Ke hooheheeia: kekahi mau 'ano o ke hooheheeia, a oka a

Ka mua mea, a ua aoia i ka hana kanaka no ko lakou mau pono - i ka pohaku. Akā, ma hope, i ka wa a ke kanaka i ike i ka waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, pohaku neʻe loa hoʻi. Mau waiwai a me kā lākou mau oka a ua lilo na mea nui, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE mea i loko o ka lima o na kanaka. O kēia mau mea, hua mai la i ko ka hale ona 'ikamu, na mea paahana, kukulu akea maikai. No laila, i loko o kēia 'atikala, e nana aku kakou, i ka mea he mea hiki ke hooheheeia, mau ano, ka waiwai a me ka palapala noi i mea nui no laila, a hiki i kēia lā. Ma hope pono mawaho o ka Stone Age i ukali ia e ka pau Wiliau Hōkū o ka metala: keleawe, ke keleawe a me ka hao.

Ke hooheheeia: kekahi mau ano

He aha e hoohui mai ia na lala a pau o kēia mau mea waiwai? O ka holo ana, ia o ka 'ole o ko lākou mau aniani puka olu oia, ke ano o Nine Inch makaukau na kaula paa a me nā hiʻona o ka lolouila' ole o ka'Ātoma. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, nolaila, ke ano physical waiwai i underlie i ka hoʻohana ana i kēia mau mea ma ka ke kanaka.

Mua, noonoo na mea hiki ke hooheheeia like Nine Inch oihana mua o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu. Ma ia mea, i ke aupuni 'loa o ka' elele,? Iaeoe? 95 aeee iʻikeʻia a hiki i ka lā 115. Aia i kekahi mau hiʻona o ko lākou wahi i loko o ka nohona ma ka'ōnaehana pūnaewele.

• Hana i ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroups I a me II pūʻulu, like hoʻi me III, e hoʻomaka ana mai Aluminum.
• All adverse subgroups komo wale o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.
• Ka mea, i aia ma lalo o ka notional diagonal mai boron e astatine.

Ma muli o kēia mauʻikepili, ia mea oluolu i ka hope, i ka ohi i ka ole-ke hooheheeia ma ka luna akau hapa o ka'ōnaehana, a me ke koena o ka makahiki ma lalo o noonoo no ia mai hehee.

I mai la lakou a pau i kekahi mau hiʻona o ka lolouila 'ole o ka'Ātoma:

• Ka nui'ātoma ke kahahńnai o, a ma ka pili o ka pahale mawaho huina'ine a me ka nucleus hoonawaliwali, nolaila, ia mea oluolu e haawi i eliiaʻi, e hana e like me ka hoemi konohiki.
• A uuku ka nui o electrons i loko o ka pā, ahu iho o ka ikehu.
• I ka pae o ka luna-ia mea hao waiwai i hoʻokāʻoi hehee wale, a me ka wā, mai haʻalele i ka akau, ma ka Akä, hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia. Penei, o ka loa mana ole-metala - ka fluorine, a me ka nāwaliwali - France.

General ano o ke hooheheeia, a non-i eliiaʻi hōʻike kumu hoohalike i loko o kā lākou 'ole. Pela, ke aniani puka olu oia i o ka mua - kila, kupaianaha. I kona aka wahi i kekahi mauʻano o ka (particles):

• Ion;
• nā'ātoma;
• electrons.

Loko o ka hoʻonui huina ao-kapa huina'ine kinoea, a wehewehe i ke kino ai ka waiwai o kēia mau waiwai. ke hooheheeia ma Nine Inch hoopaaʻano o ka mea hookahi inoa me ia.

physical waiwai

Aia nō i ka nui o nā mea kiko'î a i hui a pau ke hooheheeia. General ano o ko lākou physical waiwai like penei.

• Mea hao alohilohi. ʻO kona mau lala a pau o keia pae o ka 'ona. A nui loa Hōʻike 'ka malamalama o ka hookahi ke kōā, nolaila, kī ana i ka pahee keʻokeʻo, a me ke kala waihoʻoluʻu. Akā, kekahi (gula, keleawe, he nui oka a) hoomalamalama yellow tinge.
• Malleability a me ka ductility. Kēia AOAIAaOO mea i hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o ke hooheheeia. General ano no ka haawiia mai kāna moʻolelo, naʻe, 'aʻole pono pololei, e like me ka mea mau i waena o ka mea palupalu, malleable a me ka ductile, a ma laila nō brittle, machining. I ka loa a me ka malleable ductile - gula, kala, keleawe, Aluminum a me na mea e ae. Emi pliable - ke tina, ke kēpau pōkā, manganese a me na mea e ae.
• Uila a me ka thermal conductivity. Kona 'elele i nā mea a pau, me ka a koe. Mea hiki ke hooheheeia e conductors au ano.
• Ke kiʻekiʻe heheʻe, a baila aʻela i ka papa. E like me ia i kēia hiʻona e kaʻana like i loko o refractory (ana wela ma luna 1500 degere) fusible - ma lalo o kēia aka.
• Light a kaumaha ke hooheheeia ke kaumaha ma muli o ko lākou nuʻa. He ka uuku, me ka uuku o ka'ātoma kaumaha o ka hehee ai. Na easiest - He likiuma, a kaumaha - osmium.
• Paakiki. Record no keia anakahi, chrome, oiai ka palupalu - cs, e heheʻe i loko o kou mau lima.

Kēia mau mea kiko'î - keia mea he mau ano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, i ka mea a pau i ka mea i hui ma ka hoʻokahi nui 'ohana. Naʻe, ka mea e maopopo i na oihana alii, he mau hewa. No ia mea nui loa oihana mua o keia ano keia ano. No laila, i loko o ka 'ohana nō hoʻi i kā lākou mau huahelu i loko o kekahi pūʻulu, a e e kūkā mai lalo, a me no i kuhikuhi mai mākou i ke ano hiʻona.

Nine Inch mall

Mai ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ka 'epekema o kemika, a pau ke hooheheeia - ua hoemi. No hoi, loa ikaika. Ke emi mai na electrons i loko o ka pā kiʻekiʻe, ka mea i oi aku'ātoma kahahńnai, i ka ikaika i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ma ka hoakaka aiao.

E like me ka hopena, i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ke pane koke me:

• ole-ke hooheheeia;
• ka wai;
• nāʻakika;
• me alkalis (amphoteric metala);
• oxides;
• mea hiki ke hooheheeia paʻakai o ka nawaliwali.

He mea pono i ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka Nine Inch waiwai. Ma hope o kēlā me kēia hui o ka oihana mua i mahalo kanaka.

'ākilikai honua i eliiaʻi

General ano o ka kona'ākilikai-honua i eliiaʻi like penei:

• Ua externally mau electrons.
• Hana i ka lua o ka pūʻulu o ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroup o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika oihana, he koe ka beryllium.
• Ma lalo o maʻamau rula - keia mea he paa waiwai, i ka ohi pahi.
• Waihoʻoluʻu alodio metala kala poohina, e uhi i ka lewa me ka'okesaside ho film.
• Lākou kiʻekiʻe reactivity ua mahuahua ma ka makanekiuma e radium.
• Ma ke ano he ākea, o ka oi aku kalipuna. Ma ka simplest palapala, aole ia i hoʻomaka ai ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe haʻawina, akā, hana ka ai iiiaanoaa o nā mea nui i kanaka ami.
• Heʻano nui loa i loko o liluwelo hua'ōlelo. Kalipuna, makanekiuma - nui kumumea oihana mua o ke kino o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. Makanekiuma mea no hoi i kekahi hapa o ka laau chlorophyll.

Penei, ka'ākilikai honua i eliiaʻi - mea, he pono ole oihana mua o ke-ohana, hoike kiʻekiʻe reactivity a me ka ikaika hoemi konohiki, a ua nui âlapa pôhili me loko o ka liluwelo keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke kino.

mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia

General ano o ka mekala 'åkilikai metala hoʻomaka ai i ko lakou mau inoa. Kona ka mea, ee aku no kā lākou hana, e hoike mai i loko o ka wai, ho okumu i mekala 'åkilikai - caustic hydroxides. Naoh me ka wai ka nui māpuna, i kekahi manawa me ka li nui. Ma ka noa moku'āina ma ke ano maoli, eʻaʻole loaʻa kēia mau waiwai, no ka lākou reactivity muli o kona kiʻekiʻe. Ka mea, pane koke me ka lewa, ka māhuea wai, ole-ke hooheheeia, nāʻakika, oxides a me ka paʻakai, a lailaʻaneʻane a pau.

O ke kumu ho i kā lākou uila 'ole. Ma ka mea mawaho iliwai, e kekahi huina'ine i ka mea, e oluolu e haawi aku. 'O kēia ka ikaika hoemi agena, i mea no ke aha la e loaa ia lakou i loko o ke gula palapala ia i hala loa o ka lōʻihi manawa. Kēia i mua hanaia e Gemfri Devi ma ka XVIII kenekulia ma ka electrolysis o ka paʻakai hydroxide. Ano lala a pau o keia pae ua extracted ma keia hana.

General ano o ka mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia mea no loko o ka mea i ka mea, e mai i ka pae mua o ka papa kuhikuhiE pae o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu. Ka mea, i nā mea a pau - nui hehee wale i e mai i ou wahi lihi iki o ka waiwai maoli waiwai i hoʻohanaʻia e ke kanaka.

General ano o ka metala d- a me ka [illegible]-ohana

Kēia pūʻulu nā poe kumu a pau, a hiki ĸokoĸa ana nä pane i ka degere o ka'okesaside. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ke kaumaha ma muli o ka rula, i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hiki ke hana me ka oxidant, a me ka hoemi hope paha. Na oihana mua nui hana, e pane koke. Iwaena o lakou, he nui ka helu o amphoteric waiwai.

General inoa no a pau kēia mau nā'ātoma - hoʻololi hehee wale. Ka mea, e loaʻa iā ia i mea hōʻike nō ia o ka waiwai maoli nō, e like me ka mea e noho ana ma ka waena, ma waena o ka typical metala ke-ohana a me ka 'ole-ohana apana.

General ano o ka hoʻololi i eliiaʻi ua maopopo e Kû ke like waiwai. Ka mea, e like penei:

• he nui helu o electrons ma ka outermost kiʻekiʻe;
• nui'ātoma kahahńnai;
• kekahi mau degere o ka'okesaside (+3 i +7);
• valence electrons nō ma luna o ka d- a [illegible]-sublayer;
• 4-6 hana he nui manawa o ke kahua.

E like me ka poe noonoo ole waiwai ke hooheheeia ma keia pae i loa mau nō, malleable a me ka ductile, no laila, i nui hanalima manaʻo nui.

ʻaoʻao iiaciiie-pae o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana

General ano o ka metalaʻaoʻao-subgroups mea'ālike i ka mea o ka hoʻololi. Kēia mea e kahaha ko oukou naau, no ka mea, ma ka mea, ia mea nō i ka ia. Pono kekahiʻaoʻao subgroup o ka'ōnaehana ua hanaʻia ma ka 'elele o ka d- a me ka [illegible]-ohana,ʻo ia hoʻi, ke hoʻololi i eliiaʻi. Nolaila, ua hiki ke olelo aku nei au i këia mau manaÿo - synonyms.

Ka K'lauea a me ka nui poʻe - ka mua moʻo o 10 'elele mai scandium e kiniki. I mai la lakou a pau i nui hanalima nui, a me nā mea pinepine ia ma ka ke kanaka, i ka maikai no ka smelting.

oka a

General ano o ke hooheheeia, a oka a leie aku mākou i maopopo kahi a pehea e mea hiki ke hoʻohana i kēia mau waiwai. Oia i huiʻia i loko o nā makahiki undergone i ka loli nui, no ka mea, o ka hamama, a synthesized hou mea hoʻonui i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i kā lākou mea e like ai.

Ka maikai-ikeia oka a no keia mea:

• keleawe;
• duralumin;
• kiola hao;
• kila;
• keleawe;
• loaa;
• Nichrome, a me na mea e ae.

He aha ka kuʻi nukeliu? He mea hiki ke hooheheeia ukuhiia i loaa i loko o ka umu ahi smelting hope kūikawā manaʻo. He ua hana i ka mea e loaa i kekahi huahana oi i na waiwai o ke gula waiwai, kona nā mīkini uila.

E like no ka waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a nonmetals

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka mau waiwai, i ke ano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a non-i eliiaʻi, e oko i kekahi mea nui wahi: no ka mea hope hiki ole kuhikuhi mea like, e like me ka mea i loaʻokoʻa i loko o ka waiwai hōʻikeʻia e nā kino a me ka Nine Inch.

No laila, e hana e like me ka pane hiki ole ia no ka ole-ke hooheheeia. Mākou hiki wale noonoo kaawale na elele o kēlā me kēia pae, a wehewehe i ko lakou mau waiwai.