Ka mo'omeheu Catacomb: ka wehewehe, ka mo'olelo, nā'ano a me nā mea hoihoi

Ma nā'āpana nui o ka Volga i ka North Caucasus, ua'ike nā kālaihonua i nā haneli haneli,'o nā makahiki i mana'o'ia i'ehā mau makahiki. 'O nā po'e i noho ma kēia pae'āina ua ho'ohui'ia e kekahi loina ma'amau, i kapa'ia'o nā catacombs. He kū ho'okahi ia ma kona'ano iho a he nui kona mau mea huna a hiki i kēia lā. No ka hopena o ka mo'omeheu hō'ino, e kūkākūkā'ia ma kēia'atikala.

Hana'ia a hana'ia e nā kānaka

Ma mua o ka ho'omaka'ana o ke kūkā'ana, e ho'ākāka i ka mana'o o ka hua'ōlelo "catacombs". Ma ka Lūkini, ua lawe'ia mai ia mai ka Italian catacomba, a me ka Latin catacumba, ma nā mea'elua e pili ana i ka lua kupapa'u. " 'A'ole ia he mea kūpono'ole ka mea'oko'a'ē a'e ma mua o nā hale lua i kekahi manawa mai kahi kumu maoli maoli ai'ole, e like me ke'ano o ka hihia, nā mea hana.

Hiki iā lākou ke ha'alele i nā wahi me nā wā lō'ihi lō'ihi, ai'ole nā lua o nā lua, i pili i kahi pūnaewele'oihana o nā alahaka a me nā ki'i. Eia ka lākou kekahi mea, a koho, e kanu i ko lakou poe make e nā kupa o ke au i kapaia ka waena keleawe Age, e uhi ana i ka wā XXV-XX kenekulia BC. E.

Pono e ho'omaopopo koke'ia i ka'ike'ana o ka "catacomb culture," me ka mana'o o ka "catacomb culture," aia ka hua'ōlelo "culture culture", a pili pū me ke'ano o nā kanu kahiko. 'A'ole hiki ke koho i nā lāhui i kūlou i lalo o kēia wehewehe'ana i ka hana'ana ma lalo o ka malu honua, akā na'e, he mau lua i kahi i make ai ka mea i make, a ma luna o lākou e kūkulu i kahi pu'u kupapau - he pu'u, i hiki ke hilina'i pono'ia ka lua mai ka looting.

Nā papahana o ka'anetā'au o Russian

I ka'ike'ana i ka'ike'ana,'ike'ia ka mana'o o ka "catacomb cultural and history community". Ho'okumu'ia ia ma ka like like o nā mo'omeheu o nā lāhui āpau e noho ana i ka hopena steppe a me ka nahele-steppe e hāpai ana mai nā piko o Don i ka North Caucasus a me nā Urals i kēlā wā kahiko. 'O ka manawa mua i ho'opili'ia kēia hua'ōlelo e ka mea'epekema Russian'o VA Gorodtsov, nāna i a'o i nā kanu kahiko i nā makahiki mua o ke kenekulia 20.

I ka wā e ho'olālā'ia ana nā mounds ma kahi o ka Northern Donets, ua'ike'ia e ka'epekema nā luakupapa'u i hana'ia ma nā catacombs. 'O kēia mau'ano ho'ohālike kikowaena he lā'au kaulike e pili ana i kahi alahaka pālahalaha a me kahi lumi hale kupapa'u. 'O ia nā hi'ohi'ona ho'olālā o kēia'ano kanu kanu e'āpono ai iā mākou e inoa i ka mo'omeheu o nā catacombs i hā'awi'ia iā lākou.

'O ka mo'omeheu o ka catacomb multifaceted

Hope noiʻi ua hōʻike i kēia kaiaulu ka loa heterogeneous ma ka 'ole, a he o kanaka hulikoehana hana' ike loea, a i kūloko, oa kūloko likeʻole. Eia kekahi la'ana,'o ka mo'omeheu catacomb i Kuban, i ho'oholo'ia e nā'ano kūlohelohe a me ka ho'omehana honua,'ano like'ole ka mea i loa'a ma ka Caucasus.

Pono e ho'omaopopo'ia'a'ole he mana'o kuhi o nā mea kākau mo'olelo no ka hopena o ka mo'omeheu catacomb. Ua mana'o kekahi mau kānaka noi'i,'o Caucasus kona homeland, e like me nā mea'ē a'e, ua'ike'ia'o ia me nā'ohana i hele mai i ka ho'omaka'ana o ka Makahiki'Ene mai Cyprus. Eia na'e,'a'ohe kumu kūpono ko'iko'i no kekahi o kēia mau kumu. 'O ke kuhiakau o kona pilina me ka mo'omeheu kahiko ka mea i kāohi mau'ia.

Nā'ano o ka mo'omeheu catacomb

E like me ka hō'ike'ana o nā ha'awina, ua ho'onohonoho'ia ka noho'ana o nā lāhui o ka'āpana catacomb i nā mea'oihana ki'eki'e o ka muliwai, i ho'opa'a'ia e nā pali. 'O nā kapa o nā muliwai ua kūpono nā pā kula, kahi i hiki ai ke komo i ka hānai holoholona,'o ia ke kumu o kā lākou mahi'ai. 'O kekahi'ano nui o ka noho maika'i'ana o nā po'e kahiko o ka lawai'a. Hō'ike'ia kēia ma nā loli, kahi i loa'a ai nā iwi he nui ma nā wahi kahiko, nā i'a a me nā holoholona holoholona - nā bipi, nā hipa a me nā lio.

Hō'ike'ia ka mo'omeheu Catacomb o ka Makahiki Huma i kahi pae ki'eki'e loa o nā mea hana hana a me nā mea kaua. 'Oiai ka hopena o ka hō'oia'ana o nā huahana i loa'a ma ka pae o nā'ōkuhi e hō'ike nei, ua hana'ia lākou he keleawe, a ua puhi'ia i ka Caucasus. 'O lākou nā ko'i lipi,'o nā pahi a me nā pahi. Eia na'e, me lākou pū, nā lako pōhaku, e like me nā mākoki, nā ko'i a me nā kī'aha, i loa'a i nā helu nui.

'Oiai'o ka ho'ohanohano'ia'ana o ka mo'omeheu ma luna o ka hānau'ana i nā holoholona a me nā lawai'a, ua ho'okani pū'ia ka mahi'ai, akā'o ka'oihana lua i nā ola o nā kama'āina. Hō'ike'ia kēia'ike e nā mea'ai i'ike'ia ma mua o ka mea nui'ole -'o ka horny hoes, ka maile, ka mea kālai palaoa a me nā pahi'oi aku i ka pahi. I ia manawa pinepine, ua loa'a nā'āpana palaoa i loko o nā kanu.

E hele i ka Rhine a me Italia

Ma waena o nā wahi'ē a'e, ua kau'ia ka nānā'ana i nā mea i hana'ia i ke keleawe, a me ka puka i ho'oku'i'ia no ka ho'opa'a'ana iā lākou i nā lima lā'au. I kēlā manawa, ua hiki ke ho'ololi'ia kēia i nā'enehana ki'eki'e. Hiki ke'ike'ia kekahi mea i kēlā manawa i waena o nā kānaka o Central a me'Eu o'Eulopa.

Ua mana'o kekahi mau kānaka noi'i he hiki i nā kānaka ke lawe iā lākou, e hele ana i nā huaka'i lō'ihi, hiki i Italia a me nā kapa o ke Rhine. Ma ke alanui, ua loa'a iā lākou nā ka'a - ma kahi o nā luakupapa'u make o ka Rostov'āina, i ka wā o ka ho'olili'ana, ua loa'a nā ka'a he'ehā, a ma kahi e pili ana i laila - nā iwi lio, a he mea nui loa.

Ka palekana o ka lāhui kahiko

'O ka mo'omeheu Catacomb he mea ia o ka'ike'ole o ka waiwai'ole o ka po'e o kēlā au. Hō'ike'ia kēia ma ka'oko'a i'ike'ia ma ka helu o nā'ano mea a pau i hui pū'ia me ka mea i make i loko o kahi ke'ena ho'okipa, a ua mana'o'ia no kona noho'ana i ka afterlife. Me nā hale kupapa'u waiwai nui, no ka po'e alaka'i paha a me nā lunakahiko paha, he mau lua kupapa'u me ka hana'ole i nā mea hana ho'olewa.

Eia kekahi, he ko'iko'i ko'iko'i o nā lāhui e pili ana i ka hapanui catacomb e'ike'ia ana e ka nui loa o nā hale funerary a me nā moena ma luna o nā lua kupapa'u o nā kānaka e noho ki'eki'e ana. I loko o lākou, ma ke'ano he kūlana, loa'a iā lākou ka helu nui loa o nā mea e pili ana i ke kanu'ana. I ka manawa pinepine i loko o ia kanu'ana, aia nō i kahi mau pahi kaua lio he'umikumamālua. 'O ka mea i maopopo, ua ho'oholo'ia nā lio no ka ho'okomo'ana i ka mea i make i loko o ka afterlife. Ke ho'opuka nei kēia mau mea a pau e pili ana i ka hanana pa'a o ka lehulehu a me ka ki'eki'e o kona nohona kaiaulu.

Nā papa o nā ali'i āpau

'A'ole i piha ke'ano o ka mo'omeheu catacomb inā'a'ole kahi e noho nui a'e i ka ki'eki'e o ke kūlana i loko o ka'aha kanaka e nā alaka'i. Ma ke'ano he kūlana, ua ho'onui'ia ko lākou mana i nā'ohana a me nā'ohana. No ka nui o ko lākou kūlana nohona, hiki ke ho'okolokolo i ke ki'eki'e o nā hale kanu e waiho'ia ma luna o nā lua kupapa'u, a me nā'ano nui o nā lua kupapa'u a me ka nui o nā mea e hele pū me lākou.

'O nā puka komo, ma ke'ano he kūlana, ua waiho'ia i kahi hohonu hohonu, a i loko o ia mau mea e hiki pinepine ai e hālāwai me nā'eke o nā kauwā, i pepehi'ia a ho'opa'i'ia e ho'okauwā aku i ka haku ma kekahi ao'ē a'e. Aia nā wahi kanu kahi i kanu'ia ai nā paia o nā ke'ena funerary i kāhiko nani'ia me nā mō'ī a me nā moena, a ma kahi kokoke i nā kupapa'u o ka mea i make i ho'onohonoho i nā'ano o kona mana - nā mea lele a me nā mea kaua.

'O nā hui kaiaulu kokoke i nā alaka'i

Ma hope o nā alaka'i o ke kahua o ke alakai kaiaulu i noho ai nā koa. 'O ko lākou kanu'ana,'oiai ua emi'ole ka pale, akā, ua lako pū me nā mea a pau e pono ai lākou ma ka'āina o ka po'e i make. Kēia kekahi mau mea kaua - ke keleawe a me ka pohaku koʻi lipi, pahi, a me ka pohaku paea la arrowheads.

He mea'ē paha ia, akā i kēlā manawa kahiko, i ho'oka'awale'ia mai iā mākou e nā makahiki he'ehā mau makahiki,'o ka nui o nā mea i ho'olako'ia i loko o ka po'e hana hana ka'a. I ka make'ana o kēlā ali'i, ua kanu'ia'o ia me nā'ano hanohano a pau - i ho'ohanohano'ia ma kēlā mau kenekulia e hana ana i ke kanaka.

'O nā kāhuna pule

'O kahi wahi kūikawā i waena o nā lua kupapa'u e noho'ia ana e nā lua kupapa'u o nā kāhuna, ka mea i ho'onohonoho i kahi'āpana lehulehu a pa'a loa. 'O ka'oia'i'o o ka noho'ana o ka lālā o kekahi lālā o kēia hui kaiaulu a'ike'ia i ke'ano o kona po'o. 'O ka'oia'i'o, ua ho'omākaukau nā kāhuna e hiki mai ana e ho'okō i kā lākou mīkini ki'eki'e mai nā lā mua o ke ola. 'Oiai i ka wā'ōpiopio, ua huki'ia lākou e nā'ili pa'a, kahi i ulu ai i nā iwi'ē. 'O ka hopena, i ka manawa kūpono, ua loa'a nā po'o o nā kāhuna i ke'ano o ka melon, i mana'o'ia he hō'ailona o ka elitism.

Aia i loko o ko lākou mau lua kupapa'u ka nui o nā mea pili i ke'ano o ka ho'omana - a me nā mea'ala e kuni ai i nā mea'ala, a me nā mea'ala e kuni ai i nā mea'ala, a uhi'ia me ka waiwai ho'onani. 'O kēia mau kanu'ana he nui loa ia ma kahi mua o nā ululā'au catacomb o ka Northern Sea Sea region.

Ke'ano like'ole a me ka ho'ololi'ana i nā hulu ho'olewa

I kēia lā, nui nā ho'omana'o i'ike'ia, kahi i ha'alele'ia ai ka mo'omeheu. 'O ka hapanui o lākou i loa'a ma ka'āina mai ka Lower Danube a hiki i Volga. Ho'ohālike'ia lākou a pau e kahi hana ma'amau ma'amau, kahi i waiho'ia ai ka mea i make i loko o ke ke'ena i loko o ka lālā mai ka puka komo. Akā, ma kēia'ano like'ole ma ka hapanui o nā hihia, a me ka hopena,'oiai'o kēlā me kēia lāhui kanaka, e noho ana ma kekahi'āina, ua komo i loko o kā lākou hana ho'omana ho'olewa.

I loko o nā helu he nui, ua loa'a nā po'o i ke kahe i loko o nā lua kupapa'u i ho'opiha'ia me ka pālolo lepo me ka ocher, a me nā iwi o ka mea i make, ua puni i nā mea kanu. I loko o nā lua kupapa'u, ua piha nā po'emaka'ōpū o nā po'o i ka lepo lepo. Ua loa'a ia'u kahi lua kupapau kahi i waiho'ia ai nā iwi o kahi kāne a me ka wahine ma kahi moe ho'okahi, me he mea lā ua makemake lākou e noho ka'awale'ole ma hope o ka make'ana.

'O nā kūlana o ke kanu ho'olewa

No ka mea,'o ka mo'omeheu catacomb, he mea like,'o ka like'ole o nā lāhui āpau i ke kanu'ana o ka mea i make, a laila, e ho'opau ana mākou i kēia mea, e pili ana mākou i kēia. 'O ke kumu o kēia hana:'o nā'ohana o ka mea i make, ma mua o ka ninini'ana i ka pu'u, e'ohi i kahi hohonu hohonu i loko o ka lepo, i mea e ho'oholo ai i ka iho i loko o nā'anu'u a me nā'anu'u i ka'ao'ao. A laila, ma ka lalo o ka mina, ua'eli'ia kekahi paepae e kau ana, a ma hope o ka ho'onohonoho'ana o kahi catacomb funerare.

Ua waiho'ia ka mea i make ma luna o kahi moena kūikawā, e hā'awi ana iā ia i kahi pohihihi, e ho'omana'o i ke kūlana o ka'ōpū ma ka'ōpū o ka makuahine. Inā ua loa'a i ka'ohana o ka mea i make ke kuleana e hā'awi i nā mea e pono ai no ka noho'ana o nā mea make i ka'āina, ua lawe'ia aku lākou i loko o ka hale kanu. Ma hope o kēlā, ua uhi'ia ka puka i kahi pāpa'i pōhaku a i'ole mau lā'au. Ma hope iho, lilo ka mea i make i waiwai no ka wa pau'ole.