Ke kiʻi o ka "lalo" ma o ka hula "Ka Lower hohonu" Gorky

Ka hula "Ka Lower hohonu", i kākauʻia e Maxim Gorky (Alekseem Maksimovichem Peshkovym) i ka 1902, o ka lua ma ka lalani hope o ka hana keaka "Pilisetia" (1901). Ma ke ao nei ka mea ua 'ike e like me ka pono hana keaka puke i haku ai o ka haku ai. I ka paukū e pili pū Ua kākau i loko o ka mea ola, "kanaka mua", Ua pono ike i ka mea kākau moʻolelo. Ma Nizhny Novgorod Gorky hale kamala i ike mau maka prototypes o aneane a pau o ka hula aoao. Kēlā me kēia no ia mea nui i ka hoike i ka mau hoohalike, i kona mau "oiaio" i mea okoa, mai na mea e ae.

"Mua People"

Ka maopopo i ka hapanui o nā huapalapala hana - "kanaka kahiko" - He'āina nui. Kēlā me kēia no ia i kekahi lālā o ke kaiāulu, hoʻokahi houʻana, hoʻokō i ke kūlana nohona. Ano, i loko o ka hale rooming, na nä mea ma waena o nā huapalapala holoiia, a pau no ia - e kanaka, ka poe i nele i loko o kekahi ana o ka individuality. I mea e maopopo i ke kiʻi o ka "lalo" ma o ka hula "Ka Lower hohonu", ia mea e pono ke lawe i loko, no keia hiʻona o kona nā mea hana keaka.

Nā pilikia o ka hula

Ka mea kākau e kālele ana ole nei, ua nui ma luna o ka lawelawe mau manamana, akā, e aho ma ka mau, me ka nui no o ka hapanui o nā hiʻona o kanaka ike. "He aha kōkua a me nā keakea, i ola?", "Pehea e loaʻa kiʻekiʻe?" - kēia mau nīnau huli no ka pane Maksim Gorky. No laila, 'aʻole e kaupalena' ka maʻiʻo o ka hula a hiki i ka lawelawe nīnūnē, me he philosophical a me ka pono. "Lalo" - o ka lalo o ke ola i loko o ka broadest ano, ma ke ano o ke kanaka ola i loko o mau,ʻaʻole pono ma ka pōʻaiapili o ka nohona.

Ke kiʻi o ka "lalo" ma o ka hula "Ka Lower hohonu"

Russian ke kaiāulu kanaka, ma ka huli ana o kenekulia, ua ke hākilo loa ike o ka pōʻino e hiki mai weliweli kaiapili poino. I kana hana i ka mea kākau i depicted ka moku'āina o ka Contemporary ao nei i loko o apocalyptic nanahe. Ku I, e noho ana ma ka "lua" a me nā hale ahu, e kali ana no ka la hookolokolo la. Kēia ola o keʻano o ka hōʻike: owai la ka mea hiki ia o ke alahouana i hou ke ola, a me ka mea hope make.

Symbolic, apocalyptic kani'āpana oi loa hākilo loa i manao ai kekahi laekahi hale kiaka a me ka ho film kau wela. Penei, o ke kahua Moscow Theatre South-West (kuhikuhi Valeriy Romanovich Belyakovich) flop huli me ka nele lalani lua-decker bunk losing ka hale na hoailona i loko o ka pouli pokole. A pau nā mea hana keaka kapa keʻokeʻo lole a me pectoral keʻa, me he mea ma mua o ka la o ka hoopai. Mapuna hula punctuated e "existential", e hoohuli: flophouse piha "ma kela aoao o ka lua kupapaʻu" me ka uliuli malamalama a me ka ohu o ka uahi, a me ka poʻe e noho ana o ia, a me ka hina noho malie, e like me ka sleepwalker, hoʻomaka eʻolokaʻa i ka bunks, a haʻalulu me ina like ko lakou ehaeha ino i ike ole ikaika. Ke kiʻi o ka "lalo" ma o ka hula "Ka Lower hohonu" ma keia hoohalike ana hoi, ua hoʻonui loa, e hele ana ma kela aoao o ka nohona pōʻaiapili.

Symbolism a Realism i loko o ka hana

Kani symbolism o na hana e pili ana me ka hoʻokô 'i loko o ke kiʻi i nā loina o ka lawelawe a me ka manaʻoʻike realism. No ka leo nui lohe i ka theme like o ka "lua", i ka hale ilalo me ka hoohaahaa ana hōʻailona o ka hoʻokaumaha kanaka ola. Eia Hōʻike 'ole wale na realities o ke ola (i ka poe ilihune ma ka Rusia i ia manawa maoli noho ka hapanui i loko o ka hale ilalo), akā, i kekahi mea nui aku. Gorky i makemake ai ke kanaka i "Akua" o Mānoa, hai i ke "Akua" hana i loko o ka uhane pelane. E hana i kēia, nae, ka mea, he ia e i ka eha a me ka huikau hana o ke alahouana o me konaʻuhane iho. He ole coincidence nolaila pohaku hoaka reminiscent o ka doss hale ana i ka hale kupapau o Kristo. Ka makamake nui kiʻi ( "The Lower hohonu") ua ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kekahi e like me ka Mea Paipala ano, i ka hiki e ia e like me ia.

People a me "ke kanaka"

Ma ka hale ilalo i kanaka ua kiolaʻia mai o ka mea maʻamau o ke ola, deprivation o ka waiwai a me ka poe hoola, nohona kūlana haʻahaʻa, pinepine inoa. He nui no ka dramatis personae e wale kapakapa, vividly hōʻike no nā kiʻi o nā meʻe "ma ka lalo". Awaawa) i ka mea gale o huapalapala: ka Mea Keaka, Baron, hālawa Craw, palaoa kāwiliʻia, Tartar. Ua manao wale similarity koe mai kēia mau kanaka. Kākau, e kapi ana i kēia manaʻoʻike hoʻokolohua ma huapalapala o kana hana, makemake i ka olelo ia, hoʻowahāwahā i ka haule ana o ka hohonu o ke "kanaka kahiko" no, hoopaa mai la kekahi ola uhane, a hiki i ke "alahouana."

'ōnaehana kiʻi "ma ka lalo o ke ola" ka loaʻa o kekahiʻano. Ka Poeikohoia o na "luna", nadpodvalnogo honua "haku" - Kostylev, ka mea nona o ka hale rooming, he bloodsucker a me ka prude, kana wahine, Vasilisa, inciting kana ipo Vaska lehu pepehi kanaka ana o kana kane - hōʻike like incapable o ka hou, ma hope, ua make. Lilo clearer kekahi o ka "pohihihi" hopuna'ōlelo i mai nei Iehova ka mua Luke: "Aia i - kanaka, a ma laila nō - okoa no - a me na kanaka ...". A laila, ua wehewehe Kostylev i "kanaka" - ka poe nona ka uhane i mea e like me ka'ō'ō palau momona lepo, hiki ke haawi hou hoi e pana aku.

Ka juxtaposition o ka "oiaio-wahahee"

Alekseya Maksimovicha Gorkogo - he mea kākau a me ke kanaka - mau hoomainoino ia lakou i unsolvability contrasting "oiaio -. I ka wahahee" Hoʻohālike o ka elua "truths" - ka kekahi e loaʻa i ke kanaka ke poo a me ka kekahi e stimulates ka makakū ikehu e moe ma ka naau o ka hula "Ka Lower hohonu". Images o Baron, lepeta, Bubnov, lehu i nā moku halihali mokulele o ka oiaioʻawaʻawa, a me ka hoolohe ana o ka mea kākau o ka mea, ua hoʻopuka kālā i loko o ka monologue kaulana Satina ( "All - i loko o ke kanaka, a pau - no na kanaka").

Dostoevsky kekahi manawa, olelo mai la ia ina ka mea, he e koho ma waena o Iesu Kristo, a me ka oiaio, ina ua koho Kristo. He Ua wae ia Nastya, Luke, Mea Keaka, a me na mea e ae. Nā kiʻi o nā koa o "Ka Lower hohonu" Ua pili kēia wehewehe aku ma ka hoʻokô 'ana i kēia nānaina' ole ka 'ē aʻe (Baron, Bubnov, ukuia, ka lehu). Aleksey Maksimovich like lākouʻike hoʻokumu, a me ka pau o ka hana ia iho, i mai la ia e ke koho i loko o ka lokomaikai o ke kanaka.

Ke naoh o ka poʻe heluhelu a me ka manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni

I loko nō o ka nui pomaikai o ka hula "Ma ka lalo", ka mea kākau uaʻaʻole nō hauʻoli i ka mea i ka mea, e ho'ōla loaʻa. He hoʻomaopopo ma ka naoh o ka hapanui o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka lehulehu, i ka mea nana e hai "hōʻoluʻolu wahaheʻe" Luke hele mai ka mea nui a me ka nui huahelu, i loaʻa i pono hoa paio. Ma hope ka loiloi 'ia a me nā nīnauele Aleksey Maksimovich denounced "wahahee" Luke, akā, subconsciously, paha aloha ia ia. No laila, huli mai i ke kanaka elemakule ai contradictory a me ka pāhaʻohaʻo ana. Ma p ÷ ino "hōʻoluʻolu moe" awaawa Koi heluhelu kokoke i ka pauʻana o ke ola.

ka hopena

Gorky ua hiki ke hōʻike i kekahi o ka loa eha a me ka pilikia hiʻona o kaʻike manaʻo a me ka kanaka ike paka i -'ōhumu mai me ka ike maopopo ana o kona noʻonoʻo loi, akā, i ka mea ia manawa e kaukaʻi ma waho kōkua, he nawaliwali no ka manawa kūpono o ka "mana kupaianaha" hoʻopakele a me ka hoola ana mai o na pilikia, unwillingness e e kuleana no ko lakou mau ola, a me ko lakou mau hana ia. 'O kēia ka loa "lalo" o ke ola, a hiki e' elele o kekahi papa a kaiapili kūlana. No na kanaka, "i ka hōʻoluʻolu e moe," Luke He nā palapala a me ka weliweli, a make (e hoomanao i ka Mea Keaka e kaawe iho la ma ka pau 'ana o ka hula), e like me ka oiaio, a ka mea e ma neia hope aku i ka maka, i ole ai idyllic lea.

Ke ao nei i ka hewa, a me ka mea pono e 'alo, aʻaʻole e holo aku, mai ona aku i loko o ke ao nei o ka moe, a fantasies. People ka poe i makemake fiction nawaliwali. Ua kue ia e oi kā i ke ola i ke lawelawe i ka oiaio. Aleksey Maksimovich ku oiaio humanist, ka hōʻike maka i ke kanaka i ka ai i ka moku'āina oiaio o na mea,ʻaʻole clouding kona mau maka reassuring hai mua ia mai, ma muli o - i ka wahahee, ke kūlana kanaka.

Ke kiʻi o ka "lalo" ma o ka hula "Ka Lower hohonu" - kekahi o nā kiʻi loa mana i loko o nā hana o ka mea kākau, e a heluhelu a me nā manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni mai hoʻi hou a me ka hou, unuhi aku la ia i ka manao, i ka manaʻo nui a me ka hoʻoulu.