Na photoelectric hookoia - na ke kālaikūlohea o ka kŰia

I ka 1887, German nä känaka 'epekema Hertz ike i ka hopena o ka malamalama ma ka pou hookuuia. Këia i ka hunaahi hookuuia Hertz ike ia ina ka io'ūholo uila kau iho me ultraviolet na kukuna, ke hookuuia ia lŘlŘ ma ka haʻahaʻa anakahi uila ma luna o nā nā uila aʻa lolo.

Ua Ua hou i loaʻa i ka wā paku ole ia i ka malamalama o ka uila piʻo negatively papa metala papa i pili i ka electroscope pua electroscope, e hina ia. Kēia i hōʻike mai ia i ka naauao ana piʻo plaque haalele i kona io kauoha. I ka maikaʻi malama o ka metala papa me ka malamalama, aole ia e lilo.

Loss o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia kino naauao ana ma na kukuna o ka malamalama o ka hopena maikaʻi uila malama i ua kapaia he photoelectric ia a photoelectric hopena.

ʻO ke kālaikūlohea o keia kŰia i ua aʻo mai 1888 a kaulana Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema A. G. Stoletovym.

I ka like o ka photoelectric kenekulia kanawai i i ka mea o ka mea hoʻonoho iloko olaila a me na ia liilii iwi kuamoʻo. Ke paa kiniki papa, a me ka wiwi hei i hoʻopapakū ku e kekahi i kekahi, ho okumu i ka mea pihana. Kona papa e pili ana i nāʻauamo o ka he kumu, a laila, hoomalamalamaia me ka malamalama o ka pila nui piʻo.

Light ke alalai ole ma ka hei ma luna o ka ili o ka paa kiniki iwi kuamoʻo.

STOLETOV loaʻa ana ina ke kiniki papa o ka mea pihana pili a hiki i ka hopena maikaʻi kaupoku o ke anakahi uila kumu (he cathode), ka galvanometer pili ana i ka huakai kaapuni e hoike ana i kaʻikena. Inā ka cathode mea he hei, laila,ʻaʻole nō heʻikena. No laila, hoomalamalamaia mai kiniki papa kī ana negatively hoopiiia (particles), a he kuleana no ka mea he ola ana ma waena ona, a me ka upena.

Stoletov, këia i ka photoelectric kanawai, i ole wehe i ka ke kālaikūlohea o ka i, lawe ae la oia i kona mau ho okolohua huila o kaʻokoʻa i eliiaʻi: Aluminum, keleawe, kiniki, kala, nikala. Ka hoʻopili iā lākou a hiki i ka hopena maikaʻi kaupoku o ke anakahi uila kumu, ka mea, ua ike ana ma lalo o ka hana ana o ka piʻo i loko o ka puni ana o ka ke kahu moku, mea kanu ia i ka pilaʻikena. Kēia au i ua kapaia ka photocurrent.

Ma ka hoʻoulu i ke anakahi uila ma waena o ka mea pihana papa photocurrent ua mahuahua, hiki i kekahi anakahi uila i kona i kā mākou waiwai i kapaʻia ka saturation photocurrent.

Investigating ka photoelectric kanawai, ua pili loa pili me ke kaukaʻi o ka saturation o photocurrent waiwai na ke kālaikūlohea o i o ka luminous koko hana 'ia ma luna o ka cathode papa STOLETOV hoʻokumu i ke kēia kānāwai: ka saturation waiwai o ka photocurrent, e e pololei hapaʻauhau i ka hana' ia malamalama koko plaque.

Kēia kānāwai ua kapaia Stoletov.

Hope ka mea i loaʻa i photocurrent - pele o electrons haehaeia mai ka malamalama metala.

I ka kumumanaʻo o ka photoelectric hookoia ua loaʻa ka laula, e pili ana. Pela i hana i ka mea, a i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kēia kŰia. Ka mea, i kapaʻia ka ikehu lā keena.

Na photosensitive, ahu iho - cathode - uhi kokoke holoʻokoʻa loko ili o ke aniani kukui, koe wale no he uuku iki window no ka 'ae' ana o ka malamalama. Ke anode Ua hoi he uea ke komo lima, ka ikaika i loko o ka ipu. Ka ipu - i ka holo.

Inā mākou e hoʻohui i ka apo ana i ka maikaʻi kaupoku o ka pu ki aloha, a me ka photosensitive, ahu iho o ka metala ma ka galvanometer a me kona io laau, a laila, e uhi ana i ka wā, ahu iho suitably ke kukui ponoʻia i loko o ka huakai kaapuni.

Oe ke hoohuli ae i ka pu ki aloha ma nā mea a pau, akā, alaila, e ike kakou i ka pono, wale i ka loa nawaliwali, no ka mea wale nō i kekahi wahi hapa o ka malamalama kipaku electrons, e haule ma ka uea apo - ka anode. E hōʻoi 'i ka hopena e pono ai anakahi uila i loko o ka mea ana i 80-100.

Photoelectric hookoia, na ke kālaikūlohea o i ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ia mau oihana mua hiki e malama hoʻohana' ana i kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Naʻe, ka hapanui o ia mau mea, e like me ke keleawe, hao, platinum, tungsten, ikepili koʻikoʻi wale i ultraviolet kukuna. Mere'ākilikai ke hooheheeia - potasiuma, paʻakai, a cesium, o ka oi aku - a me ka 'ikepili i hiki kukuna. Ka mea i hoʻohana pū i ka hana o ka poe keena cathodes.