Ke ho'onui'ia o nā cosmonautics. Ka mo'aukala no ka ulu'ana o cosmonautics ma Russia

'O ka mō'aukala o cosmonautics whanakumu he mo'olelo e pili ana i nā po'e me ka no'ono'o'ole, e pili ana i ka makemake e ho'omaopopo i nā kānāwai o ke ao holo'oko'a a me ka makemake e'oi aku i ka hana a me ka hiki. 'O ka māka'ika'i'ana i kahi o waho, i ho'omaka'ia i ka makahiki i hala, ua hā'awi aku i ka honua i nā mea he nui. Ke pili nei lākou i nā mea e pili ana i nā'ilila lō'ihi, a me nā papahana honua a pau. 'O ka ulu'ana o nā cosmonautics i ho'oikaika i ka'enehana, alaka'i'ia i nā'ike ma nā'ano'ike, mai ka lā'au lapa'au i lā'au lapa'au. Eia na'e, ua lō'ihi kēia manawa.

Hana hana

Ka hooulu ana o astronautics ma Rusia, a ma kahi e aku, hoomaka lōʻihi ma mua o ka spacecraft mua. 'O nā mea'epekema mua e pili nei i kēia mau mea he kumu kūpono wale nō ia a hiki i ka lele'ana i kahi āpau. I ko mākou'āina,'o Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, kekahi o nā pionia o ka cosmonautics ma ka piko o ka peni. "'O kekahi o" - no ka mea, ma mua o Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich, i ho'opa'i'ia no ka make'ana iā Alexander II a me kekahi mau lā ma mua o ka kau'ana, ua ho'olālā'ia kekahi mea hana e hiki ai ke ho'opakele i ke kanaka i loko o kahi āpau. 'O ia i ka makahiki 1881, akā'a'ole i pa'i'ia ka papahana o Kibalchich a hiki i ka makahiki 1918.

Ke kumu kulahale

'O Tsiolkovsky, ka mea i pili i nā kahua papahana o ka mokulele i puka mai i ka makahiki 1903,'a'ole'o ia i'ike no ka hana a Kibalchich. I kēlā manawa, a'o'o ia i ka helu helu a me ke geometry ma ke Kula'o Kaluga. 'O kāna hua'ōlelo'enepekema'ike'ike "Exploration of the World Spaces with Reactive Devices" ka pā'ana i ka hiki ke ho'ohana i nā fusika i ke āpau. 'O ka ulu'ana o nā cosmonautics i Rūsia, a laila ua'ano ho'omaka'ia ke'ano kilo, ho'omaka'ia me Tsiolkovsky. Ua ho'okumu'o ia i kahi papahana ho'olālā lele e hiki ai ke lawe i kekahi kanaka i nā hōkū, e pale i ka mana'o o ka pilina o ke ola i ka honua holo'oko'a, e kama'ilio ana no ka pono e ho'olālā i nā satellites hana a me nā papa hana.

I ka manawa ho'okahi, ua ho'onui'ia nā cosmonautics. Eia na'e,'a'ohe mau pilina ma waena o nā kepekema i ka ho'omaka'ana o ke kenekulia, ai'ole ma hope, i nā makahiki 1930. 'O Robert Goddard, Hermann'Oberth a me Esno-Peltry,'Amelika, Kelemānia a me Farani, kekahi o lākou e hana ana i nā pilikia like'ole, no ka mea lō'ihi i'ike'ole i kekahi mea e pili ana i nā hana a Tsiolkovsky. 'O ia nō na'e,'o ka launa'ole'ana o nā po'e i pili i ka holomua o ka'oihana hou.

'O nā makahiki ma mua a me ka Kaua Nui Patriotic

Ua ho'omau'ia ka ulu'ana o nā cosmonautics i nā makahiki 1920 a me 1940 me nā hana o ka Gas Dynamic Laboratory a me ka Jet Propulsion Group, a ma muli o ka Reactive Scientific Research Institute. 'O nā mana'o hana ho'ona'auao maika'i o ka'āina i hana i loko o nā paia o ka'ike'epekema, e like me FA Zander, MK Tikhonravov a me SP Korolev. I loko o nā hale kula e hana ana i ka hana'ana i nā'ōpili jet mua no ka wai a me nā lepo lepo pa'a, ua kūkulu'ia kahi kumuhana no ka cosmonautics.

I nā makahiki kaua ma mua a ma ka wā o ke Kaua Honua'elua, ua kūkulu'ia a kūkulu'ia nā'ili a me nā pali pōhaku. I loko o kēia wā, no nā kumu kūpono, ua nui ka nānā'ana i ka ho'olālā'ana i nā missiles cruise a me nā missiles'ole.

Korolev a me "Vau-2"

'O ka mea mua i ka mo'olelo o ka misiale'ano pūnaewele'ano hou i ho'okumu'ia ma Germany i ke kaua o Werner von Braun. A laila, ua nui ka pilikia o V-2, ai'ole "V-2". Ma hope o ka ho'okahuli'ia'ana o Germany von Braun i ho'ouna'ia i'Amelika, kahi i ho'omaka ai'o ia e hana i nā hana hou, e like me ka ho'okumu'ia'ana o nā pōhaku no nā mīkini ka'awale.

I ka makahiki 1945, ma hope o ka pau'ana o ke kaua, ua hō'ea maila kekahi pū'ulu po'e Soviet i Germany e a'o i ka V-2. 'O Korolyov kekahi o lākou. Ua ho'onohonoho'ia'o ia ke po'okela o ke akamai'enehana a me ke'enehana o ka Nordhausen Institute, i ho'okumu'ia ma Germany i kēlā makahiki. Ma waho a'e o ka a'o'ana i nā misiales a Kelemānia, ua hana'o Korolyov a me kona mau hoa i ka ho'oulu'ana i nā papahana hou. I ka makahiki 50, ua hana ka papa hana ma lalo o kona alaka'i i ka R-7. Kēia mau-ke kahua rocket ua hiki ke kūkulu i ka mua makahiki māmā holo , a no ka hōʻoia 'ia auoiaea i haʻahaʻa-Honua ka Astronomical nunui-tona kaa.

Nā kūlana o ka ho'omohala'ana o nā cosmonautics

'O ka pōmaika'i o nā'Amelika i ka ho'omākaukau'ana i nā ka'a no ka'imi'ana i nā wahi, e pili ana i ka'oihana von von Braun, i ka wā ma mua, i ka lā 4 o'Okakopa, 1957, ua ho'olaha ka USSR i ka satellite. Mai ia manawa, ua'oi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ulu'ana o nā cosmonautics. I ka makahiki 1950 a me 1960, ua hana'ia kekahi mau ho'okolohua holoholona. Ma ke kipa,'ike'ia nā'īlio a me nā'īlio. 'O ka hopena, ua hō'ili'ili nā kānaka'epekema i nā'ike waiwai kūikawā, i hiki ai ke ho'omaha maika'i i ke ākea no kahi kanaka. I ka ho'omaka'ana o ka makahiki 1959, ua hiki ke ho'okō'ia ka hopena o ka'ahu'ula'elua.

Ua'ae'ia ka ulu'ana o nā'ōpū o ka'ōpū i ka honua holo'oko'a, i ka wā i make ai'o Yuri Gagarin i ka lewa. Ua lawe ia, me ka exaggeration, he hanana nui ma April 12 1961 makahiki. Mai kēia lā mai i ho'omaka ai ka komo'ana o ke kanaka i loko o ka nui o nā pō'ai puni honua.

'O ka ho'onui'ana i nā cosmonautics i ho'ohui pū'ia me ka ho'oikaika'ana i nā pono hana a me ka ho'oulu'ana i nā kū'olu'olu hou no nā mea ho'olālā. E ho'omaopopo i nā kumu nui o kēia ka'ina hana:

• 'Okakopa 12, 1964 - ua ho'okomo'ia kekahi mea hana me kekahi po'e ma luna o ka moku (USSR) i ka ho'okipa;
• March 18, 1965 - ka mua kanaka spacewalk (USSR);
• Pepeluali 3, 1966 - ke kau mua'ana o nā mea hana ma ka Moon (USSR);
• 'O Dekemaba 24, 1968 - ka pae mua'ana o kahi mokulele i ho'onohonoho'ia i loko o ke aniani o ka Honua (USA);
• July 20, 1969 - ka lā o ka pae mua o nā kānaka ma luna o ka Moon (USA);
• April 19, 1971 - mua a hemo orbiter (USSR);
• Iulai 17, 1975 - no ka manawa mua,'elua moku (Soviet a me'Amelika) i ho'opa'a;
• 'O'Apelila 12, 1981 -'o ka "Mokuna Kelehua" mua (USA) i hele i ka hakahaka.

Ke ho'onui'ia o nā cosmonautics hou

I kēia mau lā, ho'omau'ia ka nānā'ana i nā wahi. Ua hala ka hopena o nā mea i hala aku nei - ua hele mua ke kanaka i ka Moon a ke ho'omākaukau nei'o ia no kahi mea ma'a mau loa me Mars. Eia na'e, ke ho'olālā nei nā papahana o nā'elele holo'oko'a ma lalo o nā papahana o nā pūnaewele wehewehe. 'O ka'ōhū o ka cosmonautics i kēia manawa e hiki i nā mea hana ke hana i ka'ike i ka Honua e pili ana i kahi mamao o Saturn, Jupiter a me Pluto, e kipa i Mercury a me ka hō'ili'ili i nā meteorites.
I ka manawa ho'okahi, ke ho'onui nei ka holo moana. He mea ko'iko'i nā kūkākūkā o ka'āina i kēia lā. Ka honua ke kaiāulu ua kiʻekiʻe o hele mai ana i ka hopena i ka Hopu nui a me ka discoveries ana wikiwiki a me ka nui pinepine ina o ka hui pu ana me uea 'o kekahi'āina.