Helu waiwai o ka luaipele. Description luaipele

Luaipele - he waiwai i ua a ianoiyuaa a? Anoee ma känaka aneane loa. I ka wā kahiko ka mea i manaoia he nani, i hoopuniia e na mea pohihihi, kaao a me nā kaʻao a i ua kaua kipi no o ka mea ikaika loa ka makau o ka poʻeʻikeʻole i ka mea a pau. Eia naʻe, he nui no ka physical waiwai o ka luaipele i ike ia kanaka a hiki i mua o Mendeleev i nā kumumea i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, a haawi aku la ia ia i ka helu 16. kēia waiwai ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke au mai o Homer, ma ka hou, kekahi' ikepili (kŘpa a ike loea) no ka mea, hiki ke loaʻa i loko o hou a me Old Testaments.

Nine Inch hehee ai

I ka pō systematize i ka hoʻonui kenekulia o ka 'ike ma keia mea, e like me ka luaipele, ka mea ua hala loa paʻakikī. Kēia i hanaʻia e nā kānakaʻepekema, akā, e hooholo i ka mea a pau a hiki i ka papa o Nine Inch hehee hiki D. I. Mendeleevu. Ma ka 'ōhui'ōnaehana ua hōʻikeʻia e pili numeral 16. aia luaipele i loko o ke kolu o ka manawa, he ono subgroup o ka papa kuhikuhiE pae, ka'ātoma nui - 32, nuʻa (ma lalo o maʻamau aku ana) - 2070 kg / ka m ^3.

Mōʻaukala o ka i

Makamua kanaka i 'Imi hoʻohana i ke kino ai ka waiwai o ka luaipele, a i ike ia ia. Ke kumu o kona kumu i manaoia akua o ka honua nei, a me ka lepo kanaka, hāʻawi me kūikawā ano. Ke ano hohono o ka waiwai a me ka nanea ana o ka mea hō'ā kaʻa ma ka ekalesia pono keia mau mea i loko o ka hooko ana mai kela haipule a me ka expulsion "uhane ino". Hope luaipele hoomaka ae la e e hoʻohana no ka oihana koa hana, ka mea, ua hapa o ka combustible ukuhiia. Me ka kiʻekiʻe pahiki, ua hiki ke olelo aku i ka mea hoʻohana e hana i ka "Helene ke ahi", a paipai i ka mea makau hemolele i ka enemi. I ka hale luaipele a me kona hui i pili i nā mea hoʻonani, mahiʻai, a me ke kōkua o Hekikai'aʻaʻa, a hoʻihoʻi mai parasites. I ka wä kahiko China, i lawe mai i ka mua pyrotechnic ho okolohua me ke kōkua o ka luaipele. i ke kūpono nā mea huihuina ua i moe kolohe he lepo lā, akā, ua malama i ke kumu no ka hanaia ana o kona haʻilula, a, incidentally, ma ka manawa ana i hōʻano hou. Eia naʻe, ma ka loiloi mua kahua o kona kumu ia i ka luaipele. Kemika, a aho alchemy ia manawa, ke kahea aku nei keia hehee ai "ka makua kāne o nā mea a pau i ka hooheheeia." Kēia hopena ua muli ma ke alo o ka luaipele ma na mea he nui i eliia a me kona Hoʻonui i ke combustibility. Dispel i kēia nā kaʻao ke aloha Lavoisier i ka 1789. Ke nä känaka 'epekema i ka hehee ai i ka mea ole-ke hooheheeia, a, e like me ka hoike ma ka hou haʻawina,ʻo ia ua pono. I lapaau, i ka luaipele hui ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me he antiseptic a me ka Anati-parasitic konohiki.

I maoli,

Nā pōhaku o ka pńpa luaipele mea ole uncommon. E like me ke degere o ka loaʻa nui a me ka prevalence o ia i loko o 16th wahi i waena o nā mea a pau o ka Nine Inch hehee wale. 'Ole o ka sulfur'Ātoma mau hiʻohiʻona nō ka waiwai e ia i loko o kona gula maikai ano (i loko o kekahi? Aneie ana). Akā, ma ka hapanui o na hihia ia mea he hapa o likeʻole i eliia, ma ka hui 'ano apau loa sulfides a me sulfates. Ka loa, he pono ole o kona pili ana i na mea hiki ke hooheheeia: hao pyrites (pyrite), cinnabar, galena (galena), kiniki blende (sphalerite). Ma ka moana ma makanekiuma sulufahate, kalipuna, paʻakai. I ka lā, oi ma mua o 200 hōʻike 'nā minelala hao. Lua - nuipa hapa maʻiʻo - hui i gypsum, kieserite, Glauber ka paakai. Luaipele ua hookomoia ma ka haku mele 'ana o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma, oa. E. E loaʻa ma ka holoholona meaola. Loa i lohe nui i loaʻa ke aloha i huiʻia i kaʻaila, ma kona ano maoli kinoea make a me ka lanahu. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka luaipele a me kona nā mea loaʻa nō i ka lua pele, akā, kanaka hana (hanalima, ka hale) hōʻeleu a lako oukou i ke kaʻina. A nui ka nui o ka waiwai loaa ma ka groundwater, clays, gypsum, ma ka lalo o ka moana a me ic ??, kaʻaila, ma kona ano maoli kinoea a me ka lanahu, i ka paakai wahi lepo wai a me ka moana wai. Holo o ka luaipele i loko o ka biosphere ia lŘlŘ ma mea o microorganisms, a me keia ka poʻea pau i ka ona mau i evaporates, mai ka ili o ka nui kino o ka wai, e hina ia me ka ua, a mai ka wao akua me nā waikahe muliwai hele aku hoʻi i loko o ke kai a me ka moana.

inoa

I ka wā o ka? Acaeoey o alchemy, ua mau inoa i Kû ka laekahi Nine Inch hehee ai ka luaipele. He aha ka waiwai i manaoia e ia - ua ole loa maopopo, paha, ka mea, ua i ka ninau e pili ana i pili ai, na mea i eliia a sulfide kinoea. Ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika 'ōnaehana Mendeleev luaipele i koho hōʻailona S (luaipele). Kēia Lakina inoaʻAʻohe maopopo ka molekumu o, paha, ka mea, no haʻi ia mea, mai ka Helene'ōlelo a me ka unuhi ia hiki i like "aa". Ma hua'ōlelo hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka' ōlelo Lūkini ka loa kahiko kumu ae. Ka hua'ōlelo "luaipele" Kû ke unpleasantly honi waiwai, combustible ukuhiia. Aia Ua hoi he mana o ke kumu o ka inoa o ke ano waiwai: .. "Pale yellow", "oho", oa i definite. No laila, ua kapaʻia nā mea a pau kēpau. Ua hoʻohana 'ia i ka inoa lua o ka waiwai i loko o kēia manawa - "bogey". I hāpai i ka wehewehena o ka manaÿo o ka flammability a me ka inoinoʻala. Ua hele mai Linguists i ka hopena i loko o ka Sanskrit kumu hua'ōlelo "pepehi", a mea paha ku pono i ka waiwai o ka sulfur dioxide i.

Helu waiwai luaipele

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka allotropic ka hoʻololi 'ana i loko o ka halepaahao palapala laulā. Ua maheleia i ekolu i hana puka olu oia i palapala (ku paa auanei'ātoma kaulahao): orthorhombic, ea, monoclinic. Kala like 'ole, physical waiwai o ka waiwai hilinai aku ma ka luaipele nā loli. Ka loa, he pono ole i ka pilina paʻa, a S ₈ cyclic hui. He kēiaʻano o ke kaula, ua ano no ka mea pōaka luaipele - brittle mea me he yellowish tint. Lula a me monoclinic nā loli i lolelua ka, a lilo iho la ka cyclic 'ole spontaneously ma hope o kekahi mau manawa ma hope o ka loaa ana mai. Haʻilula luaipele ma keia hihia maupaʻa he hōʻailona S ₄ a me S _6. Ma lalo o maʻamau rula (mehana ea), eii? Hui Ua rhombic kaula: oiai e hahana maoli nō kēia i ka waiwai hoʻololi i loko o ka wai ana o ka aggregation, laila thickens. Gradual anuanu maila 'ano apau loa monoclinic luaipele paipu i i ka hohonu melemele waihoʻoluʻu. Ma ka naoh o hooheheeia mea me ka wai huihui 'ano apau loa ea allotropic hoʻololi', a i ka 'ole i like i ka laholio, a ua haku o kekahi mau pīlali kaulahao, ka mea, i kaʻino-yellow (pouli) waihoʻoluʻu. Ka loa e like me ka hōʻikeʻano o ka luaipele me he lenalena paa, a 'aʻole i pane koke i ka wai, noho ma luna o kona ili honua. Like'ūheheʻe hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia ke aloha i huiʻia: .. hua pisetakia, kalapona disulfide, etc. ka luaipele like me ka mea waiwai i loko o maʻamau rula i ka i kēia thermodynamic waiwai:

1. Pili nuʻa - 2,070 g. / Knm ^3.
2. Thermal conductivity - 300 K.
3. Heheʻe wahi - 112 ° ^C.
4. Molar wela nona iho - J 22,6.
5. Baila aʻela i wahi - 444 ° ^C.
6. Molar ka leo - 15,5 ^cm3 / kameleona.

Ma paio hahana maoli nō, i ka helu o ka luaipele nā'ātoma no lātoma emi. Ma 300 ^{° C} ka mea, ua 'Imi neʻe ua mahuahua loli no ka mahu mahana i ka 450 ° ^C monatomic luaipele hiki ke loaa ma ke kaʻina hana o ka paio hahana maoli nō i ka mea i 1760 ^{° C} (S ₈ - S ₆ - S ₄ - S ₂ - S). Kēia mea mea he alakaʻi meleʻilihune o ka uila a me ka wela, i ka hoʻomano hoʻohana no kona palapala noi.

Nine Inch mall

Luaipele reacts a me nā mea a pau i eliiaʻi kūpono ma ka ho okumu ana o sulfides. Ma ka hapanui o na hihia, ka Nine Inch naoh koi i ka hōʻeleu i hana e like me ka paio hahana maoli nō. Ma lalo o maʻamau rula (mehana ea), i ka hui wale ia lŘlŘ me ka Mercury. Keia waiwai ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka neutralization o kona ohu, a i hanaʻia ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka metala me ka o oxygen paka ua. Ia, aole ia e pāʻani aku me ka hehee ai platinum, iridium, ke gula. Ke kūpono sulfides i flammable huina lakou i kuni ai i ka wā ignited pono mālama nui. Luaipele, huikalaʻia foxmike reacts me ka oxygen. Kēia hui kaʻina ua wehewehe aku ma ke kahua o ka colorless kinoea (sulfur dioxide i) a me ka aa ana. Ke reversible naoh me ka hydrogen i wahi i paio hahana maoli nō (ma analogy me ka kalapona a me ka silikone), ke kinoea i hanaʻia ma ka hydrogen sulfide ua kapaia, o carbon disulfide. Like a pau i nā kumu o ka pae VI o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, luaipele ua reacted i loko o ka hōʻailonaʻia Tube me halogen (fluorine, bromine, chlorine, phosphorus). I mehana ea, ka naoh mea hiki i fluorine wale. ka sulfur koloriside mea he mea loa hoʻomano hoʻohana ma o ka Nine Inch oihana puolo. Me ka wai a me kaʻakika pāʻoihana i ole reacted, me ka mekala 'åkilikai hui i reversible - ka mea, e hana ma lalo o ka hana o ka hōʻeleu. He nui naʻakika a me ka paʻakai i hanaʻia e ka hui malu pu ana o (ka elue o ka mahana) o ka luaipele me ka o oxygen a me ka hydrogen.

Electronic 'ole

'Ole o ka sulfur'Ātoma mau hiʻohiʻona nō ka hehee ai, e hoike mai ai ia ia iho me he oxidizing Agena, a me ka hoemi hope paha, a me ka Nine Inch naoh i kaʻokoʻa valence. Keia ua kena ae la ma ka puunaue ana o huina'ine pae. 'ātoma nucleus i ke kauoha 16 ka wā o ka'ātoma kaumaha o 32 (16 protons a me neutrons) kahahńnai - 127 pm. ka sulfur noaia (e) like penei: S + 16) 2) 8) 6; i hoomaha - 1s ² 2s ² 3s 2P ^{6 2 4} 3P. Ma ke kolu o ka 'ilikai i ka luaipele'Ātoma i elima unoccupied orbitals nolaila, i ka valence o kona hui loli aʻe i loko o ka kēia huahelu: -2, + 2, + 4, + 6, a hilinaʻi ma ka degere o ka excitation.

waiho

I ka nui o ka luaipele hua mai la no ka hana o ka makahiki. Keia ua pili me ka laulā huahelu o ka palapala noi, i ua mau ulu ma muli o keʻanoʻenehana E hana 'ia a me ka oi hoʻokolokolo pono study o ua ike Nine Inch hehee wale. Ke ano o ka luaipele na i loko o ka oiwi palapala a me ka hapa o ka helu nui o na mea e hooheheeia. Ke kaumaha ma muli o kēia, e hoʻohana 'ia kekahi mau ki ina hana like i loko o kona? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Stratiform hoʻokomo kālā māhele aku i loko o ka United States, Iraq, ka Middle Volga, a me ka Carpathian māhele 'āina. Ka mea,ʻo ka loa waiwai ma ka pakeneka hua'ōlelo, malaila ua hua mai la mai ka 50 a hiki i 60% luaipele. Ke kalepona a me ka sulufahate pōhaku me ka ho okumu moe nunui, ae hiki aku na umi o mika ma ka hohonu, a me kekahi mau haneri - ma ka lōʻihi. Soljanokupolnyh hoʻokomo kālā i ano o ka, piliʻaila kā? Iecaianoaaiiuo wahi. No ka mea nui loa hoʻokomo kālā o ka wahi nā ke awawa o Mexico, i mea ia laua, e hoʻoikaika i ka US, Chile a me Mexico. Ka loa kēia, Puhi iho-hana hoʻokomo kālā i lua hoʻokomo kālā. Lākou me Kinohi ua pili me ka una hewa pńpa a me ka pele lalo. Alaila, i kēia mau hoʻokomo kālā i aia i loko o ka Moana Pākīpika. 'Imiʻimi anaʻikepili lapana, a me ka Lūkini ciia. Ma Eurasia hou, he pono ole maoli luaipele hoʻokomo kālā, i ka mea he pono kahiko kumu, a ua kaʻoi loa aia i loko o kaʻili kai papa. Ural Mountains, i ka mokupuni o Sicily, ka Volga wahi, Lviv māhele o ka hooulu ana o ka hoʻokomo kālā, a e hoʻomohala i ka keia lā. World? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka luaipele Ua oi ma mua o 50 miliona tona no ka makahiki, o ka i 30% - nuggets, 33% - kinoea a me ka aila me nā huahana, 14% - aaioee o hanalima hoʻomehana honua, 16% - mai sulfides, 6% - o sulfates.

? iecaianoaaiiuo Nā Papahana

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hohonu o ka luaipele i loaʻa i eliia hoʻohana okoa ano o ka pōʻalo a me ka hou aaioee. Ke physical waiwai o ka luaipele i loko o ka foreground, nānā 'ole o ke ano o ke-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, auaiaea kaʻina maluhia. Nō kāu, o ka waiwai? Aieeeua pu ma ka hoʻomāhuahua nui oʻawahia kinoea ka mea, i hoʻokoe 'hihia noho'na makaainana i ulu'ā. Superficial papa o na mea i eliia papa i wehe 'ia ka hoʻohana' ana mīkini hoʻeliʻeli - keia iaoia o ka mea uuku loa pilikia (i loko o kaʻaeʻana i nāʻanoʻenehana koi). Luaipele huikala nō hoʻi lākou i nā hualoaʻa mai kona hou aaioee i ka lakou mau mea kanu, kahi e ua haawiia mai ka quarry. Nā Papahana O Ka huikala a me ka lehulehu e lauwili: thermal, centrifuge, kānana, mahu, pōʻalo.

He nui ka paʻakikī i ka e ke pōʻalo o ka luaipele, a ua hookomoia iloko o lola honua papa. Mine iaoia - ma ka hoʻolako 'ana i pili i kinoea - Ua kokoke inaccessible, no laila, he ana Germana Frasha hana hoʻohana mai 1895. He mea loa hoʻomāhuahua ai i loko o ka ulu ana o ka waiwai hoʻokomo kālā, a hāʻawi nui loa makauliʻi ma ka amo na koina a me na koina o ka hou aaioee o na mea i eliia, e like me ka mea hoʻohuʻu ka auoiaea o ka waiwai maemae. Pono rula Ua puni hoʻi: ka mea e hoohehee mau papa i loaʻa ka luaipele, ua malamaia lakou nei, me ka wela o ka wai a ua lako ma ka ohe. Hoonohonoho i loko o ia mau hookaawale paukūʻolokaʻa moku, a i papahana no ka hoolako kinoea, a kala o ka hoʻopau 'ana i huahana. Aie i ka mea haʻahaʻa ka heheʻe mahana o ka ili ma lalo o ka puʻuwai Haʻalele i ka luaipele a me ka uuku nui o impurities.

palapala noi

Ka iniiaiie consumer oia hoi ka luaipele Nine Inch, a hiki ole hoi ma-me nāʻakika nānā 'ana i kēia hehee ai. Lole, ka aila, ka ai,ʻiʻo pepa, hoʻouku? Iecaianoaaiiuo Hoʻohana hiki ole ke hana me keia waiwai. Haʻilula luaipele hana ka mea e hiki ai e pili kona hui no ka hana o ka pōkā pahū, 'ākau, laholio, nā mea hoʻonani, na laau, a no laila, ma luna o. D. In mahiai mākou e noonoo pono i ka waiwai i komo i loko o ka haku mele' ana o ka mea hoʻomomona a hiki i ka lepo (maoli he pakeneka assimilated phosphorous) a me ka hoomake iho no hoi ia ia na anoano, mai kekahi mau pests. No ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka make a me ka luminescent mele i hoʻohana maloko luaipele. E like me keʻano o ka pōʻalo, aaioee a me ka pono o keia hehee ai hiki ke ike ma ka hanalima Loaʻaʻia o ka moku'āina holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka polokalamu Aey? Acaeoey i loko o na mea he nui i ka ike-mālama nui nāʻoihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai ma muli o ka pono o ka luaipele a me kona hui. He paʻakikī ka piha Loaʻaʻia o ka palapala noi o keia Nine Inch hehee ai, a ua hoʻohana 'ia e na kanaka, mai ka manawa kahiko, a mau i ka' Imi komo i loko o keʻanoʻenehana evolutionary kaʻina e Loiloi i.