Hohono - He aha ia mea. Haku mele 'ana a me ka noi

E ho okumu i kekahi mea e like ai, a ike loea alanuiʻilikai ua nui na ano ma ka haku mele 'ana a me ka waiwai o ka mea. Kekahi o ia mea hohono. He aha ka keia waiwai, i ka waiwai ka mea, inā paʻa, a ma kahi pono, ka mea, ua nui ua kaulana ma ka mua wahi e uhau ana a me ka alanui hana. People o ka mua o ka hanauna, ka poe e ulu ana i loko o ka Soviet Union, e hoomanao mea i kā lākou mua a mama nui aʻe ana - hohono. Externally resinous waiwai ua i hanaʻia ma ka lāʻau kū aaioeeʻaila me ka h ÷ 'ole, a kaheaia ma ka ʻeleʻele. Hua sludge mea mai ka 8 a hiki i 45 pakeneka ma ke kaupaonaʻana o ka aila.

Hohono - He aha ka mea

Ke kumu o keia mea, he aila huahana, no laila, i ka haku mele 'ana o ka hohono ka mea i like loa me kaʻaila hapa. Ka mea, e OAXA eiiiiiaiou:

-ʻaila kā kēpau oia hoi o hydrocarbons o ka luna 'haku mele' ana a me ka haawi aku i hohono (viscosity) a me ka stringiness.

- anoaeuoiauo - puaʻa hiwa e hoomahuahua i ka thermal kumupaʻa.

- anoaeuoiauo nāʻakika a me kā lākou mau anhydrides me ka resinous hana mau a me nā polinaftenovym nāʻakika.

- A OAXA ke keʻena o ke kiʻekiʻe hohono maʻiʻo o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia impurities makana i loko o ka aila.

waiwai hohono

Ka mea, hilinaʻiʻano nui ma luna o ka waiwai o ka aila, e like me ka pono me ka 'ike loea hou i hoʻohana i loko o kona aaioee. Natureʻaila kā hapa iʻa a me kekahi mau 'ano o ka sludge, e like me nuʻa, mahele heheʻe i ka wahi a me ka waihonaʻike coking. A maikaʻi hohono i loaa mai ka aila kaumaha a me ka kēpau mea e pili ana i 8% o kona kaumaha.

Ka hoʻohana o ka hohono

Ma nā lālā o ka noi sludge. I ka mea he nui ke keʻena no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke alanui a me ka? Ieoaeunoai bitumen, ikeia, paha, na mea a pau. Akā, ma ka pakui, hohono ua koi 'ia a me ka hana ana o Hawaii wahie, wahie ka aila a me ka combustible kinoea. I ke kukulu ana a me ka laholio hana ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka emollient. Hohono me ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o kēpau hiki ke hoʻokō 'ia i loko o kakolina diesel i wahie ka hoʻohana' ana i ke ano o ka hydrogenation a me ka ńlua.

I mea e wehe resinous-asphaltene eiiiiiaiou a me polycyclic onaona hydrocarbons a i ke alo emi 'inideka, a kiʻekiʻe degere o ka coking noi deasphalting sludge. Ke'ūheheʻe, e like me ka rula, o propane. Akā, a me ka mea, i ka wa e makemake e kiʻi i ka maka hydrocracking mokuna a catalyticʻuʻina hiki ke hoʻohana pentane a me ka butane. I kekahi manawa, he mau-ke kahua deasphalting ua lawe mai ia i ka mua ke kahua o ka kūpono anoaeuoiauo allocates oi ÷ ke keʻena - DAO 2.

Ma ka hooko ana mai alanui hana ua lawe mai sludge i paa palapala, a me ka ua, ua pololei mua e hana ia mea wela i ke kinowai moku'āina.

kiʻekiʻe waiwai

Ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o detergents, malamalama mea kāhinu, paraffins, a me ka hoomaemae ana keʻano o ka hanaʻana ma ka mea kemikala ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me sulfuricʻakika, ua hanaʻia ma-huahana kapaiaʻakika sludge. He He waiwai nui haumāna o nā kumu waiwai i loko o kaʻeleʻele gummy nuipa a loaʻaʻano nui sulfuricʻakika a me ke aloha i huiʻia. Tonaʻakika sludge e leie aku e loaa 600 kg o ka wahie kaʻaila, 230 kg gypsum 110 kg 60 kg Coke a gaseous hydrocarbons.

Weliweli o kaʻakika mea hohono no kālaikaiaola

I loko nō kona mea like me ka maka mea no anoaeuoiauo binders, aʻo kekahi o nā kumumea loa nui posing i ka hoʻoweliweli 'ana i ke kaiapuni, ka mea, o kaʻakika sludge. I ka waiwai a mea nō kekahi kumu o ka pilikia a hiki i ka flora a? Aaoa, ia mea oluolu ia i noonoo ai, ina no kona haku mele 'ana - resinous waiwai, a me ka noa sulfuricʻakika, ka maʻiʻo o ka a hiki e mai i ka 70% o ka nui o ke kaumaha.

'Ākena mea he ano o ka ho'āhu a me kaʻakika mea hohono. Aie i ka mea i kēia lā, aia nō i efficient ano o ka hoʻopōʻaiapuni, i ka wao akua ua wale dumped i loko o ka papaa iʻa e paa ana i kekahi manawa nō nā'āpana. E like me ka hopena o ka redox keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ana spontaneously ma luna o ka luna o ka pūnaewele, he nui nui o ka sulfur dioxide i. Ma hope o ka ua loku paha heheʻe ka hau ka vinega wai ka wai e kahe ana mai ka overcrowded loko, acidifies i ka lepo a me ka groundwater.

A pau keia i ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole ma o ka? Aneeo pilikia kokoke i ka wahi o kēia mau loko ia, negatively e loli ai i ke ola o ke kanaka e noho ana i loko o ka puni. Miliona o na tona o kaʻakika mea hohono Tours i hamama pūnaewele loko ma luna o ka mokuna o Rusia. ʻaneʻane a pau refineries ka poe hana pela me ka wao akua. Hookahi wale no ka aina o ko lākou hoʻonui oi ma mua o 250 tona.

Hoʻolilo o ka neoneo

Ma ka mea kēia? Acaeoey hale ua ulu koi no huahana e like me bitumen, hohono, bitumen mastic anoaeuoiauo. Alaila, a ulu ka helu ana o Manufacturers. He nui no ia e imi i ka hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ka waoʻakika mea hohono, hoʻohana sulfuricʻakika lapaʻau hana, akā, he mea nō lawa ma ka pālākiō, 'ole. To, He loa ka huikau kaʻina. Ua pono pipiʻiʻakika-hoʻopale mea, i ka ulu ana o kūikawā 'ana i kūpono a me ka pūnaewele ana. I kēia lā, nui nā loa ka hoʻokō loea no ka waonaheleʻakika sludge.

Kokoke a pau o ka 'Oihana limahana ma ka alanui e kukulu, hohono pono noʻonoʻo i ka hanana mea. Kona remelting apono 'oe e hana i kekahiʻano o ka hui i i ua ana hoʻohana i alanui no? Ieoaeunoaa. A me ka hoʻohana 'ana o sludge ma roofing a me ka hale hana no ka wahie kaʻaila, lubricating mea kāhinu, a me ka wai a mōʻalihaku hou hoʻokāʻoi aʻe ana i kona waiwai.