Ke dialectic o Socrates me ke akamai o ka makakūʻano o. Constituent hehee wale. Nāʻano a Socrates

Kela a me keia kanaka ma ka liʻiliʻi koke i loko o koʻu ola lohe o Socrates. Kēia Greek poe akeakamai haʻalele he ao alohilohi i kumumea i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ole wale Greece, akā, i loko o ka pau o ke akeakamai. Pakahi aku la ia hana hoihoi 'no ka hoʻopaʻa' ana i ka dialectic o Socrates me ke akamai o ka makakūʻano o. Kēia hana i ka kumu o na aʻo a pau o ka mea kahiko Helene poe akeakamai. Mākou 'atikala ua laʻa ia Socrates a me kona mau kānāwai, a lilo iho la ia i ke kumu no ka hou' ana o ka kālaiʻike like me ka 'epekema.

Socrates: ano akamai a me ka disinterested

About ka poe akeakamai nui mai la ka puu o ke kanaka me i loko o ka ulu ana o ke akeakamai a me kaʻike manaʻo i hoomanao hou ia ma mua o kekahi manawa. Socrates kŰia noonoo mai kekahi pana pua, a me ka moʻolelo o kona ola ana ua loaa he mea hiki ole lāliʻi. E maopopo ka mea i manaoia ma ka makahiki "dialectic" a no ke aha la Socrates manao iho la oia ua i ka wale loa ala i ka oiaio, e ike, a hele mai i ka pono, e pono i ka iki e pili ana i ke ola o ka mea kahiko Helene poe akeakamai.

Socrates i hānau i loko o ka lima o ka kenekulia BC i loko o ka ohana o ka sculptor a me ka palekeiki. No ka mea, o kona makuakane i ka'āina hoʻoili, ma ke kānāwai, ka mea, he e kiʻi i nā kaikuaʻana o ka poe akeakamai, mai kekahi kakahiaka nui elemakule ka mea, he ole inclination i ka hoʻomāhuahua o nā waiwai, a me ka hoopau i kona hoʻokoe manawa no ka hoʻoponopono-hoʻonaʻauao. Socrates mea maikaʻi oratorical nā mākau, hiki ke heluhelu a kākau. Eia hou,ʻo ia nō aʻo, a hele i ka haʻi'ōlelo o na poe akeakamai, ka Sophists, ka paepaeʻana i ka noho aliʻi o ke kanaka "I" o nā rula a me na hooponopono ana.

I loko nō o ka eccentric Aloha Hawaii o hoʻokiwikā ilihune, Socrates ua mare, a he mau keiki, a uaʻikeʻia e like me he kanaka koa nana i kekahi i loko o ka Peloponnesian War. Ma nā mea a pau i kona ola ana i ka poe akeakamai i haʻalele Attica, a ahiahi, manao iho la i ko lakou ola ma o aku o kona palena.

Socrates hoʻowahāwahā ka waiwai a me ka manawa a hele kāmaʻaʻole ia i loko o ka mua pono-pohole kapa. He i ole haalele iho la ka hana 'epekema hana a hana, e like me ka poe akeakamai, manaoio aku i kaʻike, hiki ole ke ao aku, a me ke kanu i kekahi kanaka. Ka uhane mea e pono e pahu aku ai i ka huli 'ana no ka oiaio, a me ka hana i kēia me ka hoopaapaa ana a me ka constructiveʻano o ka oi loa aku la. Socrates ua pinepine hoopiiia o inconsistency o kona mau kānāwai, akā,ʻo ua mau makaukau e hui pu i ke kūkākūkā, a lohe i ka manao o ka hoa paio. Oddly lawa, e huli mai i ka ia i ka mea maikaʻi ano o ka olelo malimali. Ua aneane pau ka mea i ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i lohe ai e pili ana i Socrates, kapa aku la ia ia i ka mea naʻauao.

, Ka mea, ua lilo ia i ka make ana o ka poe akeakamai nui oi kahaha ko oukou naau symbolic kekahi maoli palena manawa o kona olaʻana, a aʻo. A ma hope iho e hāʻiliʻili aku i Socrates hoino iho ia i nā manaʻo o ka me ka hou mau akua i mea ole na akua o Atenai keiki kanaka, i ka poe akeakamai i kau aku ma luna o ka hookolokolo. Akā,ʻo ia i i kali no ka verdict a me ka sentencing, a me ka hoopai i manaoia ma ka hookamaia mai o ka make. Make i loko o keia hihia, ka mea i hoopiiia Ua ike like me ka hoola ana mai ka honua i ka mea lapuwale. I loko nō o ka mea i kona mau hoa, mohai aku e hoopakele i ka poe akeakamai, mai ka halepaahao,ʻo ia hoole a stoically halawai i kona make ana ma hope o ka hookamaia ana o ka make'āpana. E like me ia i kekahi mau kumu, i loko o ke kiaha ka mea, ua ka laau make.

A mau hahau ana i ka mōʻaukala kiʻi o Socrates

Ka mea i ka Helene poe akeakamai ua he halawai kanaka, ka mea hiki e manao ai ma hope o ka hōʻike o kona ola. Akā, kekahi pā ai i emi iho Socrates pakahi aku la ia lilelile:

• ia mau mālama iā ia iho i loko o ka pono physical kinona, e hana ana i kekahiʻano o ke kino a me ka manaʻo i kēia mea i ka pono ala i ke ola o ka manao;
• poe akeakamai hoopili aku i kekahi mauʻai'ōnaehana i ke hoʻokoe 'i ka i koe, akā, i ka mea ia manawa, e haawi i ke kino a pau na essentials (kākau moʻolelo manaʻo i kēia mea i hoʻopakele iā ia, mai ka maʻi laha i ka Peloponnesian War);
• He olelo ino o ka palapala kumu - ka mea e, e like me Socrates, hoonawaliwali i ka manaʻo;
• Athenian ua mau makaukau no ka kūkākūkā, a me ka huli ana o ka ike ke hele nui kilomika, e noi ana i ka ike sages.

Mai ka hapalua like-umikumamaiwa ke kenekulia, i ka manawa o ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa? Acaeoey o kaʻike manaʻo, he nui ua ho'āʻo e emi iho i ka Socrates a me kana mau hana me ka temperament oiai ua ike, a me ka predispositions. Akā, kino i ole ka manao, a me ka hewa ia ia ma ka palena iki helu o ka ike loea 'ike ma luna o ka hoʻokō' ole 'lākou ka mea, "' Isaaka."

E like me mākou i loaa na aʻo o Socrates

Ke akeakamai o Socrates - ka dialectic - i ke kumu o na mea he nui philosophies a me nāʻaoʻao. Ua ua kauoha aku e lilo i ke kumu no ke kālā no haumana a me ka noʻiau, ma hope o ka make ana o Socrates, me kona mau ukali e hoʻomau i ka hana o ke kumu, ho okumu i hou kula a me ka hoano hou ana ia i ka ua ikeia 'ana i kūpono. Ka pilikia i loko o ka pokole o Socrates 'ao nei i ka wa e kaawale aku o kana mau hana. Ua ike e pili ana i kahiko Greek kālaiʻike ma Plato, Aristotle, a me Xenophon. Kēlā me kēia no ia ua noʻonoʻo i ka mea o ka hanohano, e kākau mau pepa (essay) ma luna o ka Socrates a me kona mau kānāwai. I loko nō o ka mea i ka mea, ua hiki i ko kakou manawa i loko o ka piha ano, mai hoopoina i kēlā me kēia mea kākau e lawe i ka palapala hoike o kona heluia, a me ka hoʻopā o subjectivity. He oluolu ke ike ma ke kapakai a me nā hāʻina o nā haʻawina o Plato a me Xenophon. Ka mea, i ihola ia okoa wehewehe Socrates ia ia iho, a me kana mau hana. Ma na mea he nui koʻikoʻi minute kākau fundamentally i kū'ē'ē ai i me ka nui loa ho'ēmi i kā ka pono o na hana i kakauiaʻi maluna i loko o kā lākou 'ike.

Akeakamai o Socrates: ka hoʻomaka

Kahiko dialectic o Socrates lilo i ka loa hou a me ka hou au i hoʻokumu philosophical mooolelo o kahiko Greece. Kekahi mau moʻolelo manaʻo i ka muli o ia i ano like Socrates mea nō ma kona ano maoli, a i manaoia. E like me kekahi mau kanawai o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia ano akaka i kekahi manawa, i ka wa ia ua loa pono. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i kekahi kahuna neʻeʻana i ole e ala aʻeʻoe mai o ka wahi, a hele aku no ia wahi. Ua mea e like me ka hua iho la ma ka momona ka lepo i loko o i germinate a me ka hua. Oia analogies hiki ke lawe mai i nā mea a pau i ka 'epekema e piʻi like a me ka hana, e like me ka mea hōʻike i loko o ka loa e pono no kanaka wahi i loko o kekahi mau hihia radically hoʻololi i ka hope mōʻaukala o ka noho like me ka a pau.

ʻO ia ke ke olelo mai no Socrates. Ma ka lima o ke kenekulia BC, ka mea akamai a me ka 'epekema ulu hikiwawe loa. Mau eia hou philosophical neʻe, e loaa ia loaa ukali. Ma Atenai, ka mea, ua kokoke kaulana, a, e hoʻomaka Competition o ke kākā'ōlelo aʻano ma ka manaʻo kumuhana o ka hoihoi ana i ka mea a pau kulekele. Ia mea no ia mea, e kahaha ko oukou naau i ka dialectic o Socrates ku ae la o loko o kona Wake. Moʻolelo koi ana, e like me nā hāʻina o nā haʻawina o Plato, Socrates i kona ao ana, e like me ka confrontation ma waena o ka hanohano akeakamai o ka Sophists, Preti ike paka a me ka naʻauao o ke kanaka maoli Athens i.

Ke kumu o ka dialectic o Socrates

Pilikino dialectics Socrates loa e ku e ana i ke ao ana o na sophists o ka predominance o ke kanaka "I" ma luna o nā mea a pau lehulehu. Kēia kumumanaʻo ua loa mahalo ma Attica a ikaika hoʻomohala ma Greek poe akeakamai. Ka mea, ua kūkākūkāʻia i ke kanaka me ke i kapu ma kekahi rula, a pau o kona hana i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka makemake a me nā mea hiki. Eia hou, ke akeakamai o ka manawa ua loa kālele ana ma luna o ka huli no i ka mea huna o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a me nā kilokilo o Mānoa. ʻepekema, ua hoʻokūkū ana ma ka eloquence, ana i ka hanaia'na o ke ao nei, a me ka imi like ka nui me hiki imbued me ka manaʻo o ke kanaka like, a me nā akua. Ka Sophists manaoio ia anal i loko o nā mea pohihihi kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka e haawi nui ka mana a me ka hana ia i kekahi hapa o kekahi mea kupanaha. ʻO loko o konaʻikena moku'āina, he kanaka ka noa, a hiki ke kākoʻo i loko o kona mau hana wale nō i kā lākou latent pono ai.

Socrates i ka mea mua, e nānā hukihuki lakou i ka poe akeakamai ma luna o ke kanaka. He ua hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i ka wahi o ka uku, mai ka Akua a hiki i ka pilikino a me ka poe noonoo ole. Ka ike ana o ke kanaka i ka aoao pololei, e loaʻa ai kaʻike, a me ka pono, a Socrates kau ma luna o kaʻilikai hookahi. He manaoio aku ia e kali oe i ka mea huna o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma kilokilo pono, akā, ke kanaka e aʻo mua i ke ao nei ma ia ia iho. A ka mea, ua i ka e aku ia ia i lâlâ o ka benevolent ke kaiāulu, no ka mea,ʻike wale nō, e kōkua i kaʻike i ka pono mai ka hewa, a me ka moe mai o ka olelo oiaio.

Nā mea pono a me ka dialectic o Socrates pokole e pili ana i ka papa kuhikuhiE

I ka walaʻauʻana i ka manaʻo nui o Socrates i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o na mea kanaka loina. He manaʻo ka mea, he ai i mālie pahu aku ai i kona mau i nä haumäna, eʻimi i ka oiaio. Ma hope iho o kēia kona manaopaa o ka papa hana o ka kālaiʻike. Keia hoike a me ka e hoohalike ai o ka 'epekema me he ala pau ole ua loa hou au i waena o nā sages o kahiko Greece. Poe akeakamai iho, noonoo iho la ia ia iho i ke ano o ke "pale keiki", a ma ka mea manipulation e leie aku oe ia e hanau i ka loa hou ala o ka manaʻo a me ka hoʻopono. Socrates i ole ke hoole i ka ke kanaka kanaka i kekahi ikehu nui, akā, ua kūkākūkāʻia i nui kaʻike, a me ka naauao o ka iho e alakai i kekahi mau rula o ka hana a me ka? Aieao i haliu ae la ia i loko o ka lākou o ka pono hae.

Ia mea i ke akeakamai o Socrates hiki aku ai i kekahi kanaka ma luna o ke ala o ka noiʻi, ka wā kēlā hou loaʻa a me ka 'ike pono i hookahi manawa hou alakai i nä nïnau. Akā wale nō i kēiaʻaoʻao hiki i ka loaa ana o na mana i hoike ma ka ike. Poe akeakamai mai la e ike ana i ka pono,ʻaʻole kanaka e hana hewa. Pela waiho iho i loko o ka wahi ponoi, a e kōkua ia i nei ma ka hui, a, e lawe mai iā ia i pono. Pono hae i inseparable, mai ka iho, ka mea e, e like me na aʻo a Socrates, ma hope kekahi i kekahi.

Akā, i ka ike i ka oiaio a me ka hanau mea wale nō e hiki ai i ke aloha a hiki i ka multifaceted noonoo o ke kumuhana. Nāʻano a Socrates ma kekahi mau kumuhana mea i kahi mea paahana e loaʻa mai i ka oiaio, no ka mea wale nō i loko o ka hoopaapaa, ma kēlā me kēia hoa paio hoʻopaʻapaʻa i kona wahi o ka ike, ua hiki ke ike i ka hanau ana o ka ike. Dialectics pono kūkākūkā ke aho i ka piha oiaio, o kela mea keia i kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi i loaʻa i ka counterargument, a no laila, ka mea mau e kū ai i ka hope loa pahuhopu - e loaa ka ike.

Nā loina o nā dialectics

Constituent hehee wale dialectic Socrates he poe noonoo ole. He hoʻohana 'ia ma ko lakou mau ola, a ma ia denounced i ka oiaio i kana mau haumana, a ukali. Ka mea hiki ke ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo like penei:

1. "Aole anei oe ia oe iho"

Kēia hopuna'ōlelo lilo i ke kumu o ke akeakamai o Socrates. He manaoio aku i ka mea i pono, e hoʻomaka ana me ia na ana a pau, no ka mea, mea loaʻa wale nō i ke Akua ike o ko ke ao nei, akā, hooliloia kekahi kanaka ua he okoa hopena - ia pono imi iʻike lākou iā lākou iho, a me ko lakou uea '. Ka poe akeakamai manaoio aku i ka ka mea o ka nui o ka hoʻoponopono-ike ana o kēlā me kēia lālā o ke kaiāulu hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka moʻomeheu a me nā mea pono o ka lāhui kanaka a pau.

2. "I ike e ike ole au"

Keia rulaʻano nui kaukahi, no na Socrates i waena o nā poe akeakamai a me sages. koi ana i ka i ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa kino o ka ike kēlā o ka ia, a hiki no ia mea, kapaʻia lākou naʻauao. Socrates Ua huli no he ala e,ʻaʻole e pau ka hiki priori. Nā palena o ka ike paka i o ke kanaka hiki ke hoʻoneʻe kaawale i infinity, no laila e lilo wale i ka naauao a me ka hou ike no i koe ma ke ala e hiki ai i nä nïnau hou a me ka huli.

Surprisingly, i ka Delphic kahi e olelo ai manao Socrates ka wisest. Aia ka he moolelo i olelo ia, ua aʻo e pili ana ia, i ka poe akeakamai ua loa kahaha, a hoʻoholo i ka imi ana i ke kumu no ia i ka malimali ano. E like me ka hopena, oia nīnauele he wahi lihi iki o Attica 'ike like ka loa akamai kanaka, a hele mai i ke kahaha ko oukou naau ka hopena:ʻo ia i ike i ka poe naauao, no ka mea, aole ia e kaena o ko lākouʻike. "Ua ike no ua ike au i kekahi mea" - keia mea i ka lani kiekie loa ka naʻauao, like loa ka ike mea loaʻa wale nō i ke Akua, aʻaʻole hiki ke haawiia mai i ke kanaka.

3. "pono - ua ike"

Kēia manaʻo ka loa paʻakikī e heluhelu i ka lehulehu koʻikoʻi a hanohano, akā, Socrates hiki mau hoʻopaʻapaʻa lākou philosophical kumu. He ua kūkākūkāʻia i kela kanaka paio e hana wale i ka naau makemake ia. A ka mea makemake wale i ka nani a me ka mahalo, no laila, ka naauao o ka pono, i mea ka loa maikai, e hiki aku ai i ka ikaika e kō o kēia manaʻo.

Mākou ke i aku nei au i kela a me keia o na luna māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana o Socrates hiki ke hoemi ia i ekolu'ō koholā.

• pakiko-kaʻike;
• philosophical modesty;
• i ka lanakila o ka ike, a me ka maemae.

Ke dialectic o Socrates poe i ka neʻeʻana o ka ike paka i ka maopopo, a kū ai i ka manaʻo. Ma na wahi, i hiki, no ka hope loa pahuhopu koe elusive, a me ka ninau - he ninau hamama.

Ka Socratic hana

Dialectics, hana ma ka Helene poe akeakamai, encompasses kekahi papa hana, e lawe i ke ala o ka hoʻoponopono-ike, a loaa i ka oiaio. Ua loaʻa he mau kumu hana, a hiki i kēia lā i ua ana hoʻohanaʻia poe akeakamai o kekahi mau paialewa:

1. irony

Me ka hiki, eʻakaʻaka i iho, aole e hiki ke hele mai i ka hoomaopopo ana o ka manaʻo. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e like me Socrates, dogmatic ka hoʻoponopono-manaolana o ka pono inhibits ka hooulu ana o ka manao, a koe aole wahi kaawale no ka kanalua. Ma muli o ke ano o Socrates, Plato ua kūkākūkāʻia i kēia akeakamai originates me ka haohao. He hiki ia e kekahi kanaka kanalua, a pela lula 'holomua ma ke ala o ka hoʻoponopono-loaʻa. Ke dialectic o Socrates noi i loko o maʻamau i kamaʻilio me nā noho o Atenai, pinepine alakaʻi ai i ka mea e hiki ai ka loa ka paulele i loko o lākouʻike i ka Helene i hoomaka ai e 'ike kuhi hewa i loko o ia iho ia. Ua hiki e mai la oia i keia kēia lākiō o ke ano o Socrates mea'ālike i ka lua o ka rula o ka dialectic.

2. maieutics

Maieutics hiki e hoike ia hopeʻanuʻu Ironically, ma i ke kanaka paha ke oiaio, a hoʻokokoke mai ai i ka hoomaopopo ana o ke kumuhana. I ka mea e nana like penei:

• kanaka pakele o ko lākou mau naau haakei;
• ʻike piʻi kahaha ko oukou naau a me ka poho, ma kona ike ole a me ka stupidity;
• e hele mai ana e ike i ka pono a hiki i ka huli 'ana no ka mea oiaio;
• Ua traverses He ala pane i ka nīnau posed ma ka ho'ēmiʻana;
• Kēlā me kēia hou pane haawi ala i ka keia mau ninau;
• ma hope o ka moʻo o ka ninau (a me na mea he nui o lakou i hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o keʻano o me oneself) i ka wahine paha, o ko lākou mau oiaio ua hanau.

Socrates ua kūkākūkāʻia i akeakamai - ia mea he mākau i ole kipa hiki wale i loko o ka kūpaʻa waiwai. Ma keia hihia ia mea hiki ke kilokilo i ka "make" ana o ka poe akeakamai, a ua lilo ana i dogmatic.

Maieutics mea inseparable mai keʻano o. I ka mea hiki ke hele mai i ka ike, a me Socrates ao mai la kona mau hoa, a ukali, e imi i ka oiaio ma naʻano likeʻole. E hana i kēia, ua like no ka maikai a me ka nui nīnau, a me kekahi poe e ae, a me ia iho. Ma kekahi mau hihia, ka mea, o ka ninau e ninau aku oe ia oe iho e lilo i ka pilikia, a hiki aku i ka ike.

3. hoʻokomo

A kiʻiona hiʻona o ka Socraticʻano o ka mea oiaio mea unattainable. He ka AIM, akā, ke akeakamai iho mea i hūnāʻia i loko o ka neʻeʻana i kēia pahu hopu. Ke koi aku ia i ka loaʻa, a laila mea he dialectic i loko o ka loa pololei hoike ana o ka ia. Ka naauao, e like me Socrates - keia mea i ka kaʻaluna o ka oiaio, e like me ka ai, akā, wale i ka wehewehena o ka mea e pono ai 'ikamu a me ke alanui no ia. I ka wā e hiki mai, he kanaka manao wale hoʻoneʻe aku, i pono ole, aole kahe.

Dialectics: kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o? Acaeoey

Ke dialectic o Socrates i ka mea mua, a, kekahi e olelo, ma kona ano maoli ka anu u ma ka hooulu ana o ka hou kālaiʻike. Ua lae i loko o ka lima o ka kenekulia BC, a ma hope hoomau i ka hoʻomōhala 'Imi. Historical kuʻina o ka dialectic o Socrates kekahi poe akeakamai ua kaupalena 'ia' ekolu nui milestones, akā, ma ka ike maopopo lakou i poe nui huikau papa:

• kahiko kālaiʻike;
• medieval kālaiʻike;
• Pakebona kālaiʻike;
• Hoikehonua, kālaiʻike;
• Kelemānia panina kālaiʻike;
• Marxist kālaiʻike;
• Lūkini kālaiʻike;
• kēia Western kālaiʻike.

Kēia papa inoa mea akamai i ka olelo maopopo i keia wahi hoʻomohala ma ka mōʻaukala kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao i na kanaka i hala. O ka holo ana, i kela mea keia mea o lakou, i ka dialectic o Socrates loaa ka impetus nui i ke kūpono 'ana, akā, laekahi kālaiʻike hoʻohuiʻia me ka mea nui o ka manaÿo a me ka hua'ōlelo mea iʻikeʻia ma hope nui ka make ana o ka mea kahiko Helene poe akeakamai.

ka hopena

Socrates na makana no ke kūpono 'ana o ke kālā no kālaiʻike o ka' epekema mea invaluable. He hana i ka hou 'epekema ano o ka huli ana no ka oiaio a me ka kanaka ikehu huli i loko o ia iho, e haawi ana ia ia i ka manawa e aʻo i nā facets o kona "I", a hōʻoia pono i ka i ana: ", ua ike au i ike ole au"