Ivan Fedorov - paionia: ka Kawaihae o ka nui kanaka

A nui hanana ma Lūkini a me ka honua mōʻaukala o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ke pai ana. Ma Rusia keia i hiki mai HOU i loko o ka wahi o ka 16th kenekulia. Kekahi o na activists, kona inoa ua pili i ka Hekikai o ke pai ana i loko o ka manawa Ivana Groznogo, nui ia e na mea he nui kaulana Ivan Fedorov. Ninau ole wale no nā mākua a me ka naauao kanaka i ka moʻolelo o kēia kanaka. Kawaihae Ivana Fedorova - paionia - no ka keiki mea i loaʻa no ka study i loko o ke kula.

Pehea ka mea, a pau, hoomaka ae la?

Kēlā me kēia kanaka ma ka moolelo mai ka laina hana hoihoi a me nā hana o ko lākou mau naue like. Life kekahi manawa lawe unexpected 'ana e haʻalele. Kela a me keia ua hoano e ia. A, o ka papa, mea i koe - a he paionia i loko o ka mahinaʻai o Lūkini typography.

Kawaihae Ivana Fedorova - paionia - e hoomaka ana me ka moolelo. Ke chronological? Iaeoii o kona hanau huahelu, mai 1510 a hiki i 1530 makahiki. Oddly lawa, ka mea, i ole ola ike loea 'ike e pili ana i kahi mea i hanau ai, a lilo ia i kona wā kamaliʻi paionia. Akā, ma nā mea a pau pahiki, keia hiki ma ka Kaluga mokuna. Mālama i ka 'ike e pili ana ia,ʻo ia i mālama i ka E o ka ekalesia Nikoly Gostunskogo. He ua aʻo aku ka heluhelu a me ke kākauʻana, e like me na kahuna o ka ekalesia. Kela manawa, i ka 1532, ua puka 'o ia mai ka Cracow University. Kēia Ua e hoikeike ai ma ka mea i ka paionia i ke kēkelē o ka degere.

ekalesia hana

E like me ka hopena o ka ha awina halawai me Kauhalenui Macarius paionia Ivan Fyodorov. Pōkole Kawaihae mai nei ia, paha, keia ka mea i haawi ala i ka mea e iho koke ana i ka mua Lūkini tsar o Fedorov mai i pono ai e like me ka nui mea i paʻi i mua puke - ". Ka lunaolelo"

E like me ua ikeia, Makarios ua kokoke ia Ivan ka weliweli, a me ka ike hiki hoi kanaka opiopio, hiki he hoʻonui i kona hopena.

Ma ka mea a ke aliʻi i loko o nā 1550s ka mea, hoomaka ae la ka hana ma luna o ka ulu o ka mua pai hale ma Moscow. Pela wae nā kinona hua a me nā lako e pono ai no ka hana o ka pai hana. Initially, pāʻoihana, he Anonymous. Akā, laila, i kēia mea lilo, he pono ole.

I ka hanau ana o ka mea mua Lūkini buke - "lunaolelo"

Kawaihae Ivana Fedorova, paionia, keiki makaukauʻano nui kāna moʻolelo o ka hanaia'na o ka mua pai buke. I ka 1564, ua paʻi i ka mua Lūkini pai ia puke ma ka 'ōlelo Slavic - ". Ka lunaolelo" Anʻeleu loa i loko o kona mau helehelena i Ivan Fyodorov, a me kona mau kānaka kōkua ma - Peter Mstislavets a me Marusha Nerefev. Hoomakaukau no kēia hanana i lawe mai no ka pili ana o ka makahiki. Pau i ka na hiohiona pomaikai, e like me keia manawa ua nui maikaʻi ma mua o ka mua buke i loko o kā lākou mau ano. Keia hana i loaa mai i ka pomaikai o Kauhalenui Macarius, akā, Eia naʻe, Macarius i i noho mai ai i ia manawa, i ka wa au i hele mai, "ka lunaolelo."
O ia ka leo mea kaulana Ivan Fedorov - paionia. Kawaihae no na keiki, ka mea hana wale ka maka o kona noonoo ana ma keia.

Akā, o ka hana ana, a pau i loko o kekahi puke, aole ia i hooki i laila. Typography Ua loaa increasingly he ākea. I ka 1565, ma ka behest Ivana Groznogo i, e wehe i kekahi liturgical puke i kapaia "Book o Hours". Mau hana Peter Mstislavets a me Ivan Fedorov (paionia). Kawaihae Hōʻike i mau kope i ua hanaʻia. A laila, ka mea, ua o ka pomaikai nui i ka lehulehu. Aia, ua hoailonaia he pule likeʻole a me nā mele. No ka ona e e kela la i keia ekalesiaʻana. Akā loa importantly, i ka mea, ua ai no ia i hoomaka ai e ao aku heluhelu.

I ka hoomaau ana o na nā mīkini paʻi mua

Akā, i ke kulana i maoli worsened. He nui uaʻaʻole ia e pono kūpono 'ana o ke pai ana. Mua, helu takers, ka mea, ma ka mea, ua lilo aku kona hana, a, nolaila, o ko lakou koi pohō a makahiki. I pöʻino o ka luna strata o ka heluna kanaka, makau i ka hana hou ana i ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana a laila hiki ke alakai i ka mea ko lakou mau pono i ka mea e lilo. Nā kanaka aa ai mamua aku hōʻike manaʻo i makemake kōkua e hoʻoponopono ai i ke kipi ku e nā kānaka, landowners, clergy, a no laila, ma luna o. Aia ka he manao i loko o ka moʻolelo i kākau lima, e like me keia mea no ka paakiki hana o ka kekahi kanaka, i ua hoʻopuka kālā i ka uhane. A puka ma ka machines i i lawe ai i na waiwai, a me ka lawe i kekahi mea haumia. Kawaihae Ivan Fedorov -pervopechatnika - e haʻi ana i ka pilikia kulana o ka alihi kaua.

ʻAha i loko o ke ahi i mai ai i ka 1566 i loko o ka hale pai. A, i ka pioneering hana ma ka typography Ua ike me ka hoʻopiʻopiʻo. Ma hope iho o kēia hanana, ka mea i hooholoia e ka mua mīkini paʻi, a me Peter Mstislavets a me Ivan Fyodorov, e hele aku i Lithuania.

Jobs ma Lithuania

Ma Zabludovo, waiwai Hetman Chodkiewicz, printery i hoʻonohonoho. Ka mua puke paʻiʻia i loko o ka malamalama o keia pai kaomi, ua "e ao aku i ka olelo maikai." A laila, i ka puke i kapaʻia Zabludovskii. Kēia momentous hanana iloko loko o 1568-1569, niioaaonoaaiii. Hou, i ka hana a pau i alakaʻi i ka ia o ka mīkini paʻi mua. Akā, me ka hou aku i ka hana o kēia kanaka hookuu. E like me hoakaka ma kekahi manawa pōkole Kawaihae o Ivan Fedorov, mua mīkini paʻi, e noho a mau i ka hana i loko o Zabludovo. hoouna ae la no hoi Peter Mstislavets i Vilna. E like me ka hopena o ka hana i loko o Zabludovo Ivanom Fedorovym i hana mai i ka puke "Psalter me Chasoslovtsem".

Akā, 'aneʻi hoʻopaʻi i hōʻike mai iā ia kekahi kaʻawaʻawa loa kähähä, i ke ehuehu o Ivan Fedorov (paionia). Kawaihae heluhelu. Khodasevich no ka mea, o ka wa elemakule, unwillingness e komo i loko o ka hoʻolālā o ka mineta, o ka nele o ka nui nui o ke dala i hooholoia, e hooki aku i ke pai hana. Khodasevich e kaumaha ana i ka hana mahiʻai Ivan Fedorov, akā, i ole ai ia, no ka mea, e hoomanao iho i papahana no ka hana. He haʻalele Zabludovo i ka 1573.

Neʻe maila i ke kulanakauhale

Pōkole Kawaihae Ivana Fedorova, mua mīkini paʻi Hōʻike i ka mea wale nō i, e lawe i nā hana a pau e pono ai no ka hana o ke pai ana. Eia ke kanaka ua hiki ke hoonohonoho kona iho mīkini paʻi. Ua hele hana hou, a ma ka 1574 paʻi ka mua pai ia puke ma Ukraine - "Ka lunaolelo",ʻo ia inoa me ka Moscow kekahi manawa. E like me ka maʻiʻo ia mea i like me ka kekahi mea i hoʻokuʻuʻia hoʻi i ka 1564. Eia naʻe, 'aneʻi Ka kekahi mea hou. No ka laʻana, he mau introductory hāʻina o nā haʻawina. I ka pau ana o kii loa he hoihoi 'postscript ia kanaka ua Ivan Fedorov-paionia. Kawaihae, hoopaa mai laina: "kēia moʻolelo i kahi e hoʻomaka, a pehea e ho okumu ana i keia hale pai." Oia ua i ka inoa o ka epilogue. Pilikia Ivan Fedorov i ana o ka tausani a paʻi "lunaolelo". Ua manaoia i ka pai kaomi? Ac?ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o Rusia akā, i loko o ka mokuna o kēia Ukraine.

I ka 1574, ua paʻi "ABC" i loko o ka pai Ivana Fedorova - ka mua East Slavic puke, a mākou i lohe ai. Nā puke, ua uuku ma ka nui a me ka pihaʻi me nā mea a pau i mea e pono ai ke ao o ka heluhelu a me ke kākau 'ana.

Ostrog Bible

Eia ka mea, o ka aʻe kekahi hanana. I ka 1575,ʻo ia ke launa mai i kono mai Konstantina Konstantinovicha Ostrozhskogo Ivan Fedorov-paionia. Kawaihae o Prince koho mai iā ia i kekahi o ka richest kanaka o ka Polish-Lituania moku'āina. Aia He He hāpai 'e hoʻoponopono ai i ka hou ka paʻi palapala kaomi ma ka halepaahao Volyn, oa ka waiwai o Konstantina Ostrozhskogo. Ke alii ia ia iho i mālama i ka ulu ana o ka 'epekema a me ka hoʻonaʻauao' ana i loko o ko lakou mau aina iho. Ka I ke ahiahi, he Orthodox kula i hoʻonohonoho. I ka 1578, ua paʻi hou "ABC", no ka mea ka mea, ua kuleana o Yonamine Ivan Fyodorov. Pōkole Kawaihae kō i ka makahiki mua hana hoʻomaka ma ka "Baibala Hemolele" kaulana, i i paʻiʻia ma ka 1580
ʻoi aku kona nui ia mea i keia mea o ka mua loa ana paʻi i ka Baibala, i kākau i loko o Old Church Slavonic.

ihona pali o ke ola

I ka 1582, paionia Ivan Fedorov Lviv hoʻi i kā lākou mauʻohana. He makemake e hoʻomau i kona hana. Aka,ʻokoʻa ma hoʻokō i ka manao aloha. I ka 1583, oia i haalele ai ia i kēia ao nei. He Ua kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o ka hoailona o St. Onufrievskom, a waiho iho la ma ka hale kupapau slab me ka palapala "drukar ( 'ole. E. mīkini paʻi) puke ma mua o ka ÿole ÿia hoÿi." 'O kēia ka inoa o ke koe nō ka Ivan Fedorov - paionia.

Kawaihae no nā keiki a me nā mākua mea ma luna o. Ka paʻa o ka nui puke-mīkini paʻi paʻa waiho i loko o ka Lūkini mōʻaukala.