Law o mau haku mele 'ana o ka waiwai. Mālama kānāwai i loko o kemika

Kemika no i ka waeʻano o kiko'ī sciences, a ma ka hou i ka makemakika a me ke kālaikūlohea nā pūʻulu i nā kānāwai o ke ola a me ka? Acaeoey o ka mea oia hoi o nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma. A pau o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o 'ia ola meaola, a mawaena o na mea o ka mea ola' ano, ka mea, ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka kŰia o ka huli ana o ka nuipa a me ka ikehu. Law a eia i haku mele 'ana o ka mea, i ke ao o ka mea e e hōʻike' ia ma kēia 'atikala, a me ke kumu o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka'okanikaʻole a me ke aloha honua.

'ātoma-hakakino olelo

E maopopo i nā kānāwai kālai'āina mea maopopo, e pono e i ka manao o ka mea ia ua i. E like me ka nui Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema M. V. Lomonosova "i loko o ka pouli pono iaʻu ke noho ke kālaikūlohea, a, ma ka hana, chemists, i ka ike ole i ke kipi' ole o ka (particles)." Ua i ka mea nana i ka 1741, ma mua theoretically a ma hope hoʻopaʻa ma ka ho'āʻoʻana, ike i nā kānāwai o ke kemika, i ke kumu no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ka poe ola a me ka nonliving mea, oia hoi: Ua haku a pau' ona o nā'ātoma, nā lātoma hiki ke ho okumu i. A pau kēia mau (particles) i ka ikaika aku noi.

E wehewehe ana a me J. hewa. HaleakaLā

50 makahiki ma hope, hoomaka ae la Lomonosov e möhala i ka manaʻo o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia nä känaka' epekema John. HaleakaLā. Epekema, e lawe mai i ka helu nui, e hooholo i ka'ātoma paona o ka Nine Inch hehee wale. Ua mālama lākou me he kumu nui maopopo o kēia nā mea mahuʻi: kaumaha o ka lātoma, a me ka waiwai a hiki ke ho omaulia mai ka'ātoma kaumaha o (particles) i loko o kona haku mele 'ana. Like Lomonosov a me HaleakaLā manaoio ana, ka nānā 'ana o ka la hoomalolo ano, na hui o ka lātoma, e mau i kŰlń hanauna qualitative a laupaʻi haku mele' ana. Initially, ka mea, o ke kānāwai o ke kūpaʻa o ka haku mele 'ana o ka mea i ua kālaiʻia i loko o ia i ke alanui. Hoomaopopo i ka weliweli na makana i ka 'epekema HaleakaLā, hiki ole hūnā i ka hewa ka lolouila: e hoole ana i ka hakakino' ole o ka poe noonoo ole 'ona e like me o oxygen, naikokene, hydrogen. ʻepekema, i ka lātoma loaʻa huikau wale Nine Inch. Ua haawiia i ke alahula mau prestige i loko o ka 'epekema kaiāulu o HaleakaLā, kona mau delusions negatively i alakaʻi ai i ka hooulu ana o kemika.

I kaupaona nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma

I ka loaʻa mai o ia Nine Inch postulate i ke kānāwai o ke kūpaʻa o ka haku mele 'ana o ka mea, ua i hiki ai i ke aloha a hiki i ka manaʻo o ka mālama o ka nuipa a waiwai, unreacted a me ka hana ma hope. Eia kekahi HaleakaLā'ātoma nui ana i mālama 'ia I. Berzelius pololei o ka'ātoma paona papaaina o Nine Inch oihana mua a me ka kaumaha nui nō kā lākou mau inoa, e like me ka Roma palapala. Currently ua nānā 'ke kaupaonaʻana o nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma ka hoʻohana' ana i kekahi o carbon nanotube. Nā hualoaʻa i loaa i loko o kēia mau haʻawina e hooiaio aku i ke kanawai o ke kemika. Mua noiʻi i hoʻohana ia i ka mea hana e like me ka nui spectrometer, akā, i hookaumahaia i ka huikauʻano hana i loko o ka nui drawback spectrometry.

No ke aha la ka mea i nui o ke kānāwai o ka mālama o ka nuipa a o ka waiwai

Ua kālaiʻia M. V. Lomonosovym ma luna o Nine Inch postulate proves ka mea ia i ka naoh o na nā'ātoma i kekahi hapa o na reactants a me nā huahana mai i nalo, a uē helu mai i kekahi mea. Lākou helu ua waiho waho me ka loli ma mua, a ma hope o ka Nine Inch kaʻina. Ke a eia mai ka hū o na nā'ātoma, keia mea kekahi hoʻonohonoho hiki aku ai i ke kānāwai o ka mālama o ka nuipa a me ka ikehu. A, i ke nä känaka 'epekema hai aku i kēia kānāwai, e like me ka rula mau o ke ano, e hookupaa aku ana i ka interconversion o ka ikaika a me ka kūpaʻa o ka haku mele' ana o ka mea.

Home J. Proust like me ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo o ka'ātoma-hakakino kumumanaʻo

Ua haawiia i ka puka ana o ia he postulate, e like me ke kānāwai o mau haku mele 'ana. Kemika o ka weuweu 18th - i kakahiaka nui 19th kenekulia - he 'epekema ma i ka noiʻi, he mau hoopaapaa ma waena o ka Palaniʻepekema elua, J. Proust a me K. Berthollet. Me Kinohi koi i ka haku mele 'waiwai i hanaʻia ma ka Nine Inch naoh, hilinaʻi nuiʻano nui ma ke ano o na reagents. Berthollet manaoio aku i ka mea i huiʻia ma luna o ka haku mele 'ana - o ka naoh huahana ua kekahi loli ana ma ka pili dala o interacting waiwai. Ka hapanui chemists ma ke kakahiaka nui haʻawina i kākoʻo i ka manaʻo o Proust, ka mea ua kālaiʻia iā lākou, penei: i ka haku mele 'ana o ka luna' hui He mau ikaika a me ka aʻole hilinaʻi nui i hoakaka o ke ano i loko i ka mea i loaa. Eia naʻe, hou ana o ke kinowai, a paa pāʻoihana (oka a) hookupaa iho la ia, manao iho la K. Berthollet. ua inapplicable kēia mau waiwai kānāwai o mau haku mele 'ana. Eia hoʻi, ka mea, aole ia i hana no ka hui me ka ionicʻolu. I ka haku mele 'ana o kēia mau waiwai hilinaʻi nui ma luna o nā kiʻina hana a me i ka mea, i koʻu mau.

Kēlā me Nine Inch waiwai, ka nānā 'ana i kona ano o ka la hoomalolo, he paʻa qualitative a laupaʻi haku mele' ana. Kēia hoʻomanaʻo characterizes i ke kānāwai o ke kūpaʻa o ka haku mele 'ana o ka waiwai i manaoia e J. Proust i ka 1808. I hoike ia i kākau i nā hoʻokino penei examples: malachite mai Siberia i ka ia haku mele 'ana e like me ka mea pōhaku ua o koʻu mau ma Sepania; i loko o ke ao nei he mea wale kekahi cinnabar, a me ka mea ua loaa ole lako e waiwai o ka waiho. Pela Proust ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia kūpaʻa o ka haku mele 'ana o ka mea, irrespective o ka wahi a me ka ano o kona? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

'Aʻohe rula ole, koe

Mai ke kānāwai o definite huliāmahi kēia, ka mea, penei i ke kahua o ka luna 'hui o ka Nine Inch hehee wale i pili i kekahi i kekahi, i loko o kekahi kaumaha ia lākiō. Soon Nine Inch 'epekema i ikeia'ku me ka' ike e pili ana i ke ola ana o ka waiwai me ka ee iaaanu aey haku mele 'ana, i mea e kaukaʻi ma ke ano o ko lakou hoomakaukau. Russian nä känaka 'epekema M. Kurnakov i manaoia hea mau hui berthollides e like me titanium'okesaside, kaumaha ka wai, zirconium nitride.

Mau waiwai no 1 kekahi hapa ma ke kaupaonaʻana o kekahi hehee ai i ke Oko a ka mńlamalama o nā kumu mua. Ke'ī mai, ma ka aeaie huina lakou o ka bismuth me ka gallium ma luna o kekahi hapa ma ke kaupaonaʻana o ke gallium moe mai 1,24 a hiki i 1,82 māhele o ka bismuth. Hope chemists ike ia, heʻokoʻa ka metala i huiʻia ai i kēlā me kēia 'ē aʻe waiwai hoolohe ana i ke kānāwai o ka definite huliāmahi kēia mea e ole, i loko o kēia papa o'okanikaʻole i huiʻia me oxides. Berthollides kekahi ano o sulfides, carbides, nitrides, a me hydrides.

Ke kūlana o nā isotopes

A i loko o ka'āina hoʻoili o ka kānāwai o ke kūpaʻa o ka mea, ua i hiki ke kuhikuhi i ke kaumaha 'ano o ka hui me ka isotopic ka maʻiʻo o na kumu mua ho okumu ia kemika like ka kiko'ī' epekema. Hoole i ka isotopes manaoia nā'ātoma o Nine Inch hehee ai me ka'ālike proton akā, kekahi mau helu nucleon. Ua haawiia i ke alo o na isotopes, ka mea, ua hoʻomaopopo i ka kaumaha haku mele 'ana o ka hui i e ee iaaanu aey ma lalo o keʻano o ka mālama oihana mua i komo i loko o ka waiwai. Inā ka hehee ai maoli i ka maʻiʻo o kekahi kālaiōewe a me ke kaumaha o ka waiwai i hoʻololi. No ka laʻana, ano o ka wai maupaʻa 11% hydrogen, a ua kaumaha i hanaʻia ma kona kālaiōewe (deuterium) - 20%.

ano berthollides

E like me mākou i wehewehe ia, ke mālama kānāwai i loko o kemika hookoiaʻi na olelo walaʻauʻana o ka'ātoma-hakakino kumumanaʻo, a he loa io no ka waiwai o mau haku mele '- daltonides. A berthollides i palena a hiki hoʻololi kaumaha wahi o na kumu mua. No ka paha, i loko o ka'okesaside o tetravalent titanium no kekahi kaumaha hapa o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e hina mai 0,65 a hiki i 0,67 māhele o ka oxygen. Waiwai hale paʻa 'haku mele' Aʻole i ka hakakino 'ole, kā lākou anianiʻolu i haku o nā'ātoma. No laila, i ka Nine Inch i huiʻia o ka haʻilula wale noonoo i ka palena o ko lākou haku mele 'ana. Kekahi mau mea, i kekahi mau waiwai. Ke ana wela i kekahi ho ololi i ka haku mele 'ana i ka laulā o ke kaumaha hehee wale. Inā mau Nine Inch hehee wale kuahene ma waena o ia i kekahi mau waiwai - berthollides, a laila ka mea i hiki ole ke pili a me ke kānāwai o mau huliāmahi.

No a pau na luna examples, e hoʻopau i kaʻimi naʻauao kemika mau pūʻulu o ka waiwai a pau loa imua: i ka ikaika a ee iaaanu aey haku mele 'ana. Me keʻano o kēia mau huina lakou mea he maikaʻi e hooiaio ai'ātoma hakakino aʻo. A 'aneʻi hou Hoʻohaku i loko o ka Nine Inch sciences ke kānāwai o ka haku mele' mau mea. Akā, e wehewehe i ka moolelo o kona ulu ana.