I ka moolelo o ka ke kālaikūlohea: chronology, physicists a me kā lākou mau discoveries

Oiai ka mōʻaukala o ke kālaikūlohea me he kuokoa 'epekema hoomaka wale i loko o ka XVII kenekulia, kona kêia kanaka i ka wā kahiko loa, i ka wa i hoomaka ai kanaka e hoonohonoho i kona ike mua e pili ana i ke ao nei a puni ia. A kēia manawa ka mea, no ia ma kona ano maoli kālaiʻike, a me 'ike e pili ana i na mechanics, kilohōkū a me ka physiology. Ka maoli moolelo o ke kālaikūlohea i hoomaka ai i ke aloha a hiki i Galileo ka ho okolohua a me kana poe haumana. Ua ua no hoi o ka hookumu ana o ka hahau i hoʻokumuʻia e Newton.

I ka XVIII a me XIX kenekulia, ua ki manaÿo: .. Energy, nuipa a, nā'ātoma, momentum, etc. I ka XX kenekulia ua i ka maopopo hoʻokau 'o panina ke kālaikūlohea (he okoa na mea originated quantum ke kālaikūlohea, relativity kumumanaʻo, ka pähola' ana o microparticles, a pela aku ...). Pure ike ua inā a me keia la, e like me ka mea, ua koe nui unresolved nīnūnē a me nā nīnau e pili ana i keʻano o ko mākou honua no ka noiʻi a me ke ke ao holoʻokoʻa a pau.

kahiko

He nui no ka pagan hoomana ana o ko ke ao nei kahiko ka nānā 'ana ma luna o astrology a me nā kilo ike. Mahalo i ko lakou mau loina o ka lani po i lilo optics. Ke hoʻomāhuahua o ka Astronomical ike hiki ole akā, pili i ka hooulu ana o ka makemakika. Eia naʻe, theoretically wehewehe aku i ke kumu o maoliʻike manaʻo i hiki ole kahiko. Kahuna wahi i ka uila a me ka ikehu lā Pu Akua inaina i ka lakou mea e hana ai me ka 'epekema.

I ka Ia manawa, mākou i aʻo, e ana i ka lōʻihi, kaumaha a me ka huina ma ka Makamua Aigupita. ua pono kēia 'ike no nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone i loko o ka hana o ka monumental pyramids a me ka luakini. ? Ac? Aaioea pili mechanics. Ikaika i loko ona, he ka Babulona. Ka mea, i kekahi me ka nānā 'ana i kā lākou mau Astronomical ike, hoomaka ae la lakou e hana i ka lā e ana manawa.

Makamua Chinese moʻolelo o ke kālaikūlohea hoomaka ana ma ka VII kenekulia BC. e ka. Ke loaa ka hoao ana i na akamai a me ke kukulu ana i na hoopai ana i ka 'epekema Ka Ikepili, i hōʻike mai iā ia i ka hopena o ka i loko o ka philosophical palapala. Ka loa kaulana o ka mea kākau ua manaoia i Mo-tzu, ka poʻe i noho i loko o ka IV kenekulia BC. e ka. He i ka ho'āʻo mua i formulate i kānāwai kumu o ka 'oni' ana. Oia laila, i ka Pākē mua invented ka panana. Ka mea, 'ike akula i nā kānāwai o geometrical optics, a ike e pili ana i ke ola ana o ka pahupaʻiwikiō obscura. Ma China ikea kumu o ka puolo kumumanaʻo a me Acoustic, a no ka lōʻihi manawa i i ike i ke Komohana.

kahiko

Makamua moʻolelo o ke kālaikūlohea maikai ike no ka Greek poe akeakamai. Ko lakou like i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o geometric a me ka algebraic ike. No ka laʻana, ka mea Pythagoreans ka mea mua, e hai aku iaʻano mea paha i ka paʻa kanawai o ka makemakika. Kēia kumu Helene i ike ai i loko o optics, kilohōkū, mele, mechanics a me nā hoʻopaʻi 'ana.

I ka moolelo o ka ulu ana o ke kālaikūlohea hiki apuepue e noonoo me na hana o Aristotle, Plato, Archimedes, aredea, a me Lucretius. Ua ola lākou kākau i kā mākou manawa i loko o ka lawa holistic ala. Greek poe akeakamai ka oko ao, mai kona wā, mai na aina e no laila, i nā kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea ka mea, e wehewehe i ole mythical manaÿo, akā pololei ia mai ka 'epekema wahi o ka Hawaii. I ka Ia manawa na Helene, ua hoi nui hewa. O nā na mechanics o Aristotle. I ka moolelo o ka ulu ana o ke kālaikūlohea like me ka 'epekema aie nui i na thinkers o Helene, ina wale no lākou maoli kālaiʻike koe i ke kumu o ka kūwaho hoʻi' epekema a ka XVII kenekulia.

I ka makana o ka hanauia Helene

Demokrit nā'ātoma ua kālaiʻia i ke kumumanaʻo, e like me a na kino a pau i haku o ka moku (particles) a me indivisible. Empedocles hāpai i ke kānāwai o ka mālama o ka mea. He waiho i ke kumu Archimedes hydrostatics a me mechanics, ka hōʻike i ka kumumanaʻo o ka une lōhai, a me ka helu ana i ka nui o ka buoyancy o ka wai. He ua i ka mea kākau o ka makahiki "konu o ka umekaumaha".

Alexandria Greek aredea ua manaoia kekahi o na nā kānakaʻenehana nui loa i loko o kanaka mōʻaukala. He hana i ka mahu mīkini peahi uila ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo ike o ka elasticity a me compressibility o ka lewa kinoea. I ka moolelo o ka ke kālaikūlohea a me optics hoomaikai i hoomauia Euclid, e makaikai i ka pähola 'ana o aniani a me na kanawai o ke kuanaʻike.

Middle Ages

Ma hope iho o ka haule ana o ka Roma aupuni a pau, hele mai'opi kahiko ka noho. Ua nui nā mākau i ua poina. 'Eulopa aneane he tausani makahiki, papani iho la i loko o kona' epekema ulu. Na luakini o ka ike i Karistiano monasteries, ka mea e hoʻokele e malama i kekahi o na hana o ka hala. Eia naʻe, holomua ka meheu o ia ekalesia iho. Ua hoʻolohe ka akeakamai o theological olelo. Thinkers ka poe i ho'āʻo e hele ma kela aoao o ka mea hai heretics a me na'lii o hoopaiia ma ka hoʻokolokolo.

E kū'ē i kēia kāʻei kua, ka primacy o na sciences maoli ua hala i na Nā Poʻe Isalama. I ka moolelo o ka muli o ke kālaikūlohea Arabia pili me ka unuhi i loko o kā lākou 'ōlelo hana o kahiko Greek puni hoʻonaʻauao. Ma ke kumu o ko lākou mau thinkers o ka hikina i i mākou i kekahi mau mea nui discoveries o lākou iho. No ka laʻana, Al Jazeera ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka inventor o ka crankshaft mua.

Europa stagnation ana a hiki i ka pakebona. Iloko o ka Middle Ages i loko o ka Old World i invented makaaniani, a wehewehe i ke kumu o ke anuenue. German poe akeakamai XV kenekulia Nikolay Kuzansky mua manao i ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa mea mana loa, a pela ma keia mea mamua o kona manawa. Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o Leonardo ka Vinci i ka discoverer o ka kŰia o capillarity a me ke kū'ē kānāwai. He i ho'āʻo e hana i kekahi mau noi mīkini, akā, mai hana i ka hana, hoomaka i kumumanaʻo, e hooiaio i ka impracticability o ia i ka papahana.

pakebona

I ka 1543, Polish astronomer Nikolay Kopernik paʻi he nui ka hana o kona ola "Ma ke kuapo o ano lani kahi". Ma kēia puke i ka mua manawa i loko o ka Kalikiano Old World i ka hoao, e hoomalu aku i ka heliocentric ho o ko ke ao nei i ka honua revolves puni ka la, aʻaʻole Hope versa, e like me ka ekalesia ua manaoia e lawe i ka geocentric kumu hoʻohālike o Ptolemy. He nuiʻepekema o ke kālaikūlohea a me ka loaʻa koi ia e nui, akā, ka mea, o ke ano o ka puke "Ma ke kuapo o ano lani kahi" Ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka hoʻomaka o ka 'epekema kipi, a i ukali ia e ka muli oʻaʻole wale nō kēia ke kālaikūlohea akā, kekahi o kēia' epekema ma ka mau.

Kekahi kaulana nä känaka 'epekema New manawa Galileo Galiley telescope loa kaulana hana mea hou i hana muaʻole (ka mea i pili ana i ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole ana wela). Eia hou, oia ua kālaiʻia i ke kānāwai o ka 'oni' ana a me ka loina o ka relativity. Mahalo i nā discoveries o Galileo i hanau loa hou mechanics. Ole ia, i ka mōʻaukala o ke ao ana o ke kālaikūlohea makemake nō e hanaiiaʻi no ka lōʻihi manawa. Galileo, e like na mea he nui o kona wā, ua hoʻomano manao, ua e pale aku i ka puʻe o ka ekalesia, i ka hope hooikaika ho'āʻo ana e hoomalu iho i ke kahiko o ka papa.

XVII kenekulia

Ohi papa mahuahua hoihoi ma ka 'epekema, a hoomau iho la oia ma ka XVII kenekulia. German lunaʻenehana a me ka mathematician Iogann Kepler i ka discoverer o na kanawai o planetary noi i loko o ka poe lń (Kepler mau kānāwai). Kona manao oia ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia i loko o kona puke "New Lewanuʻu", paʻi i ka 1609. Kepler kū'ē Ptolemy, ko makou manao i na hoku a neʻe i loko o ellipses,ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi a hanohano, e like me ka mea i manaoia ma ka kahiko. Keia ua nä känaka 'epekema ua i kaʻiʻo na makana no ka hooulu ana o optics. He kaupaona i nā i ka farsightedness a me ka nearsightedness, ascertaining ka physiological mana o ka maka maka aniani. Kepler hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo i ka'ōnohi (axis), a me ka pulakaumaka, ua kālaiʻia i ka pähola 'ana o nā aniani kaulona.

Ka Farani Rene Dekart i hana mai i ka hou 'epekema ka hoʻopaʻi - analytic anahonua. He pū? Aaeaaaaony i ke kānāwai o ke refraction o ka malamalama. Descartes 'nui hana i ka puke "nā loina o kālaiʻike", paʻi i ka 1644.

Mau physicists a me kā lākou loaʻa ike like me ka Pelekāne Isaak Nyuton. I ka 1687, ua palapala mai o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni puke "makemakika nā loina o Natural kālaiʻike". Ma ka mea wehewehe i ke kanaka noiʻi i ke kānāwai o ke ao gravitation, a me nā kānāwai ekolu o mechanics (a lilo iho la ia i kapa me Newton mau kānāwai). Kēia nä känaka 'epekema hana ma luna o ka pähola' o keʻano, optics, integral a me ka palena pau calculus. I ka moolelo o ke kālaikūlohea, ka mōʻaukala o nā kānāwai o nā mechanics - a pau o keia ua pili loa aku i Newton ka discoveries.

hou mau kihi

Ua hōʻike XVIII kenekulia 'epekema nui koʻikoʻi ma inoa. Ke koʻikoʻi loa, i waena o ia Leonhard Euler. Kēia Hawaiian lunaʻenehana a me ka mathematician, kakau iho la oia i na hana e oi aku mamua o 800 ma ke kālaikūlohea a me na pauku me makemakika Ka Ikepili, ano lani mechanics, optics, mele kumumanaʻo, ballistics, a no laila, ma luna i ike. D. Petersburg Halau o Sciences ia ia, e like me kā lākou nā hana, no ka mea, o ka mea Euler nui loa o kona ola ma Rusia. He kēia noiʻi hoʻokumu pū mākau mechanics.

He hana hoihoi i ka mōʻaukala o ke kālaikūlohea ua ulu kekahi kumuhana, e like me ka makou i ike, aole wale no ka 'oihanaʻepekema, akā, i noiʻi, mau ipo, hiki aku ike i ka pono kekahi mea e like ai. Ka loa ana mamuli o keia pakiko-ao mai la ia i ka 'Amelika politician Beniamina Franklin. He invented ka uwila koʻokoʻo, i ka na makana nui no ke ao o ka uila, a i ka mea mahuʻi e pili ana i kona pili ana me ka kŰia o ka magnetism.

I ka pau ana o ka XVIII kenekulia Italia Alessandro Volta i hana mai i ka "voltaic wahie". Kona hana mea hou i hana muaʻole ua ka mua uila o na pu ki i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka. ike aku la no hoi keia kenekulia ka muli o ke ana wela o Hereme, no ka mea nāna i hana ka i ua Gabriel Fahrenheit. Kekahi Kahiāuli Ho'ā o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole hoao hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka mahu engine, i mai ai i ka 1784. Ka mea, ua haawi ala i ka hou ano o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka ka kūkuluʻana o ka hana.

pili keia puka

Inā i ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomaka o ke kālaikūlohea e hoʻomōhala ana i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka mea i' epekema i e wehewehe i ke kumu o maoliʻike manaʻo, i loko o ka XIX kenekulia i ke kulana i hoʻololi me ka nui loa. Ano ia mea he hou oihana. Mai ke kālaikūlohea hoomaka ae la e koi ke kāohi kūlohelohe koa. Ma keia manao, ia ua lilo ia i hoʻomaka koke ka ulu 'ole wale i ka ke kahu moku, akā, i pili ke kālaikūlohea. "Newton uila" Andre-Marie Ampere hoʻolauna i ka hou manaʻo o ka pilaʻikena. Ma ka mea hookahi wahi hana Maykl Faradey. He ike i ka kŰia o electromagnetic a hoʻokomo, na kanawai o ka electrolysis, diamagnetism, a ua i ke kumu o ia mau hua'ōlelo, like ka anode, he cathode, he insulator, he electrolyte, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Ulu hou nā lālā o ka 'epekema. Thermodynamics, elasticity kumumanaʻo, ana helu mechanics, ana helu ke kālaikūlohea, Radio ke kālaikūlohea, elasticity kumumanaʻo, seismology, meteorology - ka mea, a pau i hana i ka hookahi kiʻi o ka o kēia au nei.

Ma ka XIX kenekulia, ua hou akeakamai Ke Ana Hoʻohālike a me ka manaÿo. Thomas Jung kākoʻo i ke kānāwai o ka mālama o ka ikehu, Dzheyms Klerk Maksvell i manaoia i kona mau electromagnetic a kumumanaʻo. Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev i ka mea kākau o ka nui hopena ma luna o ka pau ana o ke kālaikūlohea papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papa o ka oihana mua. Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ke kenekulia ua uila, a me ka'ā engine. Ka mea, lilo iho la i ka hua o ka haʻapili ke kālaikūlohea, aʻo i kaʻoihana e hoʻoponopono i kekahi mauʻanoʻenehana pilikia.

rethinking 'epekema

Ma XX kenekulia i ka mōʻaukala o ke kālaikūlohea, ma ka pōkole, ua hoʻoneʻe i i ke kahua, ka wā o ka ulia mea, ua pono-hoʻokumu paninaʻimi naʻauao Ke Ana Hoʻohālike. Mua scientific haʻilula hoomaka ae la e kue i ka mea hou ikepili. No ka laʻana, noiʻi ua loaʻa i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama, aole ia e hilinaʻi ma ka seemingly luli kuhia i maopopo. Ma ka huli ana o ke kenekulia wehe e noi ana piha weheweheʻike manaʻo: electrons, radioactivity, X-kukuna.

Aie i ka backlog o ka mea pohihihi mai ai hou o ka wa kahiko panina ke kālaikūlohea. Ke kī hanana ma ka hope scientific kipi i ka rationale no ke kumumanaʻo o ka relativity. Kona mea kākau ua Albert Einstein mua povedyvavshy honua o ka hohonu pilina o ka lewa a me ka manawa. , A hou lala o kaʻimi naʻauao ke kālaikūlohea - quantum ke kālaikūlohea. Kona ho okumu Ua hele ia e kekahi mau honua-kaulanaʻepekema: pono ai na papa kahi, pono ai ka noho Bon, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Ehrenfest, a me na mea e ae.

Contemporary ho'āʻo

Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XX kenekulia mōʻaukala o ka ulu ana o ke kālaikūlohea, i keia la kona chronology mau, ka mea, ua hoʻoneʻe i ka hou ke kahua. Kēia manawa ia i ka heyday o ka lewaʻimi loa i ka lewa. He i kekahi 'ano kūkaʻi ua lele akula nō astrophysics. Aia he mau makahiki telescopes, interplanetary probes o extraterrestrial pāhawewe detectors. Ua hoomaka ka piha study o ke kino ai 'ikepili o nā kino likeʻole o ka poe kŘhele. Me ke kōkua o ke enehana kēia, nä känaka 'epekema loaaʻi exoplanets a me ka hou malamalama, a me Radio galaxies, quasars a me pulsars.

Space mau ia e fraught me ka nui unsolved nane. Hoʻopaʻa haʻawina gravitational nalu, pouli ikehu, pouli mea, accelerating i ke anoe o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa a me kona 'ole. Inā ma ke Big Ekahi kumumanaʻo. Ka 'ikepili e e loaa hiki ma lalo o honua rula, disproportionately uuku hoohalikeia me ka nui o ka hana o nā kānakaʻepekema i loko o nā cosmos.

Key kū'ē'ē 'ana i ke alo physicists i keia la nā kekahi mau kumu hana nui loa ia: o ka hooulu ana o ka quantum hoʻokolohua o ka gravitational kumumanaʻo, generalization o quantum mechanics, hoʻohuiʻia i loko o ka hookahi pähola' ana o nā mea a pau i ka ike koa o AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, ka huli 'ana no ka "maikai-tuning o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa", e like me ka kūlike loa ka wehewehena o ka pouli ikehu a me ka pouli kŰia mea.