He aha nō ka piʻi like o kaulana Byzantine aupuni a pau ma lalo o Justinian? Ke au o Justinian

A hailona o ka hanauna, e malama i ka hoomanao ana o ka manawa o ka luna nui o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau, a Justinian like me ka luakini o ke jurisprudence a me kona papa kuhikuhiE ka 'Aha'ōlelo. Maoli ai, i ka nānā 'ana i nā nā mea hoʻololi a pau ma luna o ka paakiki kahua o ke kahiko Roma kānāwai, a me ka makemake o Justinian i hanau ai, a kākoʻoʻia o nā koi o ke ola wale - ke kaiapili-yeiiiie? Aneiai a me ka pili ana i loko o ke aupuni ua undergone apau o loli.

Mai ka ha i ka ono o ke kenekulia, o ka manawa no ke ao nei a pau i hāʻawi mai i ka loa paʻakikī akā,ʻano nui. Byzantium ua hoʻomaka koke neʻe ma ke ala o ka holomua, hoʻowahāwahā i ka manaopaa o ka hoʻoluhi. Na Code o Kanawai Law, pela i lilo ai kaʻano papa hana hiki ke lawe mai i moku'āina-hale a hiki i ka aʻe kahua o ka? Acaeoey o ke kaiāulu - ka feudal nenoaiu. Ia ka leo o ka piʻi like lilo kaulana Byzantine aupuni a pau ma lalo o Justinian.

loiloi 'ia o kanawai

Ma keia malumalu wā i Uaʻoluʻolu, kekahi kulanui o Roma kānāwai, ma ka kānaka Hoʻololi 'ano, ka mea i pololei i mālama ai i ka rula ana māhele o ke aupuni a pau. Class rula, o ka papa ka noho kauā kuapaʻa, a me ka papa pilina i pohā, a pau ka dukima o na pomaikai i loko o ka mana'ōnaehana loa me ka pono o ka luna echelons hoʻi o ke kaiāulu, a me ka Byzantine aupuni a pau ma lalo o Justinian i ole e he drasticʻanuʻu e kūkulu hou i ka moku'āina. Justinian hai aku i ka makeʻe kulana rula o unquestioning mahalo no ka kahiko, i mea infallible. Ia mea ke kumu ma ke ono o ka kenekulia Byzantine 'Aha'ōlelo kulou iho la i ka Roma kānāwai.

No loko o ka nui kūlanakauhale o ka Byzantine kalepa a me ka akamai kupu, ua he 'ano o ka waiwai a me ka kālepa hana. Aku o ka lanakila koi a me ka hoonoho papa ana ia, a piha rula hooponopono o ka waiwai pono, e like me ka mea i kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka mea hoʻokele waiwai o ka moku'āina o. A me ka Roma kānāwai e leie aku oe i maopopo i ka loio i kumu, mai i ka nānā 'ana i kēia kumu ma na nuances pili i kekahi mehameha nona pelane.

Naʻe, ka mea hou keia e noi mai ana ka hoʻoponopono 'lehulehu i loko o ka na kūmau o Roma kānāwai. Ua hoomaka loa paʻakikī hana hoʻi i loko o ka ono o ke kenekulia, a, ano, ke ike nei kakou i ka piʻi like o kaulana Byzantine aupuni a pau ma lalo o Justinian. Ke hou nohona mea like koke originated, koi 'ē aʻe ka pili ma waena o nā papa a me ka aina. A me nā mea a pau i kauoha mai kona piko a kupono loio i kakau.

Creation o indisputable kānāwai

Loio i kumu i hana i ke kumu o ka codification o ke kānāwai:

• ʻokoʻa i loko o ka loio i rula;
• blurred kānāwai;
• ole kānāwai a me ka Mea Maluna nenoai;
• OOAOAaXUEE terminology;
• ākeʻakeʻa kumu 'aha hoʻokolokolo ke kula.

No kuleana me ka OOAOAaXUEIE kanawai, ai ole ia, e hana ia, hoʻowahāwahā i nā kaʻao a me ka grandeur o Roma kānāwai moolelo, Justinian i hiki ole. He Ua koho 'ana i ka Media, ka hapalua o ke alanui nā mea hoʻololi. A me ka mea wale nō e hikiʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai.

codification o ke kānāwai

Ka hoʻomaka o ke Kiure hana - codification o ke kānāwai - ua manaoia e ia 528 makahiki. Maoli ai, e like me ka mama i kekahi kanaka hiki ole ke hana. Oiai ka Code o Kanawai Law ua kapaʻia ma hope o Justinian,ʻo ia i hana i ka hana ana o keia keiki o ke kānāwai, a papa, āna i hana ai,ʻaʻole.

Ka mō'ī ua like pīhoihoi despot. He ole wale oluolu alakai kaua, e hoihoi i ka Roma aupuni a pau, i ka na nā mea hoʻololi i hākilo hoihoi i ka a ua hana i ka mea e e kapaʻia ai ka honua i ka mea nui loa ka 'Aha'ōlelo na mea a pau. Ke kaua,ʻaʻole naʻe, i ole komo. He poʻe o nā kānāwai i ole ke kino. Akā, ka mea, o keia - nā kānāwai o ke kaua, a me ka - kaulana Byzantine aupuni a pau ma lalo o Justinian.

He waiwai a pau o ka manaʻo a me ka Initiative loa ma ka hana - ia anei mea,ʻaʻole lawa no ka poo o ka moku'āina? Ikehu, manawa, ke kala - Justinian i hookoe mai i kekahi mea e hana i kekahi hou kino o ke kānāwai: mau kiai aku iā Artists mau pono auhau i ke kulana, huli i ka loa akamai, inā pilikia ka haumāna a me ka 'ike kanaka. He hoike ana ia ia i ka Kaisara oiaio, a no ia mea, lilo iho i ka Byzantine aupuni a pau ma lalo o Justinian.

'o Puʻohala

Kau mihi o Justinian makemake e lawe wahi me ia i ka lanakila, ināʻaʻole i kaʻuhane o ka mea a pau hana - quaestor Tribonian. O ke koa hoʻonaʻauao, he mohai anei talena nui a me ka unsurpassed hana ethic, he koʻikoʻi loio Tribonian i ka nui a me ka loa makemake loaʻa o Justinian. Mawaena o ka loa inā pilikia ka haumāna kanawai kauwa ana he umi, hoomaka ae la oia e hana me ka Code o Justinian. He poai puni i ke kauoha, mua quaestor o ka hale - ke kahuna Patrikiy Ioann. A pau he umi Artists reformers, he mau kānaka o ka 'epekema, tireless a me ka ikaika i loko o kā lākou mau hana a hiki i ka lehulehu ke kumu. Pakahi aku la ia noteworthy haumāna, Kumu Teopilo kānāwai.

Ka hoʻomaka 'o ka hana

ka nui loa o ka helu nui o imperial kumukānāwai i kohoʻia i ka mea pono no ka i keia la i ka palapala noi e like me nānā mua i hana mai i nā loina - Gregorieva, Theodosiev a me Germogenianova - ma ka mea e koho i ka mea waiwai i waena o nā kumukānāwai e malama ana i na mea e pono ai hou o ka manawa, a ua pono no ka hana o ke kānāwai. Ke kānāwai hoʻomaikaʻi hou i, e lawe aku oe i ka obsolete, e hoʻopauʻokoʻa a me repetitions. Pono ma o ka makahiki i kānakaʻepekema i ka poe kanaka no ka Edition mua o ka Code o Justinian. Ma April 529, e lilo kānāwai.

O ka holo ana, au au i ka i ana i ka naholo kiki mai ai. Akā, i ka lua o ka Revised edition, nae ka mea i paʻa 'ano koke, ua leie aku mākou e maopopo i na e piʻi like o kaulana Byzantine aupuni a pau ma lalo o Justinian. Justinian Code i loko o ka lua o ka Revised edition 534 makahiki i ka malamaia a hiki i kēia lā. Ia mea i loko o kēia palapala, oia loaa nā hualoaʻa a kaulana.

Digesty

Inā mākou e unuhi i kēia hua'ōlelo mea he Roma, ka mea i ike i ka hou 'ia paha o nā kānāwai - ia mea i kekahi mea i ohi ia, a haawi aku i loko o ke kahua. Ia laua a hiki i keia hana, a kahea aku ma Helene - hōʻuluʻulu, a 'o ia hoʻi "a pau-ka-wale."

I ka makahiki 530, uaʻikeʻia, mai ka mua hana Tribonian a me ka eha'ē aʻe kānāwai Kumu hoʻoili i ka hoʻokumu o ka hōʻuluʻulu. Ka mea, i hele mai e kōkuaʻumikumamākahi loio o ka mea kiekie imperial hooponopono. Hope, na kanaka haku o keia huahana Ua hoʻomaopopoʻia ia compilers, e like me ka mea, i ka hapanui ohi ia na hana o ka Roma jurists. Aka hoi, o ka hana mua o ia mea paʻakikī loa, me ka pālua manao. 'Aʻole wale nō e ohi a systematize i ka nui loio hoʻoilina, akā, no hoi, e malama i ke kumu o loio i nā loina paa. Elua tausani puke he nui, ma laina ekolu miliona. 'Aʻole i ka palapala, ai' kikokikona, o ka papa. Sea, moana hana!

Justinian hoʻomaopopo i ka lehulehu o ka hana, nolaila, i ke Komisina a ka hopena -ʻumi makahiki. Eia naʻe, ekolu makahiki ma hope, hoomaka ae la Digesty e hana ma ke aupuni a pau. A i ka pono a me ka hui forethought o ka hana! Ua haawiia mai kēlā loio o ke Komisina kōkua - secretaries, e hoi loa maikaʻi-aʻo i loko o ke kānāwai. No kekahi pūʻulu o nā kumu, ua māheleʻia aʻela nā mea a pau i komo i loko o na pauku: o ka poe kakaolelo a me ka ohi classify mea, a me ke kauoha ua kiai no ia, a hoʻoponopono i nā haʻawina hōʻuluʻulu ma kona ano hope loa.

No laila, he kanalima hōʻuluʻulu puke i hanaiaʻi o laua. I ka ehiku aina. Kēlā puke i loaʻa i ke ku e: ma luna o nā inoa a me nā pōkole. Total - 433 inoa, a oi aku mamua o 9200 apana. He kanakolu-eiwa loa kaulana Roma 'Aha'ōlelo, mai ka mua kenekulia AD, mea,ʻaʻole hiki i ke ono o ka kenekulia i hele mai i loko o Digesty: Quintus Mucius Scaevola, Alphen Var, Elly Gant, Paul Papinian, Gaio, Ulpian, Modestian a me na mea e ae.

Ma keia luakini, ua ka Roma kānāwai, o ka papa, a me na wahi i wāhiʻia a me nā discrepancies, akā, no kona manawa, he mea nui ia ia mea maopopo keia hana i ka mea a ka piʻi like o kaulana Byzantine aupuni a pau ma lalo o Justinian. Ka pōkole pane nei: "Digesty".

loio i ka hoʻonaʻauao mihi

E pili ana hou kānāwai i kauoha mai i ka palapala o ka poe noonoo ole alakai no ke ao a me ka ao ana o ke kānāwai. Ia mau puke Roma moʻokalaleo kapaia kulanui. Ka mea, ua like ole me hiki ia ua pono, e hoʻokohu 'ia i ka moku'āina o ke kānāwai, i kāpaeʻia OOAOAaXUEIE canons a me ka hoapono ana hooponoia kanawai.

A pau i ka ia Tribonian Teopilo, a Dorotheus pau e November, 533 makahiki a me ia mea i ka hana o Justinian. Ua ua no hoi he compilation,ʻano nui mai ka hui Gaya, Florentina, Marciana, Ulpian a me Paulo, akā, me ka maopopo ole o Justinian Code, a me ka hōʻuluʻulu.

Institutes o Justinian 'ohi ai i loko o ka ho'āmana' ano o nā haʻi'ōlelo, i puunaue i eha puke. Mākou iho mai ia iā mākou i ka palapala kope kumu mai, a me ka iwa-kenekulia moʻolelo - no laila lōʻihi Ua kaiāulu a ana pili hui ma na aina o Western Eulopa. Ke kula kānāwai o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau, ka mea, i? Anoee me ke alakaʻi, a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa noi i loko o ka Ikepili o ka hoopii, mai ka manawa i aneane koke lilo i imperial kānāwai.

Ke kaulana Byzantine aupuni a pau

A lohe o Justinian kau hana i ole pela, maha ae. A ekolu-hapa hoopai karaima o kivila kānāwai Hoomau iho la lakou: kānāwai i ka nuʻu mua ma hope o 534 makahiki, i ka inoa o Novell. Ka mea, Ua hui pū i loko o ka hoʻokahi ohi i ke ola o Justinian. Kēia i hanaʻia ma hope. Ano, i ka ike ekolu ka ohi, a me kekahi o ia i ole he luna.

No laila mea kaulana Byzantine aupuni a pau ma lalo o Justinian? Ka pōkole pane e Aʻole e holopono ana. Ke kānāwai, ua originated a me ka pau ana o na loio i kūmau a me ka manaÿo like me ka kumumanaʻo o ka noho pono, i ka pono ma Kivila, a me ka lehulehu kānāwai, me ke dute, i ka pilina o ka kānāwai, ke kaiāulu a me ke kanaka, ua nui ka poe loio i presumption, e ola ana. He aha nō ka piʻi like o kaulana Byzantine aupuni a pau ma lalo o Justinian? Nā pane e like penei:

• ka evolution o ke ao ana o ka pono;
• i ka manaʻo o ka paʻa pono kīvila - a hiki i na kanaka a pau;
• titling he hookahi ka waiwai;
• kivila pono o ke noa kanaka;
• i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokahi loio i kahua;
• i ka pono o Roma kupa i na kauwa hookuu;
• pono a me ka palena a hiki i na pono o ka servicemen;
• ka loio i kūlana o ka kua'āina heluna kanaka;
• kapu o ka pono o ka hoʻoluhi: ka pono e pili ana i ka maka, aole i ma mua o kekahi mea;
• simplification o kaʻina hana no ke kala ana o na kauwa;
• ohana kānāwai;
• i ke kānāwai o ke succession;
• ka loina o ke ku okoa ana o ka mare ana. Roma, a me ka 'ole-Roma, kanaka a me ka' ole-kanaka.

A, Justinian pili loa limahana ma ka hooikaika ana o ka poe koa, a mau mana o Byzantium. Mua ona, ua ka pīhoihoi pahuhopu - ka hoihoi hou ia ana o ka Roma aupuni a pau i loko o kona kahiko palena. A oia loa ana hoʻokō ia. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hoʻoweliweli 'ana i ke aupuni a pau na poe o ka hikina, a oi loa aku hoi i ka ikaika Iran. I ka pau ana o ke kaua ma ka palena ma waena o Iran a me Byzantium noho ma ka mua palena, akā, i loko o ka poepoe o ka aoao o Byzantium he Lazika, Crimea, Arabia,'Ararata, kahi Kristiano i nā lanakila. E naʻi aku ai o Justinian hoolohe Vandals ma NorthʻApelika, ka mea, ua maheleia ke aupuni o ka Ostrogoths ma Italy, ua lilo i ka lokomaikai o ka nui 'āpana o Sepania. Justinian e hoʻokele i ka lanakila i ka pau Balkan Peninsula. Ke oa ?? eoi? A ua maalahi loa, ka palena kokoke i ke kihi kahiko o ka Roma aupuni a pau. Pau kēia mau mea a kaulana Byzantine aupuni a pau ma lalo o Justinian.