Ka waiwai i loko o ke kemika - He aha ka keia? Waiwai o ka waiwai. papa o ka waiwai

I ka papa kuhikuhiE nīnau i ka pono, e ike i ke pane ke kanaka no ka mea pono me ka naauao o ke kiʻi o ko ke ao nei - e ia i ka waiwai a pau i loko o kemika. Kēia manaʻo i hanaʻia a hiki ma ke kula makahiki, a e kuhikuhi i ke keiki e e hou ulu. Noho ana i ke ao o ka kemika mea nui, e huli e like me ka lepo me ka mea ma luna o ka maʻamau o kaʻilikai, ka mea e leie aku oe e visualize a me ka loaʻa, e wehewehe i ka likeʻole keʻano o ka hanaʻana, wehewehe, ka waiwai, etc.

Eia naʻe, ma muli o ke 'ole-maikaʻi nenoaiie o ka hoʻonaʻauao' ana, nui ka poe i nalowale kekahi apau o hoʻokumu paʻaʻana. Ka manaʻo o ka "waiwai ma ka kemika" - he ano o ke kihi, ka 'eleu omo o kēia ho'ākāka' ana i hāʻawi mai i ke kanaka i ka hoʻomaka'ākau i loko o ka hope kūpono 'ana i loko o ke kula o maoli' epekema.

ho okumu o ka manaʻo

Ma mua e neʻe ana i ka manaʻo o ka waiwai, ka mea, Ua pono ka mea i ke kumuhana o ka kemika e hooholo. ?? lelo - mea i pololei hoʻokolokolo ai i ke kemika o ko lākou ae loli ', me nā hale a me ka waiwai. I ka nui hoomaopopo ana i ka waiwai - keia ka mea kūpono ai ka physical kino.

No laila, he aha ka mea i ka waiwai i loko o ke kemika? Mākou, e hana i ka manao paa ma ka hoʻololi mai i ka mau manaʻo o ka hoʻokahi wale nō Nine Inch. Ka waiwai - Ua he mauʻano o ka mea, pono me ka nui i hiki ke anaia. Keia ano differentiates i ka waiwai a pau, mai nā 'ano o ka mea - i ka mahinaʻai a i ole nuipa a (uila,ʻume mākenēki, liluwelo kahua, etc.). Mea, ma ka huli - ia mea i kekahi mea, mai a mākou i hana a me na mea a pau e hoopuni iho la iā mākou.

Kekahi mau 'ē aʻe ano o ka mea, ka mea, ua nānā', mai a ia mea hōʻike hewa - ia mea mua i ke kumuhana o ka kemika. Waiwai i hanaʻia e nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma (kekahi Ion), a 'o ia hoʻi kekahi waiwai oia hoi o kēia mau haʻilula huahelu, a me ka waiwai.

Simple a me ka luna 'mea

Ma hope o mastering kumu ka wehewehena hiki ke hele aku i kona ka manaʻo pohihihi. Nā waiwai e hele mai i loko o kekahi mau pae o ka hoʻolālā, i mea o ka poe noonoo ole a me ka luna '(' ole e pili ana) - keia mea i ka mahele mua i loko o nā papa o nā waiwai, kemika i ka hailona o mahope kaawale ana, piha a oi luna '. Kēia Mea Maluna, e like he nui na mea e ae, i ka pololei hoakaka palena, kela mea keia mea e pili ana hiki ke akaka wahi a hiki i kekahi o na? Ueo ae mikanele.

Simple waiwai i loko o kemika - he huina lakou iloko olaila o nā'ātoma o hoʻokahi wale nō hehee ai, mai ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaaina. Nō kāu, keia aeaie nā lātoma, a laila haku o elua (particles), i pili ma ka covalent linkages nonpolar - ho okumu mau unshared huina'ine paʻa. Penei,ʻo nā'ātoma o ka ia Nine Inch hehee ai i ka ia electronegativity, 'o ia hoʻi, ke hiki, e hoopaa i ka nohona ma huina'ine nuʻa, no laila ka mea, ua i biased i kekahi o na i komo ma ka palapala. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka poe noonoo ole 'ona (nonmetals) - hydrogen a me ka oxygen, chlorine, iodine, fluorine, naikokene, luaipele, etc. Ua ninoieo aʻekolu nā'ātoma o ka lātoma o ka waiwai e like me'okikene kolu, a me kekahi - a pau hanohano kinoea (argon, xenon, helium, etc.). Ma ke hooheheeia (makanekiuma, kalipuna, keleawe, etc.) he mea kona mau pilina type - metala, lawe mai no a hiki i ka socialization o ka noa electrons i loko o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a me ka ho okumu ana o nā lātoma like me neia ua i mālama. A hiki aku i ka waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia moolelo he pono i ka hōʻailona o ka Nine Inch hehee ai me kekahi indexes.

Simple waiwai i loko o kemika, examples o i i haawiia mai ma luna, ia mea okoa mai ka qualitative haku mele 'ana o ka luna'. Nine Inch nā'ātoma o kekahi mau oihana mua i hana mai ka elua a oi. Oia waiwai i ka Polar covalent a ionic ka ponaʻana type. No kekahi mau nā'ātoma i okoa electronegativity, laila, i ke kahua o ka nohona ma huina'ine paʻa ia lŘlŘ i loko o kona hoʻololi ai ka oi electronegative hehee ai, e hiki aku ai i ka huina polarization o ka lātoma. Ionicʻano - keia mea he lōʻihi hihia o ka Polar, huina'ine mau wā loa hoohuliia ai i kekahi o ka paa aku i komo, a laila, na nā'ātoma (a pūʻulu) e hoohuliia mai i loko o Ion. Maopopo ka palena, he mea ma waena o kēia mauʻano, ionic hoopaa hiki ke 'ano ua like me ka Polar covalent nui. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka eiiieaena i huiʻia - wai, ke one, aniani, paʻakai, oxides, etc.

waiwai ka hoʻololi 'ana

Nā waiwai haawiia i like na mea, ma ka mea, i ke kū hoʻokahi hiʻona i mea ole hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o ka luna'. Kekahi kumu e lilo kekahi ano o ka poe noonoo ole waiwai. Hp'pnphp a pau i mea hookahi hehee ai, akā, laupaʻi haku mele 'ana, me nā hale a me ka waiwai dramatically hoomaopopo ia me ka ho okumu. Kēia hiʻona ua kapaia allotropes.

O oxygen, luaipele, kalapona a me nā kumu mua i kekahi mau allotropic ka hoʻololi 'ana. Oxygen ma - ia mea o ka O ₂ a me O _3, kalapona hoʻolako eha ke ano o ka waiwai - carbyne, daimana, graphite a me fullerenes lātoma mea rhombic luaipele, monoclinic hoʻololi 'a me ka ea. Oia kekahi mea mea i loko o kemika, e ole kaupalena i ka luna examples o ka a, ia mea o ka nui nui. Ma 'ana, ka hoʻohana' ia i loko o fullerenes ke akamai i semiconductors, photoresists, mea hoʻonui no ka mea ulu o ka daimana Film a me nā hana, a ma ka lapaau mea he ikaika antioxidant.

E ahaʻia ana i ka waiwai?

O ka lua ia lŘlŘ loko a puni o ka loli o ka 'ona. Kemika huli aku a wehewehe i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hele me ka qualitative a / a laupaʻi loli i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka reacting nā lātoma. Ma ia laua, interconnected pinepine i hoʻomaka ai, a physical loli 'a i wehewehe aku e ka loli o ke kinona, kala like' ole, mea a me ka moku'āina o aggregation, a me kekahi'ē aʻe ano.

Nineʻike manaʻo - o ka naoh o nāʻano likeʻole, no ka laʻana, i huiʻia o ka hakahaka, āina,? Anoe?, Reversible, exothermic, redox, etc., ke kaumaha ma muli loli ma ke aiao o ka hoihoi. No ka physicalʻike manaʻo nā: omoāea, condensation, sublimation, noho male 'ana, ke kūpaleʻana, uila conductivity, etc. Ka mea, pinepine pu kekahi i kekahi, no ka laʻana, ma ka uila ma kaʻino - ia mea he hoʻoponopono kaʻina, a koho ma lalo o kona'okikene kolu - he Nine Inch.

physical waiwai

Ka waiwai i loko o kemika - kēia mea, i mea hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o kekahi mau physical waiwai. I kā lākou alo aku, i kahi e, ka papahelu a me ka pinepine 'hiki ke wānana, e like me ka mea waiwai hoi ma kekahi kumu, a ho'ākāka nō hoʻi kekahi o ka Nine Inch' ano o ka hui. No ka laʻana, kiʻekiʻe baila aʻela i wela ke aloha i huiʻia, ma i ka hydrogen, a me ka electronegative heteroatom (naikokene, oxygen, etc.) ka hōʻike i ka waiwai hōʻike Nine Inch type hana kūleʻa e like me hydrogen ka ponaʻana. Mahalo i ka ike o ka mea waiwai i ka mea momona a hiki i ka hoʻomaka uila, uwea a me ka uea mea kaua ua i mai kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Nine Inch mall

Kukuluia'na, ka noiʻi a me ka study o ka waiwai o ka mea 'ē aʻeʻaoʻao o ke dala ua hoʻoili i loko o Nine Inch. Nā waiwai o ka mea mai kona wahi mai o Hawaii - ka mea, o ko lakou NaI interoperability. Kekahi waiwai i mahalo hana i loko o keia ano, no ka laʻana, i eliiaʻi a me kekahi oxidants a me nā aliʻi (inert) kinoea i ma lalo o maʻamau aku ana, aole ia i kokoke pane koke. Nine waiwai hiki e ho'ā ai passivated ina e pono ai, i kekahi manawa ka mea, ua i pili i ka kekahi pilikia, a i ka paakiki manawa i loko o kekahi mau hihia. ʻepekema, pana aku au i na hora i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, ma ka hookolokolo ana a me ka hewa, ka hoʻokō 'pahu hopu, a me kekahi manawa mai,ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou. E loli iki ana? Aneie kiko'î (wela, puʻe, etc.) a me ka hoʻohana 'ana i na mea i huiʻia - catalysts a me nā mea kūpale - hiki ke loli ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka waiwai, a no ia mea, i ka naoh.

Mea Maluna o Nine Inch

Ke kumu o nā mea a pau Mea Maluna mea kaawale ana i loko o ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole i huiʻia. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ke aloha hehee ai - ka kalapona, ai pili aku me kekahi i kekahi, a hydrogenic, kalapona nā'ātoma hana i ka hydrocarbon iwi i hope piha ma nā nā'ātoma (oxygen, naikokene, phosphorus, luaipele, halogens, ke hooheheeia, a me na mea e ae), e pani ma ka pōʻaiapuni a manamana ai, hoakaka ana malaila laulāʻano o ke aloha i huiʻia. I ka lā, 'epekema ike 20 miliona o ia waiwai. Oiai mea pōhaku i huiʻia wale nō ka hapalua o ka miliona.

Kēlā me kēia e pili ana pākahi, akā, no hoi he nui kona like hiʻona a me ka mea'ē aʻe i loko o ka waiwai, me nā hale a me ka haku mele 'ana, ma luna o kēia kumu, he ua Hoʻohui' ia i loko o ka papa o ka waiwai. Kemika i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka systematization a me ka hui, ia mea he kiko'ī 'epekema.

inorganics

1. Oxides - aeaie i huiʻia me ka o oxygen.

he)ʻakika - ma ka reacting me ka wai i haawiiaʻakika;

b) i ka papa kuhikuhiE - i ka hui 'ana me ka wai e haawi aku i ka kumu.

2.ʻakika - he waiwai iloko olaila no kekahi a oi protons a me hydrogenʻakika koena.

3. nā kumu (mekala 'åkilikai) - he poe kekahi a oi hydroxyl pūʻulu, a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia'Ātoma:

he) amphoteric hydroxides - ho'āʻo i ka waiwai a me nāʻakika a me nā kumu.

4. paʻakai - i ka hopena o ka neutralization naoh ma waena o kaʻakika a me ka mekala 'åkilikai (kumu wailana), iloko o ka metala'Ātoma a me hoʻokahi a oiʻakika residues:

he)ʻakika paʻakai - mea he anion koena o kaʻakika proton i loko o ka haku mele 'ana, i ka hopena o ke kāpili dissociation o kaʻakika;

b) walaʻauʻana paʻakai - ua pili i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hydroxyl pae, i ka hopena o ke kāpili dissociation o ka waihona ipu.

ke aloha i huiʻia

aloha i loko o ka likeʻole ma nui o ka papa o ka waiwai, e like me ka buke o ka 'ike mea paʻakikī hoomanao i koke. I ka papa kuhikuhiE mea mea, e ike i ke kumu o kaawale ana o ka aliphatic a me cyclic i huiʻia, a me ka carbocyclic heterocyclic, paʻa kūhohonu loa a me ka unsaturated. No hoi, hydrocarbons i nui nā mea loaʻa i loko i ka hookomoia'Ātoma o ka hydrogen ma halogen, oxygen, naikokene, a me nā nā'ātoma, e like me ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu.

Ka waiwai i loko o kemika - o ke kahua suschestovanie. Aie i ka mea aloha hoʻololi kemikala o ka ke kanaka i keia la i ka nui helu o kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni mea e puku maoli, e like me kākou i loko o kona 'ano ma ka ano.