Kemikala olona. Kemikala polyamide puluniu

Kemikala olona, hoomaka ae la e e hua mai industrially hua mai la i ka 1938. I ka manawa, o ka i loaʻa i ua mau kakini? Ueo. No ka mea, i nā mea a pau o ia i loko o na mea i ka wahi ho mea i haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha i huiʻia huli i loko o polymers ma Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala. Mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia a heheʻe nā polymers loaa hoomakaukau ua lawe mai o ka mōlina a spinning pāʻoihana. Ka mea i hanaʻia mai ka pāʻoihana a heheʻe, a wale laila ka mea, e hoolilo ana i hoʻopau.

? ueo

Ke kaumaha ma muli o nā hiʻona i emi iho ka 'ole o macromolecules, kemikala olona, e ana puunaueia i hetero a me ka kalapona kaulahao. Ka mua nā poʻe loko mai polymers nona macromolecules'ē aʻe ma mua o kalapona, a me nā kumu mua i ike - naikokene, luaipele, i oxygen a me na mea e ae. O nā polyester, polyurethane, polyamide a me ka polyurea. Carbochain kemikala olona, i wehewehe aku ai i kā lākou mau papa kuhikuhiE kaula i kūkulu o ka kalapona nā'ātoma. Kēia pūʻulu nā Tewetewe koloriside, polyacrylonitrile, polyolefin, Tewetewe ka waiʻona, a me ka fluorine-i loaʻa.

Polymers ana i kumu no ka makaukau o ka hetero-olona, i loaa mai ma ka polycondensation, a me ka huina hoonui ua ua'omoʻomoʻia mai o ka heheʻe. Carbochain loaa mai ma ke kaula gula polymerization a me ka ho okumu ka nuiʻana mai pāʻoihana, ma ka pohihihi keia hoopii, mai ka mahele heheʻe i ka. 'Oe ke' ike i kekahi i kekahi kemikala polyamide puluniu, i kapaia o siblon.

E pili ana me ka ana

A olelo e like siblon no ka nui o ka piha malihini, akā, mamua aku ma luna o ka pepa nā māhele kapa e ike hiki i ka inoa pōkole BBM, ahuwale viscose kiʻekiʻe modulus olona. Alaila, manao iho la na nā hoʻohua i keia inoa e nana nicer ma mua o siblon i hiki ke pili me ka nylon a me Caproni. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o kēia 'ano o ka kemikala olona, i mai lāʻau, me he mea i ole nānā incredibly.

hiʻona

Siblon iʻikeʻia i loko o ke kakahiaka nui 70-ies o ka hope kenekulia. He he iaono? Ienoai rayon. Ma kaʻanuʻu mua, i ka makaukau o ka lāʻauʻiʻo pepa, ka mea, ua kaʻawale ma ka maemae palapala. Ka nui helu ua hookomoia ma kona pulupulu - ma kahi o 98%, akā, no ka mea, o ka pulupulu olona, a me keia hana maikai loa ka pae. No laila, ua hoʻohana 'ia i ka laau, e pakaʻiʻo pepa, ma ka nui softwood, ai ka mea, he 40-50%, a me ke koena - Ua AND eiiiiiaiou. Ka mea i koi 'ia e pakele o loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kemikala olona.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka pili ana

Kemikala olona, i hua mai la i ka kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Ma ke kahua mua i ka ke ano kaʻina hana, oiai i ka wahie? Inoaia o nā hana wale mea hoololiia i loko o ka pāʻoihana, a me kekahi hua mai la i ka hālāwai hope o ka lōʻihi pīlali kaulahao ma ana ke koena ai. Maoli ai, he mea ole wale i ka waiwai e lilo aku ana o ka wai wela, nā mea hoʻonui i na reagents: soda a me na mea e ae. Wale sayings me ka hou ana o sulfates hoʻolako i kaʻiʻo pepa i mea pono no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie siblona, no ka mea, ua emi impurities.

A hiki aku i kaʻiʻo pepa ua ua hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ka mea, ua hoouna aku la i ka ke loloʻa aʻe, ka maloʻoʻana a me ka ua e, a laila, neʻe i kahi e pono ia - o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka pepa, cellophane, pepa a me ka puluniu, i ka mea o ka papa kuhikuhiE? Iecaianoaaiiie. He aha e hiki mai ana ka hana ia ia?

aftertreatment

Inā koi 'ia e loaa i ka kemikala, a kūlohelohe olona, mea mua e pono e hoomakaukau i kekahi spinning pāʻoihana. Kelulose mea he paa i ka pilikia, e hoike mai. No laila, ka mea, ua ana hoohuliia i loko o ka wai-wailana Etera ditiougolnoyʻakika. Ke kaʻina hana o ka hou 'i loko o ka waiwai o he lengthy. Mua i ka wela mekala 'åkilikai kelulose, i ukali ia e ka dehydration lapaʻau, i loko o ka pāʻoihana ana neʻe hoʻokali kūpono' oihana mua. Ma hope o spinning nuipa ua ho'ōki loa mai, a laila, waiho ihola i loko o ka kūikawā maluna, i kahi predsozrevanie hoʻomaka - aia no he hua'ōleloʻo o ka kelulose nā lātoma ma ka aneane hapalua ma muli o ka oxidative hoʻololi iho. Next ka mea, he naoh o ka mekala 'åkilikai kelulose me ka kalapona disulfide e i xanthate. Kēia nuipa o ka alani-e like palaoa kāwiliʻia ditiougolnoyʻakika ester hoʻomakaʻia. Kēia pāʻoihana no kona (viscosity) ua kapaia "viscose".

Next hele mai i ke kānana, e wehe i ka impurities hope. Mea hoʻoheheʻe ea ua hookuu ma ka "effervescence" Etera ma vacuo. A pau kēia mau hana alakai ai i ka mea i ka xanthate lilo e like me ka bipi keiki meli - melemele a me ka stringy. Ma keia spinning Ua makaukau pāʻoihana.

loaa olona,

Ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana Ua extruded ma ka spinneret. ʻimi hoʻopunipuni kemikala olona, e ole e milo ma ka kuʻuna alanui. Kēia hana i hiki ole, e like me ka mea lole makemake e pololei i ka olelo ana ia mea he Nine Inch kaʻina hana e leie aku miliona o ka muliwai o ka wai a viscose olona, e lilo i mea paa. Ma ka Lūkini ?? eoi? O viscoseʻiʻo pepa loaa a me ka siblon. I ka lua o kaʻano o ka puluniu, a me ka hapa ka ikaika ma mua o ka mea mua kekahi, ua wehewehe aku e nui ia'ku i alkalis,'aʻaʻa oko mea hygroscopicity haʻahaʻa degere o ka shrinkage a me ka crease. A me ka oko ao ma ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo o viscose a siblona ikeia i kekahi manawa, i ka wa o ka coagulation auau ma hope o ka make nō ia e pono "kanaka" kemikala olona.

kemika kōkua

No ka viscose i loko o ka auau ua piha i sulfuricʻakika. Ua Ua manaoia no ka decomposition o Etera, a ma ka maemae kelulose olona. Inā pono e loaa siblona auau i huiia kiniki sulufahate, hapa 'ia' hydrolyzed ester o ka hoʻolako 'ana i keʻakeʻa nei, no laila, na filaments e komo koena xanthate. No laila i hāʻawi mai ai? Na olona, i laila malalo i hohola ana a me ka ho okumu i. I ka polymeric olona, i ka i koe iho o ka xanthate loaa huki polymeric kelulose nā kaula hao ma ka puluniu iho (axis), aole i ma mua o kau ia randomly, e like me ka mea typical no kaʻike mau viscose. Ma hope o unuhi aku la ia i ke kaula oka, o ke olona, ua oki i loko o shpatelki 2-10 millimeters ka lōʻihi. Ma hope o kekahi mau hou kaʻina hana lawe mai ua e na olona, i loko o bales. Nā kana laau lawa e loaa 500 kg o kaʻiʻo pepa, i ua hua mai la mai ka 400 kg siblona olona. kelulose spinning ua lawe mai e pili ana i nā lā.

He aha e hana me ka siblonom?

Ma ka eighties, e hoʻohana i kēia mau kemikala olona, i mea hoʻonui i ka pulupulu i nā huakaʻi, milo lākou maikaʻi a me ka ole nahae. Mai siblona i kūpapakū ma lalo o kaʻimi hoʻopunipuniʻili, a me kona hoʻohana 'ia ma o ka hana o ka asbestos. A laila,ʻaʻole na nā kānakaʻenehana, ua hoihoi i loko o ka hana ana o ka mea hou, koi me ka puluniu i hiki no ka hoʻi.

Ma ke komohana i ka manawa kiʻekiʻe modulus viscose rayon olona, hoʻohana i ka paka fabrics i oko ma ka ikaika a me ka cheapness hoʻohālikelike me ka pulupulu, akā, pono ke kemu ona mau a me ka hanu. Ano, Rusia aʻole e noho i ka waiwai o ka pulupulu wahi, no laila, siblon kiʻekiʻe 'upu'. Wale i ke koi no ka mea, ua akaka i nui loa, no laila, me fabrics a me ka lole wahi lulu? Iecaianoaaiiuo ka manawa kokoke i kekahi e kūʻai.

pīlali olona,

Ka mea, e ana puunaueia i loko o maoli, kemikala a me kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni. Natural olona, i ka poe nona ka ho okumu ua hana ma lalo o maoli ana. Ka mea, i ana hoʻolaha ma ke kumu, a hoʻoholo lākou Nine Inch haku mele 'ana ma luna o ka holoholona, a me kaʻai. I ka mua he o kumuʻiʻo, oia hoi carotene. Keia silika a me ka hulu hipa. Ka hope he poe kelulose, hemicellulose a me ka lignin.

ʻimi hoʻopunipuni kemikala olona, i loaa mai ma ka Nine Inch aaioee o polymers a nei ma ka ano. Ka mea, i lokomaikai mai ai i'ākeka, rayon, alginate a me ka kumuʻiʻo olona. Like maka mea no lākou e hoʻomākaukau ai i kraft a sulfite laauʻiʻo pepa. Release o kemikala olona, ua hanaʻia i loko o ka palapala o ka palupalu a me ka uwea, e like me ia ma ka palapala o ka staple puluniu a ua hoʻokō 'pu me nā olona, i ka manufacturing kaʻina hana o nā fabrics.

Kemikala polyamide puluniu i loaa mai polymers loko artificially. Ke feedstock hoʻohana i loko o ia ke kaʻina hana o ka polymeric olona, i hana mai'ōlewa laina macromolecules a iki ai manamana hale a me lula 'nuipa - oi ma mua o 15,000 amu, a me ka loa haiki hakakino kaumaha hoi o ka makana. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o kemikala olona, ke i ke kiekie o ka ikaika, he nui cia pili i ka elongation, elasticity, ia'ku i mau wahie, liʻiliʻi koena deformation a kokololio hou ma hope ana o ka haawe. I mea no ke aha ma ka hou ana i ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā mea hana o ka home ka mea, ua ua hoʻohana like me ka ikaika hehee ai i loko o ka hana o ka pele ahupapa me, a me ka mea a pau alakai aku ai i ka kūikawā waiwai o kemikala olona.

ka hopena

Ma ka mau makahiki i hala iho nei, i kekahi ke mālama i ka loa napoo mahuahua ma ka helu o nā hana 'ia he i loko o ka ulu ana o ka hou polymeric olona, pakahi aku la ia para-aramid, polyethylene, wela-hoʻopale, ka lua, kona' ole - he kāna mau 'ōlelo-iwi heterocyclic polymers, i nā likeʻole (particles), no kekahi laʻana, kala, a me na mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Now nylonʻia - keia mea he luna 'enekinia, ole, e like me kēia manawa, aia mea he nui helu o hou olona.