Kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone - heʻoihana, kalepa a me ka oihana?

Kekahi makua, a hiki loa mamao mai ke akamai a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, nō ma ke kula ike i ke kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone - he manao lunaʻenehana, hânai holoholona, kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone a me ka hana, ai kukulu i loko o kekahi kanaka. Ma ka XIV kenekulia, e like me ka noiʻi ma academician A. I. Sobolevskogo, ua hiki mai i ka hua'ōlelo "kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone" i ka Lūkini ka palapala, ai 'ōlelo' o ka South Slavic puke. A hiki ia manawa, artisans, 'ia, a kukulu iho la i ka ekalesia, e lawe mai lākouʻai a me ka pena, kapaia ecclesiastical haku.

I ka moolelo o Lūkini kuhikuhipuʻuone

Ka hapanui kakaolelo o kuhikuhipuʻuone kapaʻia ka manawa o ke kahua o Lūkini pohaku kuhikuhipuʻuone o XI kenekulia. Ma hope iho o ka pau ana o ka X kenekulia Prince Vladimir hana i loko o ka hoʻokomo 'ia' o Karistiano i loko o Rusia, hui pū me ka laha ana o ka hoomana i hoomaka ai e möhala i ke kūkulu o ka ekalesia a me ka luakini. No kekahi kulanakauhale o kahiko Rusia he maikai kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone - o ka mea nui kanaka, a hoʻoholo i ka nui a me ka maikai o ka maha a me ka ekalesia, a, nolaila, i ka nui o ke keiki a me ka mana i ka mea i kukulu i kona uku. Ma mua o ko makou manawa, mai ka hana pōhaku o kuhikuhipuʻuoneʻike hoʻokumu i ia manawa hiki wale Sophia Hale Pule Nui ma Kiev a me Novgorod, Chernigov Spaso-Preobrazhensky Hale Pule Nui, a me ka Ekalesia puka o ka Trinity i loko o ka hoailona o ka lua ma Kiev.

Ka muli o Lūkini moolelo

Ma waena o XI XII no kenekulia. kela Lūkini kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone - mea kuhikuhi i ka haumāna nāna i? anoee examples o Byzantine ecclesiastical kuhikuhipuʻuone, a me ka hanaia'na hoi o kona mau mua,ʻo ia ho'āʻo ai i ka momona o ko lākou nā mea hiki, ikaika a me nā tālena e paka UAAIIeIIeX.

Ke Kiure alii a me ka? Ieoaeunoai papahana ma Novgorod XII kenekulia, ua lilo i ka polokalamu "imitative." Ka paha oa hapaha elua o ka XII kenekulia i kekahi manawa, i ka wa i waho mai, a ulu lākou iho, Lūkini nō kula.

Up a i ka waena o ka XII kenekulia, i ka hana o ka pohaku na ekalesia a me ka luakini i ole hana. Ua ua wale me ka e hele mai ana, e ka mana Yuriya Dolgorukogo hoʻomaka 'ʻeleu? Ieoaeunoai o Karistiano haipule hale i ka pohaku. Kona hope, Andrew Bogolyubskii, e imi ana e hoonui i ka nani o Vladimir na'lii a kekahi mea he hale pohaku.

I kēia lā, ka mea hiki ke ua kūkākūkāʻia ia i ka noho alii ana Andreya Bogolyubskogo Lūkini kula o nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone, ka mea ma hope ua hiki e hohola aku kona ole ma Artists o nā ko na'lii, i i kaua kipi i ka wā o feudal ka hakaka a me ka fragmentation o Rusia hana.

Mau kula o Lūkini kuhikuhipuʻuone

A lohe o Prince Vsevolod ka Big pūnana, ka pono o ka Vladimir-Suzdal aina ma hope Bogolyubsky, eia hou hiʻona ma ka hana noʻeau a me ka oaoieei ano o nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone, a e alakai ai i ka muli o nā kula o kuhikuhipuʻuone i loko o ka wā e hiki mai. Mua, i ka ai-i kapaia o Vladimir School, wahi a ka mooolelo o ka Classic keʻokeʻo-pohaku hale, ma keia hihia, e hana luna 'kālai mea hoʻonani. Kona mau 'elele hana ma Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal a me Nizhny Novgorod. Ka lua o ke kula, Rostov, wehewehe aku ma ka nui me ka hui pu ana o brickwork a me lāliʻi o keʻokeʻo pohaku. Kona adherents kukulu ia ma Yaroslavl a me Rostov Veliky.

Novgorod a Pskov moolelo

Kēia kula i hanau, e like me ka moʻolelo, ma ka XI kenekulia, i ka wa a ka Novgorod Sofia Hale Pule Nui i kukulu. Naʻe, i ka uluʻana o kēia moolelo nā lā hoʻi i ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XIV kenekulia - i ka manawa o kā mākou mana a me ka pomaikai o ka Novgorod Repubalika. Ke koʻikoʻi loa, a me ka nui examples o kēia wā nō i ka ekalesia o ka hoopahaohaoia'na o Ilin Street a me Fedora Stratilata ma ka Creek.

Pskov kuhikuhipuʻuone moolelo mea kokoke loa i Novgorod, akā, poe akamai i maopopo ka mea, i kona mau peculiarities. Ka loa ma ko puke i haku ai Pskov nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone - o ka ekalesia o St. Rotehama me ka emi mai, Basil ka ma ka Hill, Kuzma a me Damiana me kau a me ka 'ē aʻe.

Kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka Moscow na'lii a

I ka XIV-XV kenekulia, ke kālai'āina manaʻo nui o Muscovy noticeably mahuahua, a alakai ai i ka uluʻana o ke kūkulu a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone. Tradition o kuhikuhipuʻuone, i hanaʻia i loko o ka Vladimir-Suzdal na'lii, i ana ia ma ma Moscow hoʻomalu. I ka pau ana o ka XV kenekulia hiki ke noʻonoʻo pono i ke kumu a me ka ho okumu ana o ke kula Moscow o kuhikuhipuʻuone. He kēia wā extant Hale Pule Nui o ka mea mahuʻi ma luna o ke kūlanakauhale i loko o Zvenigorod.

Ke flowering o ke kula Moscow o kuhikuhipuʻuone coincided me ka noho alii ana o Ivan III, ma ka pau ana o ka XV kenekulia. Ka nui kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone o ka manawa, Italia Aristotle Fioravanti kūkulu i ka mea mahuʻi Hale Pule Nui ma ka Moscow Kremlin.

Russian kuhikuhipuʻuone moolelo o ke aupuni

Ivanom Groznym kingship hookamaia a me ka hou 'ana o Rusia i loko o ke aupuni, a i wahi ma ka XVI kenekulia, ua lilo i impetus ikaika no ka hooulu ana a pau spheres o ka lawelawe ola, me kuhikuhipuʻuone. I keia manawa, ke kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone - keia mea i pono i ka hana o na luakini, na ekalesia, a aliʻi keʻena. A hoʻomaka e kūkulu i ka mua pohaku pā - ka Kremlin. Kekahi o ka loa kaulana nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone, e uhau ana o ka pakaua ua Fyodor Kon, nāna i kūkulu i nā paia o ka White City ma Moscow, Smolensk Kremlin, e like me pa-Pafnutyevo Borowski, Boldin a me Simonov monasteries.

Eia hou kekahi, he luku'āpana o kuhikuhipuʻuone hana o St Vasiliya Blazhennogo Hale Pule Nui (Pokrovsky), i, e like me kekahi mana, i ke kiekie i ka Pskov nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone Postnik Yakovlev ma na kauoha o Ivana Groznogo.

Peter ana nou

Art kakaolelo a me ka artist I. E. Grabar i kapaia o Rusia i ka'āina o nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone. Kēia i hiki maopopo hoakaka hiki e wahi ai i ke kulanakauhale o St. Petersburg, a, e like me ka Emperor Peter I, ua, e paipai i ka hou 'ana o Moscow Rusia maʻEulopa. Me ka hana o ka "keiki Petrov" - St. Petersburg - kōkua ', me ka launa pū, a paʻi me kēlā nā nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone kono mai kekahi mau aina a me Lūkini nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone. Inoa e like me Giovanni Domenico Trezzini a me Zhan Batist Leblon, Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli a me Johann Georg Mattarnovi ka wa pau ole kākauʻia i loko o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone mōʻaukala o ke kulanakauhale ma ka Neva. Peter I, ka mea i piha mauʻo Kekūhaupiʻo i loko o ka hana o ka hou kumukuai o na haku, ia manawa i kā lākou kūlana no laila, i ka mea, ao mai la ia i ko lakou Lūkini kōkua a me nā haumāna i nā akamai, a me ka "oe", a ia lakou iho e komo ai. Kekahi o ka mea mua e like me "homegrown" nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone i Hope a me ka haumāna Trezzini, Zemtsov a me Eropkin. Ma ka hou ana a me ka rula o ke kulanakauhale i hele ma ka mea kaulana nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone o St. Petersburg like Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (Rastrelli, ke keiki a Charles), Antonio Rinaldi, Nikolaus Gerbel, Si Chevakinsky, Karl Ivanovich Rossi, a me ka poʻe koa o ole emi o na nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone nui.

kahi o ka hopena

Russian kuhikuhipuʻuone ma luna o nā kenekulia? Ac? I wale i kona iho kekahi, aupuni mainstream. Ka loli ma ka kālai'āina, haipule a me ka pilina i ke ola, interacting me kekahi mau hana 'ike loea - a pau o keia i ka hopena nui ma luna o ka ulu o ole wale Lūkini, a Soviet, akā, i Lūkini kuhikuhipuʻuone. I kēia manawa o ka pau honua mahalo ole wale na hana o F. lio, Rossi Voronikhin Bazhenov a me Kazakov. Kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone Vlasov, Fomin, Piasecki, Savin, a he nui kekahi poe e ae a me kā lākouʻike hoʻokumu a me ke akamai i hōʻike ai i ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o otchechestvennogo kuhikuhipuʻuone.