma luna o ka uila waiwai. Hoi, ka mea hiki pinepine ia o ka nui o ka valence o a i nā'ātoma i komo 'ana i loko o kaʻoihana hoolilo kaʻina hana, a me ka' ole o ke aniani puka olu oia.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano a me ka nui o impurities e hoʻololi, a me ka lākiō ma waena o ka helu o nā lua a me electrons. Nolaila, mea uholo uila lako E mau ke akahele wae e kū ai i ka makemake hopena. Keia ua ma mua ma ka helu nui o ka helu, a me a laila i ka ho okolohua. (Particles) e loa i kapaia hapanui nā moku halihali mokulele, i hapa.

Dosed hoike o impurities i loko o ka mea uholo uila mea e leie aku, e loaa i ka makemake waiwai. Mā ma Semiconductors i kekahi e AEeOEXAaI pahaʻeleu uila ana. Nui 'aneʻi o ka dislocation, interstitial'Ātoma a me ka hakahaka. Wai a me ka noncrystalline conductors pane koke impurities okoa ma mua o mea pōaka. I ka nele o kaʻoʻoleʻa 'ole e ho'ōla Nā hualoaʻa ma ka mea hoʻoneʻe ka'Ātoma loaʻa iā ia kekahi he okoa valence. Ka mea, e okoa mai i ke kekahi me i ka mea, ua mua imbues lākou mau ano laulea. Atom i pono ole, e haawi a paʻa i ka huina'ine. Ma ia ka hihia, e lilo AEeOEXAaI, a, nolaila, ke huikala semiconductors i oi aku hiki wale mai o ka ole. Ua hiki aku i ka mea ia ia mea hiki ke hoʻololi i ka conductivity 'ano ma doping a me ka hana, no ka laʻana, pa-N-huina.

Kekahi amorphous semiconductors ke hoʻololi lākou lolouila waiwai ma lalo o ka aoao o ka doping. Akā, ia Hawaii ia i ka nui uuku loa ma mua o ka mea pōaka. Pā lonoaʻili i doping amorphous hehee hiki ke hou ma ka manaʻoe hana. Ultimately, ka mea e e hoike ia ia ma muli o ia i ka loa a me ka paakiki hana huikala semiconductors nae makana i ka helu o nā 'ano a me ka pono i nā hualoaʻa.

'Ikepili helu o electrons i loko o ka mea uholo uila

A hiki aku ka mea, he thermodynamic equilibrium, ua nānā 'wale nō i ka helu o nā lua a me electrons ma ke ana wela o ka bana' ole kiko'î a me ka lehulehu o ka uila hana impurities. I ka wā o ka lākiō he pōpilikia, ka mea, ua manaoio aku i kekahi o na (particles) e ia i loko o ka conduction bana (i loko o ka acceptor a me kona mau pou pae). Ua hoi ia i loko, no ka mea i ka hapa ke haʻalele i ka mokuna o ka valence, a ma laila i hana i wāhiʻia.

conductivity

Ma semiconductors, he okoa na electrons me ka uku ole nā moku halihali mokulele ke hana a me ka Ion. Akā, kā lākou uila conductivity i loko o ka hapanui hihia negligible. Na wale ionic superprovodniki hiki i ka koe. Nā semiconductors i ekolu papa kuhikuhiE huina'ine hooliloʻano papa hana:

1. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ciia. Ma kēia hihia, na electrons ma ka noi ku i ka loli ana o kona ikaika i loko o ka 'ae' wahi.
2. Hopping amo o IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE Hawaii.
3. Polaron.

exciton

I ka puka, a me ka huina'ine i hana i ka nakinakiia moku'āina. Ua Ua kapa Wannier-Mott. Ma keia hihia i ka photon ikehu, a hoʻopili like i ka omo palena e kau mai maluna o ka nui o ka huina resolution. Me ka lawa ka nui o ka malamalama ma semiconductors ke hana i ka nui nui o excitons. Me ka hoomahuahua i loko o ko lākou lehulehu Punk a me ke ano huina'ine-hole wai.

I ka ili o ka mea uholo uila

Mau olelo hoike kekahi mau'ātoma papa, a i kahi kokoke i ka palena o ka noonoo o kanaka. Ili ka waiwai okoa mai ka bulk. Ke alo aku o kēia mau papa, mai hemo mai translational symmetry o ke aniani. Ua hiki aku i ka ai-kapa ili Hui Pūʻia a me nā polaritons. ? Ac? Aaioea i ka theme like o ka mea hope, e e hou i ka hai aku, a no ka milo a me ka vibrational ale. No ka mea, o kona Nine Inch ha awina e huna microscopicʻilikai ma waho o nā lātoma a me nā'ātoma i i ua adsorbed mai ke kaiapuni. Lakou i kau i ka waiwai o ka mea mau'ātoma papa. Mea pōmaikaʻi, ka hanaia'na o kaʻoi loa-kiʻekiʻe holo enehana, ma i nā mea uholo uila eiiiiiaiou, e leie aku i ka loaa a me ka malama no kekahi mau hola, maemae ili, a ikaika e loli ai i ka pono o nā huahana.

Mea uholo uila. Ana wela e loli ai i ka ia'ku

A hiki i ka wela o ka metala, piʻi pū, a maoli he lākou e kū'ē'ē mai. Me semiconductors, i ke ku pono ana i ka oiaio - ma lalo o ka ia keia, ua koho ka mea, e emi iho. Ke wahiʻaneʻi mea i ka pou conductivity i loko o kekahi mea (a me keia ano inversely hapaʻauhau i ka ia'ku) hilinaʻi nui ma luna paha o ka malama pono nā moku halihali mokulele e, i ka mämä holo o ka neʻeʻana i loko o ka uila kahua, a me ko lākou helu i loko o ka mokuna buke o ka mea.

Ka mea uholo uila hehee wale maoli he like me ka wela maoli o ka lehulehu o ka (particles), i laila mahuahua ka thermal conductivity a me ka ia'ku emi. Oe ke kaha i kēia i loko o ke alo o ka poe noonoo ole 'ia paha opiopio physicist a me ka mea e pono ai mea - silikone a germanium, i hiki ke lawe, a i o ka mea uholo uila ia. An mahuahua i loko o ke ana wela, e emi lākou e kū'ē'ē mai. E hōʻoia i kēia, e pono e pua paha i ma luna o ke ana palaoa i, eʻike i nā hoʻololi. He nui ka hihia. E ka nana aku i ka mau o ka manaʻo nā kinolau.

Ia'ku a electrostatic ionization

He mea pono i ka tunneling o electrons maalo ae la oia ma ka loa haiki ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai i hoʻolako ka hola hoʻokahi haneri o micrometer. Ua Ua waiho nei ma waena o nā kihi o ka ikehu paa. Kona helehelena Ua hiki wale i ka wa anuenue ikehu ka poe hao wale, a ia lŘlŘ ma lalo o ka aoao o ka ikaika uila kahua wale. Once tunneling ia lŘlŘ (ia mea he quantum ma paʻi hookoia), na electrons hele ma ka Loaʻaʻia ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai ka ololi, a me ka mea, aole e hoʻololi 'ana i kā lākou ikehu. He entails ka hua i loko o ka lehulehu o ka uku ole nā moku halihali mokulele, a ma nā cii: ka conduction a me ka valence. Inā ke kaʻina mea e hoʻomōhala i ka electrostatic ionization, aole hiki ia he hālāwai hope o ka mea uholo uila tunnel. I loko o kēia kaʻina hana ia e hoʻololi i ka ia'ku o ka mea uholo uila. He reversible, a me ka wa me ka uila ke kahua ua huliʻia, e hoihoi hou ia na keʻano o ka hanaʻana a pau.

Ia'ku a me ka hopena ionization

Ma keia hihia, e hōʻeleu i na puka a me na electrons a ho'āʻo noa ala ma lalo o ka aoao o ka ikaika uila ke kahua i na loina e hoʻonui i ka ionization o na nā'ātoma a me ka rupture o kekahi o ka covalent mea paa (iniiaiie ole huikala'Ātoma). Hopena ionization ia lŘlŘ me ka avalanche, a ia avalanche eʻalo mai kauoha nā moku halihali mokulele. Pela ka lānai hou hana lua a me electrons hōʻeleu i ma ka pila nuiʻikena. Ka papa cia ma ka hopena hope ua hoonuiia ma ke kaʻi lau waiwai o ka hopena ionization, i mea ka helu o ka huina'ine-hole hui i mea i hanaʻia ma luna o kekahi o ka oihana lawe alanui Hoʻohana. Ka hooulu ana o kēia kaʻina e ho'ōla hiki aku i ka mea uholo uila avalanche hālāwai hope. Ke ia'ku o semiconductors ua hoi hoʻololi, akā, e like me ia ma ka hihia o ka tunnel hālāwai hope, reversible.

I ka hoʻohana 'ana o semiconductors ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa

I ka mau mea nui o kēia manawa e hehee wale e kaulana ma ka 'enehana kamepiula. Kokoke i kanalua i ole oe makemake e hoihoi i loko o ka ninau o ka mea na semiconductors, ina ole i ka makemake e kū kaʻawale ho'āla i ke kumuhana a me kā lākou hana. He mea hiki ole e hoi i noonoo ai i ka hana ana o ke kālā no refrigerators, kīwī e puhi ia, kamepiula nā kahu nānā ole semiconductors. Hiki ole ke hana ole ia, a me ka holomua kaʻa wilikî. Ua i hoʻohana 'ia ma maunakea a me ka makahiki' enehana. Maopopo iaʻu ka mea semiconductors mea, pehea nui ka mea, i? O ka holo ana, ua hiki ole ke olelo ia ia mea wale no ka nui kumu o ko mākou noho maikai ana, akā, i underestimate ia mea i ke kumukuai.

I ka hoʻohana 'ana o semiconductors ma ka mea, ma muli o ka nui a me ka helu o nā kumumea, i waena o lākou i ka laha ana o na mea mai a lakou i hana ai, a me ka oluolu o ka aaioee, a, e loaa i ka makemake hopena, a me nā oaoieei-hiʻona i e ka waeʻia o nā kānakaʻepekema mea näna i hana ma ka lolouila ipu, papani iho la i ia.

ka hopena

Mākou i hookolokoloia ma ka au mamuli mea semiconductors, pehea e hana. Ke kumu o ko lākou mau ia'ku waiho eiiieaena physical a me ka Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana. A oe ke hai i nā kūʻiʻo mai e haawi aku e like me ka ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka Paukū ike paka oe i na semiconductors, no ka poe noonoo ole kumu i' epekema i ole i aʻo i ka 'o kā lākou hana a hiki i ka hopena. Akā, uaʻike lākou walaʻauʻana waiwai a me nā 'ano, a ae mai, e waiho iā lākou i loko o ka hana pono. Nolaila, e hiki ke huli no ka mea, a semiconductors e hoʻokolohua me ia, i manao. ʻO wai ka mea i ike, malia o loko e luluhi na maka, nui nā kānakaʻimi noiʻi?!